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How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival During Starvation 
How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival During Starvation 
How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival During Starvation 

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151005
ISBN  
9798383350447
DDC  
576
저자명  
Chan, Carissa.
서명/저자  
How Molecular Chaperones Promote Pathogen Survival During Starvation 
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
205 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Groisman, Eduardo A.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약All organisms require metal ions to help carry out biological processes. Mg2+ is the most abundant divalent cation in all living cells, where it neutralizes negative charges on DNA and RNA, acts as a cofactor for enzymatic reactions, stabilizes macromolecular complexes, and fulfills numerous other essential roles. Due to the critical nature of Mg2+ in all cellular compartments, cells have developed intricate mechanisms of sensing and responding to changes in intracellular and extracellular Mg2+.Inside the cell, Mg2+ concentration in the cytoplasm impacts the synthesis, maintenance, and degradation of proteins, which perform the vast majority of biochemical functions. First, because both ribosomes and the nucleotide triphosphates ATP and GTP that power them exist in Mg2+-bound forms in cells, Mg2+ is required for the structure and function of protein synthesis machinery. Second, Mg2+ availability regulates intracellular ATP amounts, thereby affecting ATP-dependent protein chaperoning and solubilization. Finally, Mg2+ controls ATP-dependent proteolysis both globally and of specific proteins. Cells facing cytoplasmic Mg2+ starvation must thus enact major adaptations to protect protein homeostasis and survive during low Mg2+.In every domain of life, molecular chaperones play a key role in maintaining a functional proteome by aiding protein folding, protecting proteins from aggregation, targeting proteins for degradation, and facilitating assembly and disassembly of protein complexes. Chaperones are abundant and active under all investigated growth conditions and are upregulated in response to many stresses, including heat, acid, and oxidative damage. Here, our research establishes that molecular chaperones adopt fundamentally different biochemical and physiological functions during Mg2+ starvation, thereby promoting bacterial survival during infection-relevant conditions.In Chapter 1, we discuss the cellular role of Mg2+ and the mechanisms that diverse microbes use to sense and respond to cytoplasmic Mg2+ limitation, which many organisms face in their natural lifestyles. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), which infects a broad range of animal hosts and causes gastrointestinal disease, resides in a low Mg2+ environment when it infiltrates immune cells. Bacteria capable of overcoming Mg2+ starvation survive in host tissues, trigger host cell death, and spread to other organs. Therefore, Mg2+ availability connects protein homeostasis with virulence.In Chapter 2, we uncover how S. Typhimurium repurposes a molecular chaperone in response to low Mg2+. We determine that the widely conserved heat shock protein 70-kDa (Hsp70) chaperone DnaK associates with ribosomes and represses protein synthesis. Increased ribosome binding by DnaK is accompanied by a decrease in ribosome binding by Trigger Factor, the canonical ribosome-associated chaperone during nutrient abundance. We identify the region of DnaK required for interaction with ribosomes and reducing protein synthesis. By coordinating protein synthesis with protein folding capacity, DnaK protects protein homeostasis and promotes bacterial survival against Mg2+ starvation.How does DnaK reduce protein synthesis? In Chapter 3, we determine that DnaK slows translation elongation. The slower speed of translation elongation enhances activity of proteins undergoing synthesis, likely by providing polypeptides more time to fold. Slowed translation directly furthers survival against low Mg2+ because a DnaK-independent reduction in translation elongation speed fully restored survival to a mutant of dnaK unable to reduce protein synthesis. We engineer a variant of DnaK capable of reducing protein synthesis but not increasing protein specific activity, which leads to accumulation of insoluble protein aggregates, thereby compromising proteostasis. Our results indicate that S. Typhimurium preserves protein activity while making fewer proteins during low Mg2+ by coupling slowed translation to protein folding.During nutrient abundant conditions, expression of DnaK is coordinated with that of its cochaperones because DnaK cooperates with cochaperones to post-translationally fold proteins. However, during Mg2+ limitation, DnaK represses protein synthesis independent from the cochaperones it typically cooperates with, providing the first example of an Hsp70 chaperone functioning separately from cochaperones. In Chapter 4, we determine that S. Typhimurium selectively upregulates expression of DnaK but not cochaperones during low Mg2+ and when inside mammalian macrophages. Differential expression of dnaK and cochaperone-encoding genes is controlled by the master regulator of Mg2+ homeostasis and virulence in S. Typhimurium. While DnaK is required for survival within macrophages and macrophage killing, cochaperones are dispensable. Moreover, cochaperone-independent expression of DnaK is critical for both intramacrophage survival and host cell killing. These results reveal how differential gene control promotes virulence and establishes an independent role of DnaK in pathogenesis.Our findings provide genetic, biochemical, and physiological bases for the central role of chaperone-mediated adaptations in microbial survival against infection-relevant stresses. The broad and high degree of conservation of the chaperones studied in this work, as well as the universal need for Mg2+ in all cells, indicate that our findings may extend to other species. As chaperones are essential for bacterial proliferation, virulence, and persistence, pathways identified in this study present ideal targets to reduce disease burden. Furthermore, our results establish that chaperones have the potent ability to reestablish protein homeostasis even in unfavorable environments. Leveraging the growth conditions and regulatory frameworks discovered here provides new ways to improve production of functional recombinant proteins and address human diseases that stem from dysregulated protein homeostasis.
일반주제명  
Microbiology
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Biology
일반주제명  
Pathology
키워드  
Bacteria
키워드  
Chaperones
키워드  
Infection
키워드  
Magnesium
키워드  
Translation elongation
키워드  
Virulence
기타저자  
Yale University Microbiology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aChan,  Carissa.
■24510▼aHow  Molecular  Chaperones  Promote  Pathogen  Survival  During  Starvation 
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a205  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Groisman,  Eduardo  A.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aAll  organisms  require  metal  ions  to  help  carry  out  biological  processes.  Mg2+  is  the  most  abundant  divalent  cation  in  all  living  cells,  where  it  neutralizes  negative  charges  on  DNA  and  RNA,  acts  as  a  cofactor  for  enzymatic  reactions,  stabilizes  macromolecular  complexes,  and  fulfills  numerous  other  essential  roles.  Due  to  the  critical  nature  of  Mg2+  in  all  cellular  compartments,  cells  have  developed  intricate  mechanisms  of  sensing  and  responding  to  changes  in  intracellular  and  extracellular  Mg2+.Inside  the  cell,  Mg2+  concentration  in  the  cytoplasm  impacts  the  synthesis,  maintenance,  and  degradation  of  proteins,  which  perform  the  vast  majority  of  biochemical  functions.  First,  because  both  ribosomes  and  the  nucleotide  triphosphates  ATP  and  GTP  that  power  them  exist  in  Mg2+-bound  forms  in  cells,  Mg2+  is  required  for  the  structure  and  function  of  protein  synthesis  machinery.  Second,  Mg2+  availability  regulates  intracellular  ATP  amounts,  thereby  affecting  ATP-dependent  protein  chaperoning  and  solubilization.  Finally,  Mg2+  controls  ATP-dependent  proteolysis  both  globally  and  of  specific  proteins.  Cells  facing  cytoplasmic  Mg2+  starvation  must  thus  enact  major  adaptations  to  protect  protein  homeostasis  and  survive  during  low  Mg2+.In  every  domain  of  life,  molecular  chaperones  play  a  key  role  in  maintaining  a  functional  proteome  by  aiding  protein  folding,  protecting  proteins  from  aggregation,  targeting  proteins  for  degradation,  and  facilitating  assembly  and  disassembly  of  protein  complexes.  Chaperones  are  abundant  and  active  under  all  investigated  growth  conditions  and  are  upregulated  in  response  to  many  stresses,  including  heat,  acid,  and  oxidative  damage.  Here,  our  research  establishes  that  molecular  chaperones  adopt  fundamentally  different  biochemical  and  physiological  functions  during  Mg2+  starvation,  thereby  promoting  bacterial  survival  during  infection-relevant  conditions.In  Chapter  1,  we  discuss  the  cellular  role  of  Mg2+  and  the  mechanisms  that  diverse  microbes  use  to  sense  and  respond  to  cytoplasmic  Mg2+  limitation,  which  many  organisms  face  in  their  natural  lifestyles.  The  facultative  intracellular  pathogen  Salmonella  enterica  serovar  Typhimurium  (S.  Typhimurium),  which  infects  a  broad  range  of  animal  hosts  and  causes  gastrointestinal  disease,  resides  in  a  low  Mg2+  environment  when  it  infiltrates  immune  cells.  Bacteria  capable  of  overcoming  Mg2+  starvation  survive  in  host  tissues,  trigger  host  cell  death,  and  spread  to  other  organs.  Therefore,  Mg2+  availability  connects  protein  homeostasis  with  virulence.In  Chapter  2,  we  uncover  how  S.  Typhimurium  repurposes  a  molecular  chaperone  in  response  to  low  Mg2+.  We  determine  that  the  widely  conserved  heat  shock  protein  70-kDa  (Hsp70)  chaperone  DnaK  associates  with  ribosomes  and  represses  protein  synthesis.  Increased  ribosome  binding  by  DnaK  is  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  ribosome  binding  by  Trigger  Factor,  the  canonical  ribosome-associated  chaperone  during  nutrient  abundance.  We  identify  the  region  of  DnaK  required  for  interaction  with  ribosomes  and  reducing  protein  synthesis.  By  coordinating  protein  synthesis  with  protein  folding  capacity,  DnaK  protects  protein  homeostasis  and  promotes  bacterial  survival  against  Mg2+  starvation.How  does  DnaK  reduce  protein  synthesis?  In  Chapter  3,  we  determine  that  DnaK  slows  translation  elongation.  The  slower  speed  of  translation  elongation  enhances  activity  of  proteins  undergoing  synthesis,  likely  by  providing  polypeptides  more  time  to  fold.  Slowed  translation  directly  furthers  survival  against  low  Mg2+  because  a  DnaK-independent  reduction  in  translation  elongation  speed  fully  restored  survival  to  a  mutant  of  dnaK  unable  to  reduce  protein  synthesis.  We  engineer  a  variant  of  DnaK  capable  of  reducing  protein  synthesis  but  not  increasing  protein  specific  activity,  which  leads  to  accumulation  of  insoluble  protein  aggregates,  thereby  compromising  proteostasis.  Our  results  indicate  that  S.  Typhimurium  preserves  protein  activity  while  making  fewer  proteins  during  low  Mg2+  by  coupling  slowed  translation  to  protein  folding.During  nutrient  abundant  conditions,  expression  of  DnaK  is  coordinated  with  that  of  its  cochaperones  because  DnaK  cooperates  with  cochaperones  to  post-translationally  fold  proteins.  However,  during  Mg2+  limitation,  DnaK  represses  protein  synthesis  independent  from  the  cochaperones  it  typically  cooperates  with,  providing  the  first  example  of  an  Hsp70  chaperone  functioning  separately  from  cochaperones.  In  Chapter  4,  we  determine  that  S.  Typhimurium  selectively  upregulates  expression  of  DnaK  but  not  cochaperones  during  low  Mg2+  and  when  inside  mammalian  macrophages.  Differential  expression  of  dnaK  and  cochaperone-encoding  genes  is  controlled  by  the  master  regulator  of  Mg2+  homeostasis  and  virulence  in  S.  Typhimurium.  While  DnaK  is  required  for  survival  within  macrophages  and  macrophage  killing,  cochaperones  are  dispensable.  Moreover,  cochaperone-independent  expression  of  DnaK  is  critical  for  both  intramacrophage  survival  and  host  cell  killing.  These  results  reveal  how  differential  gene  control  promotes  virulence  and  establishes  an  independent  role  of  DnaK  in  pathogenesis.Our  findings  provide  genetic,  biochemical,  and  physiological  bases  for  the  central  role  of  chaperone-mediated  adaptations  in  microbial  survival  against  infection-relevant  stresses.  The  broad  and  high  degree  of  conservation  of  the  chaperones  studied  in  this  work,  as  well  as  the  universal  need  for  Mg2+  in  all  cells,  indicate  that  our  findings  may  extend  to  other  species.  As  chaperones  are  essential  for  bacterial  proliferation,  virulence,  and  persistence,  pathways  identified  in  this  study  present  ideal  targets  to  reduce  disease  burden.  Furthermore,  our  results  establish  that  chaperones  have  the  potent  ability  to  reestablish  protein  homeostasis  even  in  unfavorable  environments.  Leveraging  the  growth  conditions  and  regulatory  frameworks  discovered  here  provides  new  ways  to  improve  production  of  functional  recombinant  proteins  and  address  human  diseases  that  stem  from  dysregulated  protein  homeostasis.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■650  4▼aMicrobiology
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aBiology
■650  4▼aPathology
■653    ▼aBacteria
■653    ▼aChaperones
■653    ▼aInfection
■653    ▼aMagnesium
■653    ▼aTranslation  elongation
■653    ▼aVirulence
■690    ▼a0410
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0571
■71020▼aYale  University▼bMicrobiology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01B.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160366▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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