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Algorithms and Numerical Analysis in Quantum Computing
Algorithms and Numerical Analysis in Quantum Computing
Algorithms and Numerical Analysis in Quantum Computing

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151402
ISBN  
9798382228815
DDC  
519
저자명  
Haoya Li.
서명/저자  
Algorithms and Numerical Analysis in Quantum Computing
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
239 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ying, Lexing.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation covers several studies in the field of quantum computing and quantum algorithms from the perspective of an applied mathematician or numerical analyst. It is organized into the following four parts:In the first part (Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5), we develop a series of algorithms in quantum phase estimation (QPE). Quantum phase estimation is one of the critical building blocks of quantum computing. For early fault-tolerant quantum devices, it is desirable for a quantum phase estimation algorithm to (1) use a minimal number of ancilla qubits, (2) allow for inexact initial states with a significant residual, (3) achieve the Heisenberg limit for the total resource used, and (4) have a diminishing pre-factor for the maximum circuit length when the overlap between the initial state and the target state approaches one. In Chapter 2, we prove that the robust phase estimation (RPE) algorithm from quantum metrology can achieve the first three requirements. We also propose a modified version of RPE that meets the fourth requirement, making it particularly attractive for early fault-tolerant quantum devices. This chapter is based on the paper [191].As for the simultaneous estimation of multiple eigenvalues, the assumptions on the spectral gap become crucial, and one needs to develop new spectrum estimation algorithms for the gapless case. In Chapter 3, we consider the problem of approximating the locations of dominant spikes for a probability measure from noisy spectrum measurements under the condition of residue signal, significant noise level, and no minimum spectrum separation. We show that the simple procedure of thresholding the smoothed inverse Fourier transform allows for approximating the spike locations rather accurately. With the help of this procedure, we present a comprehensive algorithmic study of quantum phase estimation with multiple eigenvalues in Chapter 4. We propose robust multiple-phase estimation (RMPE) algorithms with Heisenberg-limited scaling. The proposed algorithms improve significantly from the idea of single-phase estimation methods by combining the carefully designed signal processing routine and an adaptive determination of runtime amplifying factors. They address both the integer-power model, where the unitary U is given as a black box with only integer runtime accessible, and the real-power model, where U is defined through a Hamiltonian H by U = exp(2πiH) with any real runtime allowed. These algorithms are also particularly suitable for early fault-tolerant quantum computers since they satisfy the requirements (1), (2), and (3) while achieving the requirement (4) given a gap among the dominant eigenvalues. Even if the eigenvalue gap does not exist, the proposed RMPE algorithms can achieve the Heisenberg limit while maintaining (1) and (2). These two chapters are based on the papers [150] and [149].As an attempt to build the most practical QPE algorithms, we develop the Quantum Multiple Eigenvalue Gaussian filtered Search (QMEGS) algorithm in Chapter 5, inspired by the signal processing routine in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. QMEGS is the first algorithm to simultaneously satisfy the following two properties: (1) It can achieve the Heisenberg-limited scaling without relying on any spectral gap assumption. (2) With a positive energy gap and additional assumptions on the initial state, QMEGS can estimate all dominant eigenvalues to ✏ accuracy utilizing a significantly reduced circuit depth compared to the standard quantum phase estimation algorithm. In the most favorable scenario, the maximal runtime can be reduced to as low as log(1/∈). This implies that QMEGS is an efficient and versatile approach, achieving the best-known results for both gapped and gapless systems. This chapter is based on the work [75].In the second part (Chapter 6 and Chapter 7), we discuss two algorithms that deal with the Hamiltonian learning problem for Fermionic systems and Bosonic systems, respectively. Chapter 6 proposes a protocol for Fermionic Hamiltonian learning. The Heisenberg-limited scaling is achieved for the Hubbard model defined on a bounded-degree graph while allowing for state preparation and measurement errors. To achieve ∈- accurate estimation for all parameters, only \uD835\uDCDE˜(∈-1) total evolution time is needed, and the constant factor is independent of the system size. Moreover, the proposed method only involves simple one or two-site Fermionic manipulations, which is desirable for experiment implementation. In Chapter 7, we develop a protocol for learning a class of interacting bosonic Hamiltonians from dynamics with Heisenberg-limited scaling. For Hamiltonians with an underlying bounded-degree graph structure, we can learn all parameters with root mean square error ∈ using \uD835\uDCDE˜(∈-1) total evolution time, which is independent of the system size, in a way that is robust against state-preparation and measurement error. In the protocol, we only use bosonic coherent states, beam splitters, phase shifters, and homodyne measurements, which are easy to implement on many experimental platforms. These two chapters are based on the work [192] and [152].In the third part (Chapter 8), we present three algorithms for encoding the pseudo-differential operators. Block encoding lies at the core of many existing quantum algorithms. Meanwhile, efficient and explicit block encodings of dense operators are commonly considered challenging. This chapter presents a comprehensive study of the block encoding of a rich family of dense operators: the pseudo-differential operators (PDOs). First, a block encoding scheme for generic PDOs is developed. Then, we propose a more efficient scheme for PDOs with a separable structure. Finally, we demonstrate an explicit and efficient block encoding algorithm for PDOs with a dimension-wise fully separable structure. Complexity analysis is provided for all block encoding algorithms presented. The application of theoretical results is illustrated with worked examples, including the representation of variable coefficient elliptic operators and the computation of the inverse of elliptic operators without invoking quantum linear system algorithms (QLSAs). This chapter is based on the work [151].In the last part (Chapter 9), we present a reinforcement learning-based (or optimization-based) algorithm that solves the difficult optimization problem of variational circuits. Variational quantum algorithms stand at the forefront of simulations on near-term and future fault-tolerant quantum devices. While most variational quantum algorithms involve only continuous optimization variables, the representational power of the variational ansatz can sometimes be significantly enhanced by adding certain discrete optimization variables, as is exemplified by the generalized quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). However, the hybrid discrete-continuous optimization problem in the generalized QAOA poses a challenge to the optimization. We propose a new algorithm called MCTS-QAOA, which combines a Monte Carlo tree search method with an improved natural policy gradient solver to optimize the discrete and continuous variables in the quantum circuit, respectively. MCTS-QAOA has excellent noise-resilience properties and outperforms prior algorithms in challenging instances of the generalized QAOA. This chapter is based on the work [269].
일반주제명  
Applied mathematics
일반주제명  
Computer science
키워드  
Quantum computing
키워드  
Quantum metrology
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aAlgorithms  and  Numerical  Analysis  in  Quantum  Computing
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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ying,  Lexing.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  covers  several  studies  in  the  field  of  quantum  computing  and  quantum  algorithms  from  the  perspective  of  an  applied  mathematician  or  numerical  analyst.  It  is  organized  into  the  following  four  parts:In  the  first  part  (Chapter  2,  Chapter  3,  Chapter  4  and  Chapter  5),  we  develop  a  series  of  algorithms  in  quantum  phase  estimation  (QPE).  Quantum  phase  estimation  is  one  of  the  critical  building  blocks  of  quantum  computing.  For  early  fault-tolerant  quantum  devices,  it  is  desirable  for  a  quantum  phase  estimation  algorithm  to  (1)  use  a  minimal  number  of  ancilla  qubits,  (2)  allow  for  inexact  initial  states  with  a  significant  residual,  (3)  achieve  the  Heisenberg  limit  for  the  total  resource  used,  and  (4)  have  a  diminishing  pre-factor  for  the  maximum  circuit  length  when  the  overlap  between  the  initial  state  and  the  target  state  approaches  one.  In  Chapter  2,  we  prove  that  the  robust  phase  estimation  (RPE)  algorithm  from  quantum  metrology  can  achieve  the  first  three  requirements.  We  also  propose  a  modified  version  of  RPE  that  meets  the  fourth  requirement,  making  it  particularly  attractive  for  early  fault-tolerant  quantum  devices.  This  chapter  is  based  on  the  paper  [191].As  for  the  simultaneous  estimation  of  multiple  eigenvalues,  the  assumptions  on  the  spectral  gap  become  crucial,  and  one  needs  to  develop  new  spectrum  estimation  algorithms  for  the  gapless  case.  In  Chapter  3,  we  consider  the  problem  of  approximating  the  locations  of  dominant  spikes  for  a  probability  measure  from  noisy  spectrum  measurements  under  the  condition  of  residue  signal,  significant  noise  level,  and  no  minimum  spectrum  separation.  We  show  that  the  simple  procedure  of  thresholding  the  smoothed  inverse  Fourier  transform  allows  for  approximating  the  spike  locations  rather  accurately.  With  the  help  of  this  procedure,  we  present  a  comprehensive  algorithmic  study  of  quantum  phase  estimation  with  multiple  eigenvalues  in  Chapter  4.  We  propose  robust  multiple-phase  estimation  (RMPE)  algorithms  with  Heisenberg-limited  scaling.  The  proposed  algorithms  improve  significantly  from  the  idea  of  single-phase  estimation  methods  by  combining  the  carefully  designed  signal  processing  routine  and  an  adaptive  determination  of  runtime  amplifying  factors.  They  address  both  the  integer-power  model,  where  the  unitary  U  is  given  as  a  black  box  with  only  integer  runtime  accessible,  and  the  real-power  model,  where  U  is  defined  through  a  Hamiltonian  H  by  U  =  exp(2πiH)  with  any  real  runtime  allowed.  These  algorithms  are  also  particularly  suitable  for  early  fault-tolerant  quantum  computers  since  they  satisfy  the  requirements  (1),  (2),  and  (3)  while  achieving  the  requirement  (4)  given  a  gap  among  the  dominant  eigenvalues.  Even  if  the  eigenvalue  gap  does  not  exist,  the  proposed  RMPE  algorithms  can  achieve  the  Heisenberg  limit  while  maintaining  (1)  and  (2).  These  two  chapters  are  based  on  the  papers  [150]  and  [149].As  an  attempt  to  build  the  most  practical  QPE  algorithms,  we  develop  the  Quantum  Multiple  Eigenvalue  Gaussian  filtered  Search  (QMEGS)  algorithm  in  Chapter  5,  inspired  by  the  signal  processing  routine  in  Chapter  3  and  Chapter  4.  QMEGS  is  the  first  algorithm  to  simultaneously  satisfy  the  following  two  properties:  (1)  It  can  achieve  the  Heisenberg-limited  scaling  without  relying  on  any  spectral  gap  assumption.  (2)  With  a  positive  energy  gap  and  additional  assumptions  on  the  initial  state,  QMEGS  can  estimate  all  dominant  eigenvalues  to  ✏  accuracy  utilizing  a  significantly  reduced  circuit  depth  compared  to  the  standard  quantum  phase  estimation  algorithm.  In  the  most  favorable  scenario,  the  maximal  runtime  can  be  reduced  to  as  low  as  log(1/∈).  This  implies  that  QMEGS  is  an  efficient  and  versatile  approach,  achieving  the  best-known  results  for  both  gapped  and  gapless  systems.  This  chapter  is  based  on  the  work  [75].In  the  second  part  (Chapter  6  and  Chapter  7),  we  discuss  two  algorithms  that  deal  with  the  Hamiltonian  learning  problem  for  Fermionic  systems  and  Bosonic  systems,  respectively.  Chapter  6  proposes  a  protocol  for  Fermionic  Hamiltonian  learning.  The  Heisenberg-limited  scaling  is  achieved  for  the  Hubbard  model  defined  on  a  bounded-degree  graph  while  allowing  for  state  preparation  and  measurement  errors.  To  achieve  ∈-  accurate  estimation  for  all  parameters,  only  \uD835\uDCDE˜(∈-1)  total  evolution  time  is  needed,  and  the  constant  factor  is  independent  of  the  system  size.  Moreover,  the  proposed  method  only  involves  simple  one  or  two-site  Fermionic  manipulations,  which  is  desirable  for  experiment  implementation.  In  Chapter  7,  we  develop  a  protocol  for  learning  a  class  of  interacting  bosonic  Hamiltonians  from  dynamics  with  Heisenberg-limited  scaling.  For  Hamiltonians  with  an  underlying  bounded-degree  graph  structure,  we  can  learn  all  parameters  with  root  mean  square  error  ∈  using  \uD835\uDCDE˜(∈-1)  total  evolution  time,  which  is  independent  of  the  system  size,  in  a  way  that  is  robust  against  state-preparation  and  measurement  error.  In  the  protocol,  we  only  use  bosonic  coherent  states,  beam  splitters,  phase  shifters,  and  homodyne  measurements,  which  are  easy  to  implement  on  many  experimental  platforms.  These  two  chapters  are  based  on  the  work  [192]  and  [152].In  the  third  part  (Chapter  8),  we  present  three  algorithms  for  encoding  the  pseudo-differential  operators.  Block  encoding  lies  at  the  core  of  many  existing  quantum  algorithms.  Meanwhile,  efficient  and  explicit  block  encodings  of  dense  operators  are  commonly  considered  challenging.  This  chapter  presents  a  comprehensive  study  of  the  block  encoding  of  a  rich  family  of  dense  operators:  the  pseudo-differential  operators  (PDOs).  First,  a  block  encoding  scheme  for  generic  PDOs  is  developed.  Then,  we  propose  a  more  efficient  scheme  for  PDOs  with  a  separable  structure.  Finally,  we  demonstrate  an  explicit  and  efficient  block  encoding  algorithm  for  PDOs  with  a  dimension-wise  fully  separable  structure.  Complexity  analysis  is  provided  for  all  block  encoding  algorithms  presented.  The  application  of  theoretical  results  is  illustrated  with  worked  examples,  including  the  representation  of  variable  coefficient  elliptic  operators  and  the  computation  of  the  inverse  of  elliptic  operators  without  invoking  quantum  linear  system  algorithms  (QLSAs).  This  chapter  is  based  on  the  work  [151].In  the  last  part  (Chapter  9),  we  present  a  reinforcement  learning-based  (or  optimization-based)  algorithm  that  solves  the  difficult  optimization  problem  of  variational  circuits.  Variational  quantum  algorithms  stand  at  the  forefront  of  simulations  on  near-term  and  future  fault-tolerant  quantum  devices.  While  most  variational  quantum  algorithms  involve  only  continuous  optimization  variables,  the  representational  power  of  the  variational  ansatz  can  sometimes  be  significantly  enhanced  by  adding  certain  discrete  optimization  variables,  as  is  exemplified  by  the  generalized  quantum  approximate  optimization  algorithm  (QAOA).  However,  the  hybrid  discrete-continuous  optimization  problem  in  the  generalized  QAOA  poses  a  challenge  to  the  optimization.  We  propose  a  new  algorithm  called  MCTS-QAOA,  which  combines  a  Monte  Carlo  tree  search  method  with  an  improved  natural  policy  gradient  solver  to  optimize  the  discrete  and  continuous  variables  in  the  quantum  circuit,  respectively.  MCTS-QAOA  has  excellent  noise-resilience  properties  and  outperforms  prior  algorithms  in  challenging  instances  of  the  generalized  QAOA.  This  chapter  is  based  on  the  work  [269].
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aApplied  mathematics
■650  4▼aComputer  science
■653    ▼aQuantum  computing
■653    ▼aQuantum  metrology
■690    ▼a0984
■690    ▼a0364
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-11B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161483▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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