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Origin, Regulation, and Function of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Implications for Bone Health
Origin, Regulation, and Function of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Implications for Bone H...
Origin, Regulation, and Function of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Implications for Bone Health

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152709
ISBN  
9798383612019
DDC  
612
저자명  
Zhang, Xiao.
서명/저자  
Origin, Regulation, and Function of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Implications for Bone Health
발행사항  
[Sl] : Washington University in St Louis, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
215 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Scheller, Erica;Zhou, Chao.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington University in St. Louis, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) is a unique fat depot located within the skeletal system that takes up a large portion of the total bone marrow volume and contains tremendous amounts of energy that can be potentially utilized to fuel the body. However, largely attributed to its strong resistance to lipolytic stimuli and its persistent accumulation in various physiological and pathological conditions, the exact function of BMAT within the bone and how it is regulated throughout the body remains largely unclear. This dissertation sought to better understand the unique role of BMAT within the bone marrow niche by first reviewing the previous literature suggestive of its potential energy-supplying and endocrine functions, as well as its neural and systemic regulatory mechanisms (Chapter 1). This is followed by studying its ectopic expansion and adaptations with age and disease using a genetically modified "fat-free" mouse model (Chapter 2). Next, we identified a novel neural-systemic lipolytic pathway of BMAT that mediates its catabolism for end-stage utilization (Chapter 3). Finally, this dissertation concludes with a prospective investigation of its protective role for bone in settings of cancer-associated cachexia (Chapter 4).BMAT is a metabolically and clinically relevant fat depot that exists within bone. Two subtypes of BMAT, regulated and constitutive, reside in hematopoietic-rich red marrow and fatty yellow marrow, respectively, and exhibit distinct characteristics compared to peripheral fat such as white and brown adipose tissues. Bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) are evolutionally preserved in most vertebrates, start development after birth and expand throughout life, and originate from unique progenitor populations that control bone formation and hematopoiesis. Mature BMAds also interact closely with other cellular components of the bone marrow niche, serving as a nearby energy reservoir to support the skeletal system, a signaling hub that contributes to both local and systemic homeostasis, and a final fuel reserve for survival during starvation. Though BMAT and bone are often inversely correlated, more BMAT does not always mean less bone, and the prevention of BMAT expansion as a strategy to prevent bone loss remains questionable. BMAT adipogenesis and lipid metabolism are regulated by the nervous systems and a variety of circulating hormones. Altogether, Chapter 1 provides a comprehensive overview of the local and systemic functions of BMAT and discusses the regulation of this unique adipose tissue depot in health and disease.Bone marrow adipocytes accumulate with age and in diverse disease states. However, their origins and adaptations in these conditions remain unclear, impairing our understanding of their context-specific endocrine functions and relationship with surrounding tissues. In Chapter 2, by analyzing bone and adipose tissues in the lipodystrophic 'fat-free' mouse, we define a novel, secondary adipogenesis pathway that relies on the recruitment of adiponectin-negative stromal progenitors. This pathway is unique to the bone marrow and is activated with age and in states of metabolic stress in the fat-free mouse model, resulting in the expansion of bone marrow adipocytes specialized for lipid storage with compromised lipid mobilization and cytokine expression within regions traditionally devoted to hematopoiesis. This finding further distinguishes bone marrow from peripheral adipocytes and contributes to our understanding of bone marrow adipocyte origins, adaptations, and relationships with surrounding tissues with age and disease.Several adipose depots, including constitutive bone marrow adipose tissue (cBMAT), resist conventional lipolytic cues, making them metabolically non-responsive. However, under starvation, wasting, or cachexia, the body can eventually catabolize these stable adipocytes through unknown mechanisms. To study this, in Chapter 3, we developed a mouse model of brain-evoked depletion of all fat, including cBMAT, independent of food intake. Genetic, surgical, and chemical approaches demonstrated that depletion of stable fat required adipose triglyceride lipase-dependent lipolysis but was independent of local nerves, the sympathetic nervous system, and catecholamines. Instead, concurrent hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia activated a potent catabolic state by suppressing lipid storage and increasing catecholamine-independent lipolysis via downregulation of cell-autonomous lipolytic inhibitors Acvr1c, G0s2, and Npr3. This was also sufficient to delipidate classical adipose depots. Overall, this work defines unique adaptations of stable adipocytes to resist lipolysis in healthy states while isolating a potent in vivo neurosystemic pathway by which the body can rapidly catabolize all adipose tissues.Cancer cachexia is a complication of late-stage malignancy characterized by marked loss of body weight, anorexia, asthenia, and anemia. Patients with cancer cachexia suffer from severe wasting of muscle and fat that can be accompanied by the gelatinous transformation of the bone marrow (GTBM), a condition defined by focal loss of BMAT and hematopoietic cells with the deposition of extracellular gelatinous substance in the marrow space. Many cachexic patients with GTBM also develop osteopenia with a high incidence of fractures. In Chapter 4, we begin to test whether BMAT can serve as an energy reserve during the early stages of cancer cachexia to support local bone health using a Colon-26 carcinoma-induced cancer cachexia mouse model. Cachexia developed at various time points ranging from 2- to 5-weeks after the injection with the growth of a tumor weighing between 0.7 to 2.5 grams. Peripheral white adipose tissue was largely absent at the endpoint. Mice that retained BMAT had minimal bone loss, whereas mice with prolonged tumor exposure and BMAT depletion displayed cortical bone loss and porosity. This suggests that, when present, BMAT may protect cortical bone from cancer cachexia-induced bone loss. Conversely, after BMAT is fully depleted, the bone may become more susceptible to cachexia-associated erosion. Future work will clarify these results using a BMAT conditional model of lipolysis resistance. Overall, these findings inform the potential of targeting BMAT as a therapeutic option for maintaining bone health in cachexia.Together, instead of just a space filler or even a negative regulator of bone, this dissertation has provided novel insights into BMAT as an active cellular component of the marrow niche that contributes to skeletal homeostasis under health and disease, and also as a backup energy reserve under extreme conditions of end-stage starvation, wasting, or cachexia.
일반주제명  
Physiology
일반주제명  
Biology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Neurosciences
일반주제명  
Medicine
키워드  
Adipocytes
키워드  
Bone formation
키워드  
Bone marrow adipose tissue
키워드  
Energy homeostasis
키워드  
Lipolysis resistance
키워드  
Lipid metabolism
기타저자  
Washington University in St. Louis Biomedical Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■24510▼aOrigin,  Regulation,  and  Function  of  Bone  Marrow  Adipose  Tissue  and  Implications  for  Bone  Health
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bWashington  University  in  St  Louis▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a215  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Scheller,  Erica;Zhou,  Chao.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Washington  University  in  St.  Louis,  2024.
■520    ▼aBone  marrow  adipose  tissue  (BMAT)  is  a  unique  fat  depot  located  within  the  skeletal  system  that  takes  up  a  large  portion  of  the  total  bone  marrow  volume  and  contains  tremendous  amounts  of  energy  that  can  be  potentially  utilized  to  fuel  the  body.  However,  largely  attributed  to  its  strong  resistance  to  lipolytic  stimuli  and  its  persistent  accumulation  in  various  physiological  and  pathological  conditions,  the  exact  function  of  BMAT  within  the  bone  and  how  it  is  regulated  throughout  the  body  remains  largely  unclear.  This  dissertation  sought  to  better  understand  the  unique  role  of  BMAT  within  the  bone  marrow  niche  by  first  reviewing  the  previous  literature  suggestive  of  its  potential  energy-supplying  and  endocrine  functions,  as  well  as  its  neural  and  systemic  regulatory  mechanisms  (Chapter  1).  This  is  followed  by  studying  its  ectopic  expansion  and  adaptations  with  age  and  disease  using  a  genetically  modified  "fat-free"  mouse  model  (Chapter  2).  Next,  we  identified  a  novel  neural-systemic  lipolytic  pathway  of  BMAT  that  mediates  its  catabolism  for  end-stage  utilization  (Chapter  3).  Finally,  this  dissertation  concludes  with  a  prospective  investigation  of  its  protective  role  for  bone  in  settings  of  cancer-associated  cachexia  (Chapter  4).BMAT  is  a  metabolically  and  clinically  relevant  fat  depot  that  exists  within  bone.  Two  subtypes  of  BMAT,  regulated  and  constitutive,  reside  in  hematopoietic-rich  red  marrow  and  fatty  yellow  marrow,  respectively,  and  exhibit  distinct  characteristics  compared  to  peripheral  fat  such  as  white  and  brown  adipose  tissues.  Bone  marrow  adipocytes  (BMAds)  are  evolutionally  preserved  in  most  vertebrates,  start  development  after  birth  and  expand  throughout  life,  and  originate  from  unique  progenitor  populations  that  control  bone  formation  and  hematopoiesis.  Mature  BMAds  also  interact  closely  with  other  cellular  components  of  the  bone  marrow  niche,  serving  as  a  nearby  energy  reservoir  to  support  the  skeletal  system,  a  signaling  hub  that  contributes  to  both  local  and  systemic  homeostasis,  and  a  final  fuel  reserve  for  survival  during  starvation.  Though  BMAT  and  bone  are  often  inversely  correlated,  more  BMAT  does  not  always  mean  less  bone,  and  the  prevention  of  BMAT  expansion  as  a  strategy  to  prevent  bone  loss  remains  questionable.  BMAT  adipogenesis  and  lipid  metabolism  are  regulated  by  the  nervous  systems  and  a  variety  of  circulating  hormones.  Altogether,  Chapter  1  provides  a  comprehensive  overview  of  the  local  and  systemic  functions  of  BMAT  and  discusses  the  regulation  of  this  unique  adipose  tissue  depot  in  health  and  disease.Bone  marrow  adipocytes  accumulate  with  age  and  in  diverse  disease  states.  However,  their  origins  and  adaptations  in  these  conditions  remain  unclear,  impairing  our  understanding  of  their  context-specific  endocrine  functions  and  relationship  with  surrounding  tissues.  In  Chapter  2,  by  analyzing  bone  and  adipose  tissues  in  the  lipodystrophic  'fat-free'  mouse,  we  define  a  novel,  secondary  adipogenesis  pathway  that  relies  on  the  recruitment  of  adiponectin-negative  stromal  progenitors.  This  pathway  is  unique  to  the  bone  marrow  and  is  activated  with  age  and  in  states  of  metabolic  stress  in  the  fat-free  mouse  model,  resulting  in  the  expansion  of  bone  marrow  adipocytes  specialized  for  lipid  storage  with  compromised  lipid  mobilization  and  cytokine  expression  within  regions  traditionally  devoted  to  hematopoiesis.  This  finding  further  distinguishes  bone  marrow  from  peripheral  adipocytes  and  contributes  to  our  understanding  of  bone  marrow  adipocyte  origins,  adaptations,  and  relationships  with  surrounding  tissues  with  age  and  disease.Several  adipose  depots,  including  constitutive  bone  marrow  adipose  tissue  (cBMAT),  resist  conventional  lipolytic  cues,  making  them  metabolically  non-responsive.  However,  under  starvation,  wasting,  or  cachexia,  the  body  can  eventually  catabolize  these  stable  adipocytes  through  unknown  mechanisms.  To  study  this,  in  Chapter  3,  we  developed  a  mouse  model  of  brain-evoked  depletion  of  all  fat,  including  cBMAT,  independent  of  food  intake.  Genetic,  surgical,  and  chemical  approaches  demonstrated  that  depletion  of  stable  fat  required  adipose  triglyceride  lipase-dependent  lipolysis  but  was  independent  of  local  nerves,  the  sympathetic  nervous  system,  and  catecholamines.  Instead,  concurrent  hypoglycemia  and  hypoinsulinemia  activated  a  potent  catabolic  state  by  suppressing  lipid  storage  and  increasing  catecholamine-independent  lipolysis  via  downregulation  of  cell-autonomous  lipolytic  inhibitors  Acvr1c,  G0s2,  and  Npr3.  This  was  also  sufficient  to  delipidate  classical  adipose  depots.  Overall,  this  work  defines  unique  adaptations  of  stable  adipocytes  to  resist  lipolysis  in  healthy  states  while  isolating  a  potent  in  vivo  neurosystemic  pathway  by  which  the  body  can  rapidly  catabolize  all  adipose  tissues.Cancer  cachexia  is  a  complication  of  late-stage  malignancy  characterized  by  marked  loss  of  body  weight,  anorexia,  asthenia,  and  anemia.  Patients  with  cancer  cachexia  suffer  from  severe  wasting  of  muscle  and  fat  that  can  be  accompanied  by  the  gelatinous  transformation  of  the  bone  marrow  (GTBM),  a  condition  defined  by  focal  loss  of  BMAT  and  hematopoietic  cells  with  the  deposition  of  extracellular  gelatinous  substance  in  the  marrow  space.  Many  cachexic  patients  with  GTBM  also  develop  osteopenia  with  a  high  incidence  of  fractures.  In  Chapter  4,  we  begin  to  test  whether  BMAT  can  serve  as  an  energy  reserve  during  the  early  stages  of  cancer  cachexia  to  support  local  bone  health  using  a  Colon-26  carcinoma-induced  cancer  cachexia  mouse  model.  Cachexia  developed  at  various  time  points  ranging  from  2-  to  5-weeks  after  the  injection  with  the  growth  of  a  tumor  weighing  between  0.7  to  2.5  grams.  Peripheral  white  adipose  tissue  was  largely  absent  at  the  endpoint.  Mice  that  retained  BMAT  had  minimal  bone  loss,  whereas  mice  with  prolonged  tumor  exposure  and  BMAT  depletion  displayed  cortical  bone  loss  and  porosity.  This  suggests  that,  when  present,  BMAT  may  protect  cortical  bone  from  cancer  cachexia-induced  bone  loss.  Conversely,  after  BMAT  is  fully  depleted,  the  bone  may  become  more  susceptible  to  cachexia-associated  erosion.  Future  work  will  clarify  these  results  using  a  BMAT  conditional  model  of  lipolysis  resistance.  Overall,  these  findings  inform  the  potential  of  targeting  BMAT  as  a  therapeutic  option  for  maintaining  bone  health  in  cachexia.Together,  instead  of  just  a  space  filler  or  even  a  negative  regulator  of  bone,  this  dissertation  has  provided  novel  insights  into  BMAT  as  an  active  cellular  component  of  the  marrow  niche  that  contributes  to  skeletal  homeostasis  under  health  and  disease,  and  also  as  a  backup  energy  reserve  under  extreme  conditions  of  end-stage  starvation,  wasting,  or  cachexia.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0252.
■650  4▼aPhysiology
■650  4▼aBiology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aNeurosciences
■650  4▼aMedicine
■653    ▼aAdipocytes
■653    ▼aBone  formation
■653    ▼aBone  marrow  adipose  tissue
■653    ▼aEnergy  homeostasis
■653    ▼aLipolysis  resistance
■653    ▼aLipid  metabolism
■690    ▼a0719
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0564
■690    ▼a0317
■71020▼aWashington  University  in  St.  Louis▼bBiomedical  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-02B.
■790    ▼a0252
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163448▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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