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Essays on the Housing and Mortgage Markets
Essays on the Housing and Mortgage Markets
Essays on the Housing and Mortgage Markets

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151343
ISBN  
9798382834900
DDC  
658
저자명  
Sanchez Sanchez, German.
서명/저자  
Essays on the Housing and Mortgage Markets
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Pennsylvania, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
302 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ordonez, Guillermo L.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약My thesis focuses on economic research at the intersection of macroeconomics, finance, and real estate. The core of this work involves developing quantitative models for the housing and mortgage markets. Specifically, all three chapters are focused on understanding the consequences of policy interventions on the mortgage market and their effects on financial stability and welfare. To address these questions, I employ a combination of complex computational techniques and empirical analysis.In the first chapter, titled "Mortgage Choice and the Credit Guarantee" , I propose that the mortgage credit guarantee provided on agency mortgage-backed securities, such as those issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae, plays a significant role in explaining the prevalence of fixed-rate mortgages in the United States. I argue that it is essential to consider the endogeneity of mortgage choice when assessing the credit guarantee's impact on financial stability and the overall welfare of the economy. I develop a general equilibrium model in which borrowers choose between fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) and adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) provided by a constrained financial intermediary. The government provides credit guarantees for fixed-rate mortgages in exchange for a premium payment, commonly known as the guarantee fee, paid by the financial intermediary.Mortgages are modelled as long-term contracts, such that the intermediary prices the entire repayment structure of each contract ex-ante at the moment of origination. Relative to FRMs, ARMs typically have lower required payments during recessions, thereby generating less cyclical and lower default rates. In an economy without credit guarantees the convexity of the mortgage interest rate for FRMs, as a function of the borrower's leverage, is larger compared to that of the ARMs contract. As a result, borrowers choose 60% of ARMs due to the intermediary's pricing of credit risk exposure. When I calibrate my model to the US economy with the credit guarantee on FRMs, the interest rates for both mortgage contracts decrease. However, since FRMs' credit risk is no longer priced, FRM rates become insensitive to borrower leverage. Two results stand out: i) Around 70% of the outstanding mortgage balance consists of FRMs, as opposed to 40% in the model without the credit guarantee; and ii) the government insurance results in larger and riskier mortgage originations. Financial stability improves without guarantees. Compared to the economy without guarantees, mortgage default rates are higher, while intermediary equity, borrower consumption and house price volatility increase.In the second chapter I extend my research agenda on mortgage availability in the United States. While the literature has extensively studied the ex-ante consequences of introducing teaser-rate mortgages (TRMs) on the housing and mortgage markets, in this chapter, titled "Restricted Mortgage Offering in the Great Recession" , co-authored with Dick Oosthuizen, I focus on the ex-post consequences of limiting access to TRMs during the Great Recession. TRMs start with a low initial rate, with the expectation of a rate hike in the future. I developed a life-cycle general equilibrium model that incorporates housing, long-term mortgages, and the choice between FRMs and TRMs. My findings indicate that restricted contract choices amplified the decline in house prices by approximately 1% point and significantly increased foreclosure rates. Firstly, constrained buyers face difficulties accessing the mortgage market due to restrictions on mortgages with back-loaded payment structures. Additionally, existing teaser-rate mortgage holders are unable to refinance into new mortgages. Had there been no supply restrictions, the share of TRMs would have almost doubled during the crisis. In the third chapter, titled "Printing Away the Mortgages: Fiscal Inflation and the Post-Covid Housing Boom" , co-authored with Tim Landvoigt and William Diamond, we address the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on the housing and mortgage markets. Our goal is to theoretically and quantitatively analyze the impact of fiscal and monetary stimulus during and after the 2020 Covid recession on output, inflation, and house prices. We identify three distinct channels by which fiscal stimulus can reduce unemployment in a recession, only one of which causes inflation. The first two are well-studied and widely recognized: liquidity enhancement and redistribution. The third channel, which is the most novel and relevant channel on this research project, is that a fiscal stimulus causes future inflation after a recession only if future taxes are not raised enough to pay for the stimulus. This lack of future taxation requires debt to be inflated away instead. This inflation reduces the real value of outstanding mortgage debt, resulting in additional redistribution from savers to borrowers that causes a boom in house prices. 
일반주제명  
Finance
일반주제명  
Public administration
일반주제명  
Public policy
키워드  
Equilibrium model
키워드  
Fiscal and monetary policy
키워드  
Government-sponsored enterprises
키워드  
Housing market
키워드  
Macroeconomics
키워드  
Mortgage markets
기타저자  
University of Pennsylvania Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31242415
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a658
■1001  ▼aSanchez  Sanchez,  German.
■24510▼aEssays  on  the  Housing  and  Mortgage  Markets
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Pennsylvania▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a302  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ordonez,  Guillermo  L.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Pennsylvania,  2024.
■520    ▼aMy  thesis  focuses  on  economic  research  at  the  intersection  of  macroeconomics,  finance,  and  real  estate.  The  core  of  this  work  involves  developing  quantitative  models  for  the  housing  and  mortgage  markets.  Specifically,  all  three  chapters  are  focused  on  understanding  the  consequences  of  policy  interventions  on  the  mortgage  market  and  their  effects  on  financial  stability  and  welfare.  To  address  these  questions,  I  employ  a  combination  of  complex  computational  techniques  and  empirical  analysis.In  the  first  chapter,  titled  "Mortgage  Choice  and  the  Credit  Guarantee"  ,  I  propose  that  the  mortgage  credit  guarantee  provided  on  agency  mortgage-backed  securities,  such  as  those  issued  by  Fannie  Mae,  Freddie  Mac,  and  Ginnie  Mae,  plays  a  significant  role  in  explaining  the  prevalence  of  fixed-rate  mortgages  in  the  United  States.  I  argue  that  it  is  essential  to  consider  the  endogeneity  of  mortgage  choice  when  assessing  the  credit  guarantee's  impact  on  financial  stability  and  the  overall  welfare  of  the  economy.  I  develop  a  general  equilibrium  model  in  which  borrowers  choose  between  fixed-rate  mortgages  (FRMs)  and  adjustable-rate  mortgages  (ARMs)  provided  by  a  constrained  financial  intermediary.  The  government  provides  credit  guarantees  for  fixed-rate  mortgages  in  exchange  for  a  premium  payment,  commonly  known  as  the  guarantee  fee,  paid  by  the  financial  intermediary.Mortgages  are  modelled  as  long-term  contracts,  such  that  the  intermediary  prices  the  entire  repayment  structure  of  each  contract  ex-ante  at  the  moment  of  origination.  Relative  to  FRMs,  ARMs  typically  have  lower  required  payments  during  recessions,  thereby  generating  less  cyclical  and  lower  default  rates.  In  an  economy  without  credit  guarantees  the  convexity  of  the  mortgage  interest  rate  for  FRMs,  as  a  function  of  the  borrower's  leverage,  is  larger  compared  to  that  of  the  ARMs  contract.  As  a  result,  borrowers  choose  60%  of  ARMs  due  to  the  intermediary's  pricing  of  credit  risk  exposure.  When  I  calibrate  my  model  to  the  US  economy  with  the  credit  guarantee  on  FRMs,  the  interest  rates  for  both  mortgage  contracts  decrease.  However,  since  FRMs'  credit  risk  is  no  longer  priced,  FRM  rates  become  insensitive  to  borrower  leverage.  Two  results  stand  out:  i)  Around  70%  of  the  outstanding  mortgage  balance  consists  of  FRMs,  as  opposed  to  40%  in  the  model  without  the  credit  guarantee;  and  ii)  the  government  insurance  results  in  larger  and  riskier  mortgage  originations.  Financial  stability  improves  without  guarantees.  Compared  to  the  economy  without  guarantees,  mortgage  default  rates  are  higher,  while  intermediary  equity,  borrower  consumption  and  house  price  volatility  increase.In  the  second  chapter  I  extend  my  research  agenda  on  mortgage  availability  in  the  United  States.  While  the  literature  has  extensively  studied  the  ex-ante  consequences  of  introducing  teaser-rate  mortgages  (TRMs)  on  the  housing  and  mortgage  markets,  in  this  chapter,  titled  "Restricted  Mortgage  Offering  in  the  Great  Recession"  ,  co-authored  with  Dick  Oosthuizen,  I  focus  on  the  ex-post  consequences  of  limiting  access  to  TRMs  during  the  Great  Recession.  TRMs  start  with  a  low  initial  rate,  with  the  expectation  of  a  rate  hike  in  the  future.  I  developed  a  life-cycle  general  equilibrium  model  that  incorporates  housing,  long-term  mortgages,  and  the  choice  between  FRMs  and  TRMs.  My  findings  indicate  that  restricted  contract  choices  amplified  the  decline  in  house  prices  by  approximately  1%  point  and  significantly  increased  foreclosure  rates.  Firstly,  constrained  buyers  face  difficulties  accessing  the  mortgage  market  due  to  restrictions  on  mortgages  with  back-loaded  payment  structures.  Additionally,  existing  teaser-rate  mortgage  holders  are  unable  to  refinance  into  new  mortgages.  Had  there  been  no  supply  restrictions,  the  share  of  TRMs  would  have  almost  doubled  during  the  crisis. In  the  third  chapter,  titled  "Printing  Away  the  Mortgages:  Fiscal  Inflation  and  the  Post-Covid  Housing  Boom"  ,  co-authored  with  Tim  Landvoigt  and  William  Diamond,  we  address  the  impact  of  fiscal  and  monetary  policy  on  the  housing  and  mortgage  markets.  Our  goal  is  to  theoretically  and  quantitatively  analyze  the  impact  of  fiscal  and  monetary  stimulus  during  and  after  the  2020  Covid  recession  on  output,  inflation,  and  house  prices.  We  identify  three  distinct  channels  by  which  fiscal  stimulus  can  reduce  unemployment  in  a  recession,  only  one  of  which  causes  inflation. The  first  two  are  well-studied  and  widely  recognized:  liquidity  enhancement  and  redistribution.  The  third  channel,  which  is  the  most  novel  and  relevant  channel  on  this  research  project,  is  that  a  fiscal  stimulus  causes  future  inflation  after  a  recession  only  if  future  taxes  are  not  raised  enough  to  pay  for  the  stimulus.  This  lack  of  future  taxation  requires  debt  to  be  inflated  away  instead.  This  inflation  reduces  the  real  value  of  outstanding  mortgage  debt,  resulting  in  additional  redistribution  from  savers  to  borrowers  that  causes  a  boom  in  house  prices. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0175.
■650  4▼aFinance
■650  4▼aPublic  administration
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■653    ▼aEquilibrium  model
■653    ▼aFiscal  and  monetary  policy
■653    ▼aGovernment-sponsored  enterprises
■653    ▼aHousing  market
■653    ▼aMacroeconomics
■653    ▼aMortgage  markets
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0508
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0617
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Pennsylvania▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12A.
■790    ▼a0175
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161348▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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