본문

서브메뉴

Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Urban Building Types In India
Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Ur...
Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Urban Building Types In India

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151028
ISBN  
9798383482841
DDC  
550
저자명  
Iyer, Aishwarya V.
서명/저자  
Implications For Energy Demand And Emissions By Mitigating Heat Stress In Heterogeneous Urban Building Types In India
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
159 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Rao, Narasimha D.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The buildings sector plays a key role in influencing global demand for energy and materials, and the emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). 80% of future population growth is expected to take place in the Global South, primarily populated with low-and-middle income (LMI) countries, making these countries hotspots for growth in the buildings sector, especially the residential sector. India, the most populated low-and-middle income country, is expected to lead the world in energy growth from the residential sector in the next decades. However, previous global reports often do not represent the diversity in building types from these countries, especially excluding the low-income housing types. Residents in low-income homes face disproportionately severe heat stress, health issues and other adverse effects of climate change, as these homes are poorly constructed, and unable to provide durable, safe comfortable shelter. In this dissertation, I focus on the role that is played by the uniquely diverse building stock in low-and-middle income countries, specifically India, on the future resource demand and GHG emissions from their residential sector.Population growth, urbanization and development are the drivers behind the rapid residential sector emissions growth in India in the coming decades. As of 2019, 19 million houses in urban India did not meet decent living standards. India expected to see 20 billion square meters of new residential floorspace constructed between 2015-2040. As this construction growth begins to materialize, it presents a short window of opportunity to improve the construction methods, and introduce long-lasting solutions to provide durable, comfortable shelter to future generations. The largest source of energy demand and emissions growth in the future in the Indian residential sector is expected to stem from growth in cooling energy demand. This is due to increasing heat stress, characterized by high temperature and humidity in the Indian subcontinent, leading to increased ownership of air conditioners as affluence grows. In this dissertation, I evaluate the impact of representing realistic building types, thermal comfort choices, urban context and other unique characteristics in the urban Indian landscape on our understanding of the future resource demand and emissions from the sector. Previously, there has been incomplete representation of the diversity of building types in India or other LMI countries in future scenarios. I first examined the differences in the building stock in LMI countries and characterized the major building types unique to the 135 LMI countries. I classified the buildings sector in the LMI countries into three major types: formal, semi-formal and informal. Of these, the semi-formal building type was previously uncharacterized in literature, and covers a wide range of building types that house low-income residents. Only the formal building type has been documented and studied. I then used this characterization to create a highly specific and representative model of urban Indian residential buildings. This model helped provide detailed insight into the thermal comfort provided by each building type in major urban regions spanning across different climate zones in India. Thermal comfort was determined using a combination of temperature and humidity, in a metric named the heat index. Humidity has rarely been considered in previous literature, even though high humidity and high temperature are characteristic of the weather in many low-and-middle income countries like India, and both contribute to the high levels of discomfort experienced. The thermal comfort threshold in this dissertation is conservative and corresponds to the highest temperature and humidity levels previously considered in India. The inclusion of humidity was found to increase measures of thermal discomfort in India by a factor between five to ten. Formal buildings provided more thermal comfort than the other two low-income building types. Higher floors in multi-story buildings experienced less thermal comfort, and rooms with more exposure to the outside had better thermal comfort. Between the three largest metropolitan cities in India, Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru, Delhi ranked as the most uncomfortable when both duration and intensity of discomfort were considered, and Mumbai was uncomfortable for the longest. Decreasing density of urban buildings, achieved by increasing the distance between adjoining buildings increase thermal discomfort due to reduced shading and air flow between buildings. An increase of 5-7m between adjoining buildings can cause the thermal discomfort experienced to increase by 8%, and top floors can experience up to 50 times more discomfort than the lowest floors.Once insights into the thermal comfort gap, that is the gap to attaining complete thermal comfort, were gained on a building type and city level, I employed different ventilation and cooling strategies to determine the energy and emissions cost of filling the thermal comfort gap. Air-conditioning is a method to achieve thermal comfort, but I also included ventilation that precedes and supplements the usage of air-conditioners in urban India. Previous studies have modeled a simplified and constant form of ventilation, which does not fully consider the temporal changes in air flow due to diurnal temperature variations, air pressure, air speed and cross ventilation in rooms. I created an updated form of modeling ventilation which captures more of this intricacy and the several factors influencing the air flowing through open windows. Improving upon previous models of ventilation in this way showed that discomfort had previously been overestimated, and the improved model reduced the calculated discomfort by 60-80%. Changing the masonry materials from Burnt Clay Bricks (BCBs) to Hollow Concrete Blocks (HCBs) was found to reduce the annualized life-cycle energy demand by up to 20%. Additionally, in this dissertation, I included economic usage of air-conditioners with a higher set point than previous national level models have considered for India. This higher set-point corresponds to the set-point required to completely eliminate discomfort to meet the conservative thermal comfort standards defined in our previous study. The combination of ventilation, ceiling fans and air-conditioners was found to reduce the cooling energy demand projections for the Indian urban sector by up to 60% in 2050 compared to using air conditioning alone.This dissertation finds that imbuing realism in energy models for LMI countries like India by representing the uniquely diverse building types along with the local economical cooling practices and preferences can significantly reduce the energy demand projection to meet thermal comfort demands in India. It highlights the importance of representing low-income homes, as they can often be the most heat-stressed and require cooling intensities that might be unaffordable for their residents. It finds that reducing distance between buildings causes improvement in thermal comfort due to shading and air-flow dynamics, an effect that might have tradeoffs with other microclimate phenomena. It creates a framework to represent buildings and capture unique features of the urban landscape in contemporary energy models for LMI countries.
일반주제명  
Environmental studies
일반주제명  
Energy
일반주제명  
Architectural engineering
키워드  
Air conditioning
키워드  
Building Energy Modeling
키워드  
India
키워드  
Low-and-middle income countries
키워드  
Residential Sector
키워드  
Thermal Comfort
기타저자  
Yale University Forestry and Environmental Studies
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

 008250123s2024        us                              c    eng  d
■001000017160486
■00520250211151028
■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798383482841
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI30997040
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a550
■1001  ▼aIyer,  Aishwarya  V.
■24510▼aImplications  For  Energy  Demand  And  Emissions  By  Mitigating  Heat  Stress  In  Heterogeneous  Urban  Building  Types  In  India
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a159  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Rao,  Narasimha  D.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  buildings  sector  plays  a  key  role  in  influencing  global  demand  for  energy  and  materials,  and  the  emission  of  Greenhouse  Gases  (GHGs).  80%  of  future  population  growth  is  expected  to  take  place  in  the  Global  South,  primarily  populated  with  low-and-middle  income  (LMI)  countries,  making  these  countries  hotspots  for  growth  in  the  buildings  sector,  especially  the  residential  sector.  India,  the  most  populated  low-and-middle  income  country,  is  expected  to  lead  the  world  in  energy  growth  from  the  residential  sector  in  the  next  decades.  However,  previous  global  reports  often  do  not  represent  the  diversity  in  building  types  from  these  countries,  especially  excluding  the  low-income  housing  types.  Residents  in  low-income  homes  face  disproportionately  severe  heat  stress,  health  issues  and  other  adverse  effects  of  climate  change,  as  these  homes  are  poorly  constructed,  and  unable  to  provide  durable,  safe  comfortable  shelter.  In  this  dissertation,  I  focus  on  the  role  that  is  played  by  the  uniquely  diverse  building  stock  in  low-and-middle  income  countries,  specifically  India,  on  the  future  resource  demand  and  GHG  emissions  from  their  residential  sector.Population  growth,  urbanization  and  development  are  the  drivers  behind  the  rapid  residential  sector  emissions  growth  in  India  in  the  coming  decades.  As  of  2019,  19  million  houses  in  urban  India  did  not  meet  decent  living  standards.  India  expected  to  see  20  billion  square  meters  of  new  residential  floorspace  constructed  between  2015-2040.  As  this  construction  growth  begins  to  materialize,  it  presents  a  short  window  of  opportunity  to  improve  the  construction  methods,  and  introduce  long-lasting  solutions  to  provide  durable,  comfortable  shelter  to  future  generations.  The  largest  source  of  energy  demand  and  emissions  growth  in  the  future  in  the  Indian  residential  sector  is  expected  to  stem  from  growth  in  cooling  energy  demand.  This  is  due  to  increasing  heat  stress,  characterized  by  high  temperature  and  humidity  in  the  Indian  subcontinent,  leading  to  increased  ownership  of  air  conditioners  as  affluence  grows.  In  this  dissertation,  I  evaluate  the  impact  of  representing  realistic  building  types,  thermal  comfort  choices,  urban  context  and  other  unique  characteristics  in  the  urban  Indian  landscape  on  our  understanding  of  the  future  resource  demand  and  emissions  from  the  sector.  Previously,  there  has  been  incomplete  representation  of  the  diversity  of  building  types  in  India  or  other  LMI  countries  in  future  scenarios.  I  first  examined  the  differences  in  the  building  stock  in  LMI  countries  and  characterized  the  major  building  types  unique  to  the  135  LMI  countries.  I  classified  the  buildings  sector  in  the  LMI  countries  into  three  major  types:  formal,  semi-formal  and  informal.  Of  these,  the  semi-formal  building  type  was  previously  uncharacterized  in  literature,  and  covers  a  wide  range  of  building  types  that  house  low-income  residents.  Only  the  formal  building  type  has  been  documented  and  studied.  I  then  used  this  characterization  to  create  a  highly  specific  and  representative  model  of  urban  Indian  residential  buildings.  This  model  helped  provide  detailed  insight  into  the  thermal  comfort  provided  by  each  building  type  in  major  urban  regions  spanning  across  different  climate  zones  in  India.  Thermal  comfort  was  determined  using  a  combination  of  temperature  and  humidity,  in  a  metric  named  the  heat  index.  Humidity  has  rarely  been  considered  in  previous  literature,  even  though  high  humidity  and  high  temperature  are  characteristic  of  the  weather  in  many  low-and-middle  income  countries  like  India,  and  both  contribute  to  the  high  levels  of  discomfort  experienced.  The  thermal  comfort  threshold  in  this  dissertation  is  conservative  and  corresponds  to  the  highest  temperature  and  humidity  levels  previously  considered  in  India.  The  inclusion  of  humidity  was  found  to  increase  measures  of  thermal  discomfort  in  India  by  a  factor  between  five  to  ten.  Formal  buildings  provided  more  thermal  comfort  than  the  other  two  low-income  building  types.  Higher  floors  in  multi-story  buildings  experienced  less  thermal  comfort,  and  rooms  with  more  exposure  to  the  outside  had  better  thermal  comfort.  Between  the  three  largest  metropolitan  cities  in  India,  Delhi,  Mumbai  and  Bengaluru,  Delhi  ranked  as  the  most  uncomfortable  when  both  duration  and  intensity  of  discomfort  were  considered,  and  Mumbai  was  uncomfortable  for  the  longest.  Decreasing  density  of  urban  buildings,  achieved  by  increasing  the  distance  between  adjoining  buildings  increase  thermal  discomfort  due  to  reduced  shading  and  air  flow  between  buildings.  An  increase  of  5-7m  between  adjoining  buildings  can  cause  the  thermal  discomfort  experienced  to  increase  by  8%,  and  top  floors  can  experience  up  to  50  times  more  discomfort  than  the  lowest  floors.Once  insights  into  the  thermal  comfort  gap,  that  is  the  gap  to  attaining  complete  thermal  comfort,  were  gained  on  a  building  type  and  city  level,  I  employed  different  ventilation  and  cooling  strategies  to  determine  the  energy  and  emissions  cost  of  filling  the  thermal  comfort  gap.  Air-conditioning  is  a  method  to  achieve  thermal  comfort,  but  I  also  included  ventilation  that  precedes  and  supplements  the  usage  of  air-conditioners  in  urban  India.  Previous  studies  have  modeled  a  simplified  and  constant  form  of  ventilation,  which  does  not  fully  consider  the  temporal  changes  in  air  flow  due  to  diurnal  temperature  variations,  air  pressure,  air  speed  and  cross  ventilation  in  rooms.  I  created  an  updated  form  of  modeling  ventilation  which  captures  more  of  this  intricacy  and  the  several  factors  influencing  the  air  flowing  through  open  windows.  Improving  upon  previous  models  of  ventilation  in  this  way  showed  that  discomfort  had  previously  been  overestimated,  and  the  improved  model  reduced  the  calculated  discomfort  by  60-80%.  Changing  the  masonry  materials  from  Burnt  Clay  Bricks  (BCBs)  to  Hollow  Concrete  Blocks  (HCBs)  was  found  to  reduce  the  annualized  life-cycle  energy  demand  by  up  to  20%.  Additionally,  in  this  dissertation,  I  included  economic  usage  of  air-conditioners  with  a  higher  set  point  than  previous  national  level  models  have  considered  for  India.  This  higher  set-point  corresponds  to  the  set-point  required  to  completely  eliminate  discomfort  to  meet  the  conservative  thermal  comfort  standards  defined  in  our  previous  study.  The  combination  of  ventilation,  ceiling  fans  and  air-conditioners  was  found  to  reduce  the  cooling  energy  demand  projections  for  the  Indian  urban  sector  by  up  to  60%  in  2050  compared  to  using  air  conditioning  alone.This  dissertation  finds  that  imbuing  realism  in  energy  models  for  LMI  countries  like  India  by  representing  the  uniquely  diverse  building  types  along  with  the  local  economical  cooling  practices  and  preferences  can  significantly  reduce  the  energy  demand  projection  to  meet  thermal  comfort  demands  in  India.  It  highlights  the  importance  of  representing  low-income  homes,  as  they  can  often  be  the  most  heat-stressed  and  require  cooling  intensities  that  might  be  unaffordable  for  their  residents.  It  finds  that  reducing  distance  between  buildings  causes  improvement  in  thermal  comfort  due  to  shading  and  air-flow  dynamics,  an  effect  that  might  have  tradeoffs  with  other  microclimate  phenomena.  It  creates  a  framework  to  represent  buildings  and  capture  unique  features  of  the  urban  landscape  in  contemporary  energy  models  for  LMI  countries.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  studies
■650  4▼aEnergy
■650  4▼aArchitectural  engineering
■653    ▼aAir  conditioning
■653    ▼aBuilding  Energy  Modeling
■653    ▼aIndia
■653    ▼aLow-and-middle  income  countries
■653    ▼aResidential  Sector
■653    ▼aThermal  Comfort
■690    ▼a0477
■690    ▼a0791
■690    ▼a0462
■71020▼aYale  University▼bForestry  and  Environmental  Studies.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01B.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160486▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

미리보기

내보내기

chatGPT토론

Ai 추천 관련 도서


    신착도서 더보기
    최근 3년간 통계입니다.

    소장정보

    • 예약
    • 소재불명신고
    • 나의폴더
    • 우선정리요청
    • 비도서대출신청
    • 야간 도서대출신청
    소장자료
    등록번호 청구기호 소장처 대출가능여부 대출정보
    TF13328 전자도서 대출가능 마이폴더 부재도서신고 비도서대출신청 야간 도서대출신청

    * 대출중인 자료에 한하여 예약이 가능합니다. 예약을 원하시면 예약버튼을 클릭하십시오.

    해당 도서를 다른 이용자가 함께 대출한 도서

    관련 인기도서

    로그인 후 이용 가능합니다.