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Investigation of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality and Availability in the Northwestern Appalachian Basin
Investigation of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality and Ava...
Investigation of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality and Availability in the Northwestern Appalachian Basin

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151022
ISBN  
9798383566565
DDC  
551
저자명  
Siegel, Helen G.
서명/저자  
Investigation of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors Influencing Groundwater Quality and Availability in the Northwestern Appalachian Basin
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
282 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Saiers, James E.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The Northwestern Appalachian Basin (NAB) encompasses a region of more than 100,000 square kilometers across parts of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia and is home to a population of nearly 700,000 rural residents who rely on private groundwater wells as their sole source of drinking water. Rural communities in the NAB are often under-resourced and the cost of treatment or replacement of private water supplies may be prohibitive to many, leaving residents susceptible to health impacts associated with groundwater contamination and shifts in water availability under a changing climate. While vital to the rural communities of the NAB, groundwater withdrawals from the shallow bedrock aquifers of the NAB are small (445 Mgal/day) and provide less economic benefit than the billions of gallons of water produced daily within the major aquifer systems of the United States. As a result, few studies have sought to discern factors influencing groundwater quality and availability in the NAB, despite the importance of groundwater supplies to rural populations. This dissertation focuses on elucidating the main geophysical and anthropogenic factors influencing groundwater quality and availability in the shallow bedrock aquifer systems of the NAB. Data collected as part of Chapter 2 of this dissertation addresses previous knowledge gaps in the NAB, including the extent of inorganic water quality impairments in private groundwater supplies and key agents of contamination. Through the implementation of a unique combination of geochemical modeling, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and geospatial analyses, Chapter 2 of this work further advances methods for contaminant source attribution and the rapid characterization of factors influencing groundwater quality. Topographic position is identified as an important predictor of inorganic water quality, with water wells positioned in upslope recharge zones susceptible to contamination from surface activities, including road salting and agricultural runoff. Water wells situated in valley regions primarily intercept longer groundwater flow paths that may exhibit pH and redox conditions favoring the mobilization of arsenic from aquifer materials. Finally, private wells collocated with coal mining activities are found to have groundwater chemistries consistent with a small degree of mixing with coal mine drainage-like waters, suggesting ongoing impacts from mining activities on water resources. Expanding upon this initial work, Chapter 3 describes for the first time the distribution of per- and poly-fluorinated substances (PFAS) in private water supplies in West Virginia. Topographic setting, major ion composition, and PFAS carbon-chain length are identified as important predictors of PFAS concentrations in private water supplies, likely reflecting both the susceptibility of recharge zones within the NAB to contamination from surface activities and the combined effects of adsorption and hydrodynamic diffusion within the aquifer. Proximity to sites with registered National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, active UOG operations, and the density of surrounding COG wells were identified as additional predictors of PFAS concentrations, indicating potential impacts from industrial activities, including oil and gas development, in the region.In Chapter 4, shifts in recharge and groundwater availability in response to changes in temperature and precipitation predicted by three global circulation models (GCMs) and two shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) are assessed using a 3-D numerical groundwater flow model constructed in the open-source finite difference groundwater flow model, Modflow. Groundwater flow simulations determined that water wells completed above, and below semi-confining units exhibit different responses to changes in climate. Water wells completed within the unconfined portion of the aquifer respond to shifts in recharge on shorter timescales and with larger magnitude fluctuations in groundwater levels (x̃ = 2.04 m annually and x̃ = 0.20 to 0.40 m monthly), while water wells completed within semi-confined aquifers are less temporally sensitive to shifts in recharge and exhibit smaller annual fluctuations in groundwater levels (x̃ = 0.1 m annually and x̃ = 0.012 to 0.027 m monthly). Groundwater levels are found to increase over the next century in the upper unconfined aquifers, with slight seasonal shifts in the timing of maximum and minimum groundwater levels in response to predicted changes in precipitation and temperature. Decreasing trends in groundwater levels that were observed in the semi-confined aquifers of the model domain throughout the historic period (183 mm/year) are balanced by increasing recharge by the end of the century, with declining groundwater levels either stabilizing or decreasing at lower rates (45 to 52 mm/year). Throughout this work, the impacts of anthropogenic activities and natural processes on groundwater supplies and the rural populations that depend on them are evaluated. Inorganic water quality is found to be generally good with 10% of private water wells exhibiting concentrations of at least one constituent above maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Total targeted PFAS concentrations in private wells ranged between non-detect and 36.8 ng/L but were notably higher in private wells situated in upslope recharge zones. This is consistent with findings in Chapter 2 that topographic setting is an important control on the susceptibility of private water wells to contamination from surface activities. Private water wells situated in valley regions were found to primarily intercept deeper more-evolved groundwater flow paths that exhibit lower targeted PFAS concentrations, but higher concentrations of geogenic arsenic on average. Mixing with as much as 4-10% of coal mine drainage-like waters was identified in private wells in proximity to coal mining operations, while a higher probability of observing elevated PFAS concentrations was identified in proximity to locations with either an active NPDES permit, a high density of COG wells, or an active UOG. Regardless of topographic position, groundwater wells terminating above a semi-confining underclay layer are found to be more temporally sensitive to shifts in recharge predicted by GCMs, while water wells within semi-confined aquifers are slower to recover groundwater levels following declines, suggesting that the presence of an overlying semi-confining unit is a better predictor of future behavior in response to climate change than topography alone. Together this work advances understandings of private groundwater quality and availability in the NAB, a region where the health and well-being of rural populations are vulnerable to mineral-resource extraction and growing pressures of anthropogenic climate change. By expanding our knowledge of private water quality and key agents of groundwater impairment, this work aids human health and regulatory agencies in the development of community health initiatives, such as drinking water testing and aquifer protection programs, that are vital to the health of rural populations. Brackets on groundwater responses to projected climate scenarios from this work also provide critical information to researchers and public officials for the development of climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Finally, this work advances methods for contaminant source attribution and provides additional tools for researchers seeking to evaluate controls on groundwater quality in other regions with intensive anthropogenic pressures.
일반주제명  
Hydrologic sciences
일반주제명  
Environmental science
일반주제명  
Environmental health
키워드  
Appalachia
키워드  
Climate Change
키워드  
Groundwater
키워드  
Rural Health
키워드  
Water Quality
기타저자  
Yale University Forestry and Environmental Studies
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aSiegel,  Helen  G.
■24510▼aInvestigation  of  Natural  and  Anthropogenic  Factors  Influencing  Groundwater  Quality  and  Availability  in  the  Northwestern  Appalachian  Basin
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a282  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Saiers,  James  E.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  Northwestern  Appalachian  Basin  (NAB)  encompasses  a  region  of  more  than  100,000  square  kilometers  across  parts  of  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  and  West  Virginia  and  is  home  to  a  population  of  nearly  700,000  rural  residents  who  rely  on  private  groundwater  wells  as  their  sole  source  of  drinking  water.  Rural  communities  in  the  NAB  are  often  under-resourced  and  the  cost  of  treatment  or  replacement  of  private  water  supplies  may  be  prohibitive  to  many,  leaving  residents  susceptible  to  health  impacts  associated  with  groundwater  contamination  and  shifts  in  water  availability  under  a  changing  climate.  While  vital  to  the  rural  communities  of  the  NAB,  groundwater  withdrawals  from  the  shallow  bedrock  aquifers  of  the  NAB  are  small  (445  Mgal/day)  and  provide  less  economic  benefit  than  the  billions  of  gallons  of  water  produced  daily  within  the  major  aquifer  systems  of  the  United  States.  As  a  result,  few  studies  have  sought  to  discern  factors  influencing  groundwater  quality  and  availability  in  the  NAB,  despite  the  importance  of  groundwater  supplies  to  rural  populations.  This  dissertation  focuses  on  elucidating  the  main  geophysical  and  anthropogenic  factors  influencing  groundwater  quality  and  availability  in  the  shallow  bedrock  aquifer  systems  of  the  NAB.  Data  collected  as  part  of  Chapter  2  of  this  dissertation  addresses  previous  knowledge  gaps  in  the  NAB,  including  the  extent  of  inorganic  water  quality  impairments  in  private  groundwater  supplies  and  key  agents  of  contamination.  Through  the  implementation  of  a  unique  combination  of  geochemical  modeling,  hierarchical  cluster  analysis  (HCA),  and  geospatial  analyses,  Chapter  2  of  this  work  further  advances  methods  for  contaminant  source  attribution  and  the  rapid  characterization  of  factors  influencing  groundwater  quality.  Topographic  position  is  identified  as  an  important  predictor  of  inorganic  water  quality,  with  water  wells  positioned  in  upslope  recharge  zones  susceptible  to  contamination  from  surface  activities,  including  road  salting  and  agricultural  runoff.  Water  wells  situated  in  valley  regions  primarily  intercept  longer  groundwater  flow  paths  that  may  exhibit  pH  and  redox  conditions  favoring  the  mobilization  of  arsenic  from  aquifer  materials.  Finally,  private  wells  collocated  with  coal  mining  activities  are  found  to  have  groundwater  chemistries  consistent  with  a  small  degree  of  mixing  with  coal  mine  drainage-like  waters,  suggesting  ongoing  impacts  from  mining  activities  on  water  resources.  Expanding  upon  this  initial  work,  Chapter  3  describes  for  the  first  time  the  distribution  of  per-  and  poly-fluorinated  substances  (PFAS)  in  private  water  supplies  in  West  Virginia.  Topographic  setting,  major  ion  composition,  and  PFAS  carbon-chain  length  are  identified  as  important  predictors  of  PFAS  concentrations  in  private  water  supplies,  likely  reflecting  both  the  susceptibility  of  recharge  zones  within  the  NAB  to  contamination  from  surface  activities  and  the  combined  effects  of  adsorption  and  hydrodynamic  diffusion  within  the  aquifer.  Proximity  to  sites  with  registered  National  Pollutant  Discharge  Elimination  System  (NPDES)  permits,  active  UOG  operations,  and  the  density  of  surrounding  COG  wells  were  identified  as  additional  predictors  of  PFAS  concentrations,  indicating  potential  impacts  from  industrial  activities,  including  oil  and  gas  development,  in  the  region.In  Chapter  4,  shifts  in  recharge  and  groundwater  availability  in  response  to  changes  in  temperature  and  precipitation  predicted  by  three  global  circulation  models  (GCMs)  and  two  shared  socio-economic  pathways  (SSPs)  are  assessed  using  a  3-D  numerical  groundwater  flow  model  constructed  in  the  open-source  finite  difference  groundwater  flow  model,  Modflow.  Groundwater  flow  simulations  determined  that  water  wells  completed  above,  and  below  semi-confining  units  exhibit  different  responses  to  changes  in  climate.  Water  wells  completed  within  the  unconfined  portion  of  the  aquifer  respond  to  shifts  in  recharge  on  shorter  timescales  and  with  larger  magnitude  fluctuations  in  groundwater  levels  (x̃  =  2.04  m  annually  and  x̃  =  0.20  to  0.40  m  monthly),  while  water  wells  completed  within  semi-confined  aquifers  are  less  temporally  sensitive  to  shifts  in  recharge  and  exhibit  smaller  annual  fluctuations  in  groundwater  levels  (x̃  =  0.1  m  annually  and  x̃  =  0.012  to  0.027  m  monthly).  Groundwater  levels  are  found  to  increase  over  the  next  century  in  the  upper  unconfined  aquifers,  with  slight  seasonal  shifts  in  the  timing  of  maximum  and  minimum  groundwater  levels  in  response  to  predicted  changes  in  precipitation  and  temperature.  Decreasing  trends  in  groundwater  levels  that  were  observed  in  the  semi-confined  aquifers  of  the  model  domain  throughout  the  historic  period  (183  mm/year)  are  balanced  by  increasing  recharge  by  the  end  of  the  century,  with  declining  groundwater  levels  either  stabilizing  or  decreasing  at  lower  rates  (45  to  52  mm/year).  Throughout  this  work,  the  impacts  of  anthropogenic  activities  and  natural  processes  on  groundwater  supplies  and  the  rural  populations  that  depend  on  them  are  evaluated.  Inorganic  water  quality  is  found  to  be  generally  good  with  10%  of  private  water  wells  exhibiting  concentrations  of  at  least  one  constituent  above  maximum  contaminant  levels  (MCLs)  set  by  the  U.S.  Environmental  Protection  Agency  (EPA).  Total  targeted  PFAS  concentrations  in  private  wells  ranged  between  non-detect  and  36.8  ng/L  but  were  notably  higher  in  private  wells  situated  in  upslope  recharge  zones.  This  is  consistent  with  findings  in  Chapter  2  that  topographic  setting  is  an  important  control  on  the  susceptibility  of  private  water  wells  to  contamination  from  surface  activities.  Private  water  wells  situated  in  valley  regions  were  found  to  primarily  intercept  deeper  more-evolved  groundwater  flow  paths  that  exhibit  lower  targeted  PFAS  concentrations,  but  higher  concentrations  of  geogenic  arsenic  on  average.  Mixing  with  as  much  as  4-10%  of  coal  mine  drainage-like  waters  was  identified  in  private  wells  in  proximity  to  coal  mining  operations,  while  a  higher  probability  of  observing  elevated  PFAS  concentrations  was  identified  in  proximity  to  locations  with  either  an  active  NPDES  permit,  a  high  density  of  COG  wells,  or  an  active  UOG.  Regardless  of  topographic  position,  groundwater  wells  terminating  above  a  semi-confining  underclay  layer  are  found  to  be  more  temporally  sensitive  to  shifts  in  recharge  predicted  by  GCMs,  while  water  wells  within  semi-confined  aquifers  are  slower  to  recover  groundwater  levels  following  declines,  suggesting  that  the  presence  of  an  overlying  semi-confining  unit  is  a  better  predictor  of  future  behavior  in  response  to  climate  change  than  topography  alone.  Together  this  work  advances  understandings  of  private  groundwater  quality  and  availability  in  the  NAB,  a  region  where  the  health  and  well-being  of  rural  populations  are  vulnerable  to  mineral-resource  extraction  and  growing  pressures  of  anthropogenic  climate  change.  By  expanding  our  knowledge  of  private  water  quality  and  key  agents  of  groundwater  impairment,  this  work  aids  human  health  and  regulatory  agencies  in  the  development  of  community  health  initiatives,  such  as  drinking  water  testing  and  aquifer  protection  programs,  that  are  vital  to  the  health  of  rural  populations.  Brackets  on  groundwater  responses  to  projected  climate  scenarios  from  this  work  also  provide  critical  information  to  researchers  and  public  officials  for  the  development  of  climate  adaptation  and  mitigation  strategies.  Finally,  this  work  advances  methods  for  contaminant  source  attribution  and  provides  additional  tools  for  researchers  seeking  to  evaluate  controls  on  groundwater  quality  in  other  regions  with  intensive  anthropogenic  pressures.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■650  4▼aHydrologic  sciences
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  health
■653    ▼aAppalachia
■653    ▼aClimate  Change
■653    ▼aGroundwater
■653    ▼aRural  Health
■653    ▼aWater  Quality
■690    ▼a0388
■690    ▼a0768
■690    ▼a0470
■71020▼aYale  University▼bForestry  and  Environmental  Studies.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01B.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160456▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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