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Automating the Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials
Automating the Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials
Automating the Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151025
ISBN  
9798384448839
DDC  
620.11
저자명  
Szymanski, Nathan.
서명/저자  
Automating the Synthesis and Characterization of Inorganic Materials
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
94 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ceder, Gerbrand.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The development of new inorganic materials largely depends on manual experiments that are costly and time intensive. While automation has greatly advanced the computational discovery of promising new materials, the rate at which they are experimentally synthesized has fallen behind. Bridging this gap requires an improved approach to materials synthesis and characterization, whereby automation is used to streamline the experimental realization of predicted compounds. In this dissertation, I will summarize my contributions to this area. These include automating the collection and analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, developing theory-driven decision-making algorithms to guide experimental solid-state synthesis trials, and implementing these methods in a fully autonomous, robotic platform known as the A-Lab.X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a cornerstone of materials research that is widely used to identify and characterize the structures of distinct crystalline phases. Traditional interpretation of XRD patterns requires manual analysis, which becomes challenging when dealing with multi-phase samples that are often complicated by experimental artifacts such as lattice strain and texture. In Chapter 2, I will describe the development and validation of a machine learning (ML) framework that can automate the identification of crystalline materials from XRD patterns. This framework leverages an ensemble of convolutional neural networks, uniquely trained with physics-informed data augmentation to ensure they are robust against common experimental artifacts. A distribution of predicted phases is generated for each pattern given to these trained models, from which a measure of prediction confidence is evaluated. This method outperforms traditional peak search-match algorithms on a variety of experimental samples without requiring manual intervention, making autonomous phase identification possible. Because ML models are fast once trained, they can be integrated with experimental measurements to perform analysis in real time. This provides the opportunity to use any information gained from preliminary analysis to control the subsequent measurements, improving the efficiency of data collection. Such an approach can benefit XRD measurements, which typically require 20-30 min of scan time per sample to obtain results that have sufficient quality for post hoc analysis. As outlined in Chapter 3, a much shorter scan time of 5-10 min per sample can be achieved by using in-line ML analysis to steer the diffractometer toward parts of the XRD pattern that matter most for phase identification. This approach is shown to provide more precise detection of impurities and short-lived reaction intermediates that are critical to the study of solid-state synthesis.In early attempts to synthesize a new compound, XRD often reveals the formation of unwanted byproducts instead of the desired target. Avoiding these byproducts and achieving the target requires careful redesign of the experimental procedure. In solid-state synthesis, the most common approach used to make bulk inorganic materials, redesigning the experiments generally involves choosing alternative precursors or reaction conditions. While conditions like temperature and partial pressures are numerical and can therefore be optimizing using well established methods like Bayesian optimization, precursor selection requires a different approach. In Chapter 4, I will describe an algorithm we developed to optimize the selection of precursors used in solid-state synthesis by actively learning from experimental outcomes. It does so by identifying unfavorable reactions that lead to unwanted byproducts, and then choosing precursors that it expects to avoid these reactions and instead favor the target's formation. The effectiveness of this approach is showcased on three separate targets, for which optimal synthesis recipes are identified while requiring few experimental iterations.The automation of data analysis and decision making, combined with robotics that can perform solid-state synthesis experiments, have made autonomous materials development possible. The integration of these tools into a platform known as the A-Lab is discussed in Chapter 5. Given a set of targeted materials screened using ab-initio computations, this lab can devise initial synthesis recipes based on historical data mined from the literature. It tests these recipes using robotics for automated powder handling and high-temperature annealing, followed by characterization with XRD. The resulting patterns are analyzed by ML models, which then feed into automated decision making to improve upon the initial recipes and achieve higher target yield. We demonstrate the capabilities of the A-Lab by using it to synthesize 41 materials in just 17 days of closed-loop experimentation.The work reported herein demonstrates the feasibility of autonomous materials development while also highlighting areas that require further improvement. Several promising directions for future work are highlighted in Chapter 6. These include the development and integration of automated characterization to new techniques beyond XRD, the extension of robotic platforms to deal with air-sensitive samples and to measure device performance, and the generalization of decision-making algorithms to deal with experimental issues like melting and volatility.
일반주제명  
Materials science
일반주제명  
Chemistry
일반주제명  
Engineering
일반주제명  
Inorganic chemistry
키워드  
A-Lab
키워드  
Solid-state synthesis
키워드  
X-ray diffraction
키워드  
Inorganic materials
키워드  
Bayesian optimization
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Materials Science
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aSzymanski,  Nathan.
■24510▼aAutomating  the  Synthesis  and  Characterization  of  Inorganic  Materials
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a94  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ceder,  Gerbrand.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  development  of  new  inorganic  materials  largely  depends  on  manual  experiments  that  are  costly  and  time  intensive.  While  automation  has  greatly  advanced  the  computational  discovery  of  promising  new  materials,  the  rate  at  which  they  are  experimentally  synthesized  has  fallen  behind.  Bridging  this  gap  requires  an  improved  approach  to  materials  synthesis  and  characterization,  whereby  automation  is  used  to  streamline  the  experimental  realization  of  predicted  compounds.  In  this  dissertation,  I  will  summarize  my  contributions  to  this  area.  These  include  automating  the  collection  and  analysis  of  X-ray  diffraction  patterns,  developing  theory-driven  decision-making  algorithms  to  guide  experimental  solid-state  synthesis  trials,  and  implementing  these  methods  in  a  fully  autonomous,  robotic  platform  known  as  the  A-Lab.X-ray  diffraction  (XRD)  is  a  cornerstone  of  materials  research  that  is  widely  used  to  identify  and  characterize  the  structures  of  distinct  crystalline  phases.  Traditional  interpretation  of  XRD  patterns  requires  manual  analysis,  which  becomes  challenging  when  dealing  with  multi-phase  samples  that  are  often  complicated  by  experimental  artifacts  such  as  lattice  strain  and  texture.  In  Chapter  2,  I  will  describe  the  development  and  validation  of  a  machine  learning  (ML)  framework  that  can  automate  the  identification  of  crystalline  materials  from  XRD  patterns.  This  framework  leverages  an  ensemble  of  convolutional  neural  networks,  uniquely  trained  with  physics-informed  data  augmentation  to  ensure  they  are  robust  against  common  experimental  artifacts.  A  distribution  of  predicted  phases  is  generated  for  each  pattern  given  to  these  trained  models,  from  which  a  measure  of  prediction  confidence  is  evaluated.  This  method  outperforms  traditional  peak  search-match  algorithms  on  a  variety  of  experimental  samples  without  requiring  manual  intervention,  making  autonomous  phase  identification  possible. Because  ML  models  are  fast  once  trained,  they  can  be  integrated  with  experimental  measurements  to  perform  analysis  in  real  time.  This  provides  the  opportunity  to  use  any  information  gained  from  preliminary  analysis  to  control  the  subsequent  measurements,  improving  the  efficiency  of  data  collection.  Such  an  approach  can  benefit  XRD  measurements,  which  typically  require  20-30  min  of  scan  time  per  sample  to  obtain  results  that  have  sufficient  quality  for  post  hoc  analysis.  As  outlined  in  Chapter  3,  a  much  shorter  scan  time  of  5-10  min  per  sample  can  be  achieved  by  using  in-line  ML  analysis  to  steer  the  diffractometer  toward  parts  of  the  XRD  pattern  that  matter  most  for  phase  identification.  This  approach  is  shown  to  provide  more  precise  detection  of  impurities  and  short-lived  reaction  intermediates  that  are  critical  to  the  study  of  solid-state  synthesis.In  early  attempts  to  synthesize  a  new  compound,  XRD  often  reveals  the  formation  of  unwanted  byproducts  instead  of  the  desired  target.  Avoiding  these  byproducts  and  achieving  the  target  requires  careful  redesign  of  the  experimental  procedure.  In  solid-state  synthesis,  the  most  common  approach  used  to  make  bulk  inorganic  materials,  redesigning  the  experiments  generally  involves  choosing  alternative  precursors  or  reaction  conditions.  While  conditions  like  temperature  and  partial  pressures  are  numerical  and  can  therefore  be  optimizing  using  well  established  methods  like  Bayesian  optimization,  precursor  selection  requires  a  different  approach.  In  Chapter  4,  I  will  describe  an  algorithm  we  developed  to  optimize  the  selection  of  precursors  used  in  solid-state  synthesis  by  actively  learning  from  experimental  outcomes.  It  does  so  by  identifying  unfavorable  reactions  that  lead  to  unwanted  byproducts,  and  then  choosing  precursors  that  it  expects  to  avoid  these  reactions  and  instead  favor  the  target's  formation.  The  effectiveness  of  this  approach  is  showcased  on  three  separate  targets,  for  which  optimal  synthesis  recipes  are  identified  while  requiring  few  experimental  iterations.The  automation  of  data  analysis  and  decision  making,  combined  with  robotics  that  can  perform  solid-state  synthesis  experiments,  have  made  autonomous  materials  development  possible.  The  integration  of  these  tools  into  a  platform  known  as  the  A-Lab  is  discussed  in  Chapter  5.  Given  a  set  of  targeted  materials  screened  using  ab-initio  computations,  this  lab  can  devise  initial  synthesis  recipes  based  on  historical  data  mined  from  the  literature.  It  tests  these  recipes  using  robotics  for  automated  powder  handling  and  high-temperature  annealing,  followed  by  characterization  with  XRD.  The  resulting  patterns  are  analyzed  by  ML  models,  which  then  feed  into  automated  decision  making  to  improve  upon  the  initial  recipes  and  achieve  higher  target  yield.  We  demonstrate  the  capabilities  of  the  A-Lab  by  using  it  to  synthesize  41  materials  in  just  17  days  of  closed-loop  experimentation.The  work  reported  herein  demonstrates  the  feasibility  of  autonomous  materials  development  while  also  highlighting  areas  that  require  further  improvement.  Several  promising  directions  for  future  work  are  highlighted  in  Chapter  6.  These  include  the  development  and  integration  of  automated  characterization  to  new  techniques  beyond  XRD,  the  extension  of  robotic  platforms  to  deal  with  air-sensitive  samples  and  to  measure  device  performance,  and  the  generalization  of  decision-making  algorithms  to  deal  with  experimental  issues  like  melting  and  volatility.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aMaterials  science
■650  4▼aChemistry
■650  4▼aEngineering
■650  4▼aInorganic  chemistry
■653    ▼aA-Lab
■653    ▼aSolid-state  synthesis
■653    ▼aX-ray  diffraction
■653    ▼aInorganic  materials
■653    ▼aBayesian  optimization
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0488
■690    ▼a0537
■690    ▼a0485
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bMaterials  Science.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-04B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160471▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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