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Natural Disasters and Livelihoods: Evidence From Pests, Floods, and Disease in African Countries
Natural Disasters and Livelihoods: Evidence From Pests, Floods, and Disease in African Cou...
Natural Disasters and Livelihoods: Evidence From Pests, Floods, and Disease in African Countries

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151002
ISBN  
9798384449102
DDC  
960
저자명  
Biscaye, Pierre E.
서명/저자  
Natural Disasters and Livelihoods: Evidence From Pests, Floods, and Disease in African Countries
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
230 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ligon, Ethan.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Natural disasters and plagues have marked the course of human history, and remain among the greatest challenges and threats to economies and society. This dissertation uses a number of publicly-available datasets and natural experiments to explore how exposure to natural disasters affect households and societies in low- and middle-income African countries, with a particular focus on effects over time in agricultural communities. The disasters I study include desert locust swarms, floods, and the COVID-19 pandemic. In Chapter 1, I study the long-term effects of transitory agricultural shocks on the risk of violent conflict across Africa and the Arabian Peninsula using local variation in the areas exposed to desert locust swarms. In Chapter 2, I explore issues of measurement in determining what communities have been exposed to floods and how the use of different flooding definitions affects conclusions about the medium-term impacts of flood exposure on the incomes and activities of households in agricultural communities in Nigeria. In Chapter 3, I use a natural experiment during the COVID-19 pandemic to analyze how changes in household childcare burdens affect adults' labor supply in Kenya.My first chapter studies how transitory agricultural shocks affect the local risk of violent conflict over time. I answer this question using data on conflict events desert locust swarms across 0.25° grid cells in Africa and the Arabian peninsula from 1997-2018. Using modern difference-in-differences and event study approaches, I compare areas exposed to a desert locusts swarm--a localized agricultural disaster--at some point during this period to nearby areas with similar underlying risk of exposure. Local variation in exposure is caused by swarm flight patterns along their migratory paths during major outbreaks, characterized by daily downwind flights of over 100km. I find that having been exposed to a locust swarm significantly increases the average annual probability of violent conflict in a cell by 0.8 percentage points (43%). This is a very large effect, equivalent to the effect of a 1.6°C higher temperature in the same year. Effects persist for at least 14 years and are driven by swarms arriving in crop cells during the main growing season.I interpret the results using a model of occupational choice to explore income-related mechanisms. Persistent increases in conflict following a localized disaster suggest a decrease in the opportunity cost of fighting in affected areas. In line with this, I find that swarm exposure significantly reduces cereal yields in subsequent years, building on previous studies finding persistent effects of locust exposure on measures of household well-being and agricultural profits. Such effects indicate a permanent income mechanism for this severe transitory shock. This mechanism is not sufficient to explain the pattern of long-term impacts on violent conflict risk: the feasibility of engaging in violent conflict also matters. Increases in conflict risk are concentrated in years with active fighting groups in neighboring areas who may recruit or coerce individuals to join in violent conflict. Conflict therefore increases only when the reduced opportunity cost of fighting is combined with opportunities to fight. Patterns of long-term impacts on violent conflict are similar for severe droughts, indicating the mechanisms are not specific to locust shocks. Long-term impacts of transitory economic shocks on conflict risk add further motivation for policies mitigating the risk of such shocks and promoting household resilience and long-term recovery.My second chapter explores how extreme weather events affect livelihood decisions of agricultural households over time, focusing on the devastating 2012 floods in Nigeria. I use nationally-representative panel household survey data together with satellite imagery to analyze how exposure to the 2012 floods affects household labor supply and income in subsequent years. I first show that identification of flooding exposure varies depending on whether survey reports or MODIS satellite imagery are used. Differences in characteristics of communities identified as flooded by only one definition imply specific measurement issues for each. These results indicate that more attention is needed to considering how flooding is defined and measured, and whether there are different impacts of exposure to different types of floods.As in Chapter 1, I use a difference-in-differences design comparing changes in outcomes over time for households in communities exposed to flooding in 2012 against households in non-exposed communities that had a similar risk of flooding. I find no effects of flood exposure on engagement in wage employment or on total household income but a small significant increase in the probability of experiencing food insecurity using both definitions. The value of crop production falls, driven by a decrease in the value of commercial crops, while staple crop production either increases or remains stable. Using a MODIS-based flooding definition, I find that households exposed to floods significantly increase non-farm enterprise income relative to non-exposed households, as they reallocate labor from crop production to existing businesses. Using a survey-based definition, I find that flooding causes some farm households to become engaged in non-farm enterprise but without significantly increasing enterprise income while some non-farm households begin production of subsistence crops, with limited returns. The results emphasize that survey and satellite measures capture different types of flooding-related events which accordingly have different effects on exposed households. Studies of the impacts of floods should carefully consider their choice of flooding measure and the type of flooding they are most interested in analyzing.My third chapter, coauthored with Dennis Egger and Utz Pape, identifies the impact of a shock to childcare and child labor on adult labor supply and intra-household allocation of productive activities in the context of COVID-19-related school closures in Kenya. Using nationally-representative bi-monthly panel data, we compare changes in labor supply after schools partially reopened in October 2020 for adults with children in a grade eligible to return against adults with children in adjacent grades. We find that a child returning to school increases adults' weekly work hours by 29% in the short run, concentrated among the most flexible margins of adjustment, particularly household agriculture.Contrary to evidence from high-income settings, overall effects are not gendered. However, equal average labor supply responses for women and men are driven by different mechanisms particular to low- and middle-income settings. Women free up more time than men when childcare burdens fall but specialize more in childcare when returning students were net caregivers to younger siblings during school closures. Women also shoulder more of the reduction in child agricultural labor when students return to school, and shift from non-agricultural work into household agriculture (more easily combined with care of younger children). A back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests that school closures account for at least 40% of the overall drop in labor supply during the pandemic in Kenya, and a fall in GDP of 2.6%. Our results suggest policies increasing childcare access could substantially increase adult labor supply in low- and middle-income countries.Climate change is increasing not only global temperatures but also the frequency and severity of extreme weather events. Globalization has made societies around the world more connected but also more vulnerable to the spread of pests and disease. Yet there is little evidence on how such disasters affect households in low-income countries over time, and how they affect labor and livelihood decisions of poor farm households in particular. The three chapters of my dissertation combine publicly-available data, economic theory, and rigorous identification based on modern econometric methods to contribute to policy discussions around mitigation and adaptation to climate change, structural transformation, and civil conflict, among the greatest concerns for policymakers in Africa and around the world.
일반주제명  
African studies
일반주제명  
Climate change
키워드  
Africa
키워드  
COVID-19
키워드  
Desert locusts
키워드  
Floods
키워드  
Natural disasters
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Agricultural & Resource Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aBiscaye,  Pierre  E.
■24510▼aNatural  Disasters  and  Livelihoods:  Evidence  From  Pests,  Floods,  and  Disease  in  African  Countries
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a230  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ligon,  Ethan.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aNatural  disasters  and  plagues  have  marked  the  course  of  human  history,  and  remain  among  the  greatest  challenges  and  threats  to  economies  and  society.  This  dissertation  uses  a  number  of  publicly-available  datasets  and  natural  experiments  to  explore  how  exposure  to  natural  disasters  affect  households  and  societies  in  low-  and  middle-income  African  countries,  with  a  particular  focus  on  effects  over  time  in  agricultural  communities.  The  disasters  I  study  include  desert  locust  swarms,  floods,  and  the  COVID-19  pandemic.  In  Chapter  1,  I  study  the  long-term  effects  of  transitory  agricultural  shocks  on  the  risk  of  violent  conflict  across  Africa  and  the  Arabian  Peninsula  using  local  variation  in  the  areas  exposed  to  desert  locust  swarms.  In  Chapter  2,  I  explore  issues  of  measurement  in  determining  what  communities  have  been  exposed  to  floods  and  how  the  use  of  different  flooding  definitions  affects  conclusions  about  the  medium-term  impacts  of  flood  exposure  on  the  incomes  and  activities  of  households  in  agricultural  communities  in  Nigeria.  In  Chapter  3,  I  use  a  natural  experiment  during  the  COVID-19  pandemic  to  analyze  how  changes  in  household  childcare  burdens  affect  adults'  labor  supply  in  Kenya.My  first  chapter  studies  how  transitory  agricultural  shocks  affect  the  local  risk  of  violent  conflict  over  time.  I  answer  this  question  using  data  on  conflict  events  desert  locust  swarms  across  0.25°  grid  cells  in  Africa  and  the  Arabian  peninsula  from  1997-2018.  Using  modern  difference-in-differences  and  event  study  approaches,  I  compare  areas  exposed  to  a  desert  locusts  swarm--a  localized  agricultural  disaster--at  some  point  during  this  period  to  nearby  areas  with  similar  underlying  risk  of  exposure.  Local  variation  in  exposure  is  caused  by  swarm  flight  patterns  along  their  migratory  paths  during  major  outbreaks,  characterized  by  daily  downwind  flights  of  over  100km.  I  find  that  having  been  exposed  to  a  locust  swarm  significantly  increases  the  average  annual  probability  of  violent  conflict  in  a  cell  by  0.8  percentage  points  (43%).  This  is  a  very  large  effect,  equivalent  to  the  effect  of  a  1.6°C  higher  temperature  in  the  same  year.  Effects  persist  for  at  least  14  years  and  are  driven  by  swarms  arriving  in  crop  cells  during  the  main  growing  season.I  interpret  the  results  using  a  model  of  occupational  choice  to  explore  income-related  mechanisms.  Persistent  increases  in  conflict  following  a  localized  disaster  suggest  a  decrease  in  the  opportunity  cost  of  fighting  in  affected  areas.  In  line  with  this,  I  find  that  swarm  exposure  significantly  reduces  cereal  yields  in  subsequent  years,  building  on  previous  studies  finding  persistent  effects  of  locust  exposure  on  measures  of  household  well-being  and  agricultural  profits.  Such  effects  indicate  a  permanent  income  mechanism  for  this  severe  transitory  shock.  This  mechanism  is  not  sufficient  to  explain  the  pattern  of  long-term  impacts  on  violent  conflict  risk:  the  feasibility  of  engaging  in  violent  conflict  also  matters.  Increases  in  conflict  risk  are  concentrated  in  years  with  active  fighting  groups  in  neighboring  areas  who  may  recruit  or  coerce  individuals  to  join  in  violent  conflict.  Conflict  therefore  increases  only  when  the  reduced  opportunity  cost  of  fighting  is  combined  with  opportunities  to  fight.  Patterns  of  long-term  impacts  on  violent  conflict  are  similar  for  severe  droughts,  indicating  the  mechanisms  are  not  specific  to  locust  shocks.  Long-term  impacts  of  transitory  economic  shocks  on  conflict  risk  add  further  motivation  for  policies  mitigating  the  risk  of  such  shocks  and  promoting  household  resilience  and  long-term  recovery.My  second  chapter  explores  how  extreme  weather  events  affect  livelihood  decisions  of  agricultural  households  over  time,  focusing  on  the  devastating  2012  floods  in  Nigeria.  I  use  nationally-representative  panel  household  survey  data  together  with  satellite  imagery  to  analyze  how  exposure  to  the  2012  floods  affects  household  labor  supply  and  income  in  subsequent  years.  I  first  show  that  identification  of  flooding  exposure  varies  depending  on  whether  survey  reports  or  MODIS  satellite  imagery  are  used.  Differences  in  characteristics  of  communities  identified  as  flooded  by  only  one  definition  imply  specific  measurement  issues  for  each.  These  results  indicate  that  more  attention  is  needed  to  considering  how  flooding  is  defined  and  measured,  and  whether  there  are  different  impacts  of  exposure  to  different  types  of  floods.As  in  Chapter  1,  I  use  a  difference-in-differences  design  comparing  changes  in  outcomes  over  time  for  households  in  communities  exposed  to  flooding  in  2012  against  households  in  non-exposed  communities  that  had  a  similar  risk  of  flooding.  I  find  no  effects  of  flood  exposure  on  engagement  in  wage  employment  or  on  total  household  income  but  a  small  significant  increase  in  the  probability  of  experiencing  food  insecurity  using  both  definitions.  The  value  of  crop  production  falls,  driven  by  a  decrease  in  the  value  of  commercial  crops,  while  staple  crop  production  either  increases  or  remains  stable.  Using  a  MODIS-based  flooding  definition,  I  find  that  households  exposed  to  floods  significantly  increase  non-farm  enterprise  income  relative  to  non-exposed  households,  as  they  reallocate  labor  from  crop  production  to  existing  businesses.  Using  a  survey-based  definition,  I  find  that  flooding  causes  some  farm  households  to  become  engaged  in  non-farm  enterprise  but  without  significantly  increasing  enterprise  income  while  some  non-farm  households  begin  production  of  subsistence  crops,  with  limited  returns.  The  results  emphasize  that  survey  and  satellite  measures  capture  different  types  of  flooding-related  events  which  accordingly  have  different  effects  on  exposed  households.  Studies  of  the  impacts  of  floods  should  carefully  consider  their  choice  of  flooding  measure  and  the  type  of  flooding  they  are  most  interested  in  analyzing.My  third  chapter,  coauthored  with  Dennis  Egger  and  Utz  Pape,  identifies  the  impact  of  a  shock  to  childcare  and  child  labor  on  adult  labor  supply  and  intra-household  allocation  of  productive  activities  in  the  context  of  COVID-19-related  school  closures  in  Kenya.  Using  nationally-representative  bi-monthly  panel  data,  we  compare  changes  in  labor  supply  after  schools  partially  reopened  in  October  2020  for  adults  with  children  in  a  grade  eligible  to  return  against  adults  with  children  in  adjacent  grades.  We  find  that  a  child  returning  to  school  increases  adults'  weekly  work  hours  by  29%  in  the  short  run,  concentrated  among  the  most  flexible  margins  of  adjustment,  particularly  household  agriculture.Contrary  to  evidence  from  high-income  settings,  overall  effects  are  not  gendered.  However,  equal  average  labor  supply  responses  for  women  and  men  are  driven  by  different  mechanisms  particular  to  low-  and  middle-income  settings.  Women  free  up  more  time  than  men  when  childcare  burdens  fall  but  specialize  more  in  childcare  when  returning  students  were  net  caregivers  to  younger  siblings  during  school  closures.  Women  also  shoulder  more  of  the  reduction  in  child  agricultural  labor  when  students  return  to  school,  and  shift  from  non-agricultural  work  into  household  agriculture  (more  easily  combined  with  care  of  younger  children).  A  back-of-the-envelope  calculation  suggests  that  school  closures  account  for  at  least  40%  of  the  overall  drop  in  labor  supply  during  the  pandemic  in  Kenya,  and  a  fall  in  GDP  of  2.6%.  Our  results  suggest  policies  increasing  childcare  access  could  substantially  increase  adult  labor  supply  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries.Climate  change  is  increasing  not  only  global  temperatures  but  also  the  frequency  and  severity  of  extreme  weather  events.  Globalization  has  made  societies  around  the  world  more  connected  but  also  more  vulnerable  to  the  spread  of  pests  and  disease.  Yet  there  is  little  evidence  on  how  such  disasters  affect  households  in  low-income  countries  over  time,  and  how  they  affect  labor  and  livelihood  decisions  of  poor  farm  households  in  particular.  The  three  chapters  of  my  dissertation  combine  publicly-available  data,  economic  theory,  and  rigorous  identification  based  on  modern  econometric  methods  to  contribute  to  policy  discussions  around  mitigation  and  adaptation  to  climate  change,  structural  transformation,  and  civil  conflict,  among  the  greatest  concerns  for  policymakers  in  Africa  and  around  the  world.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aAfrican  studies
■650  4▼aClimate  change
■653    ▼aAfrica
■653    ▼aCOVID-19
■653    ▼aDesert  locusts
■653    ▼aFloods
■653    ▼aNatural  disasters
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0438
■690    ▼a0503
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0293
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bAgricultural  &  Resource  Economics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160351▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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