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Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics
Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics
Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151417
ISBN  
9798383163818
DDC  
320
저자명  
Pedtke, Joseph Imon.
서명/저자  
Essays in Macroeconomics and Labor Economics
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Minnesota, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
193 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Karabarbounis, Loukas.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation studies topics at the intersection of macroeconomics and labor economics, focusing on three areas: (1) inequality and intergenerational mobility, (2) macroeconomic crises and labor markets, and (3) employment effects of expansions of public healthcare.In Chapter I, I evaluate driving forces of trends in inequality and intergenerational mobility in the United States. Parents devote considerable resources towards their children's development, making trade-offs between time and education investments and working, consumption, and leisure. In recent decades, families in the United States experienced rising rates of single parenthood, increasing education prices, and changes to taxes and transfers, which altered available resources and trade-offs to investments across families. This chapter explores the implications of these trends for inequality and intergenerational mobility. After documenting changes in family resources and parental investments over time, I develop a dynastic model of human capital investment to quantify the contributions of these trends to increases in inequality and intergenerational persistence. I find that single parenthood is a major contributor through two channels: (1) less available time for single parents limits work hours, family income, and investments for their children's human capital development and (2) the resulting lower human capital comes with a greater probability of becoming a single parent as an adult, as single parents tend to have less education and lower wages. Education prices, on the other hand, had only minimal effects as families reduce investments at similar rates in response to price increases. Moreover, changes to taxes and transfers had heterogeneous impacts on parental investments by producing differing income and substitution effects depending on family characteristics. The results highlight the importance of considering parental investments when designing assistance programs.In Chapter II, in joint work with Kevin Donovan, Will Jianyu Lu, and Todd Schoellman, we characterize how labor markets transmit aggregate shocks to idiosyncratic earnings risk experienced by households. This chapter uses both aggregate and micro data from quarterly labor force surveys to document four new findings about how they do so. First, the distribution of unemployment responses to recessions includes a long tail. In the most severe decile of recessions, unemployment rates rise by 5--20 percentage points and take 16--33 quarters to begin to recover. Second, there is a close relationship between these severe crises and a small set of shocks, including financial crises, house price busts, and sudden stops. Third, manufacturing and construction play a key role in all recessions, including crises, accounting for more than half of employment losses. Fourth, crises fall most on young and less-educated workers, who are likely to have low income and wealth and hence be less able to self-insure against idiosyncratic earnings risk. Taking into account both the large aggregate shocks and their incidence, the welfare costs of business cycles are likely to be larger than standard calculations imply.In Chapter III, in joint work with Sean Bassler, we measure the effect of Medicaid Expansion on the work arrangements of low-income adults. Before the expansion, many of these individuals only had access to subsidized health insurance through a traditional full-time job. After the expansion, they also had access to Medicaid, potentially allowing them to change their labor supply decisions. Using American Community Survey data, we built a sample of low-income adults who only had access to subsidized health plans through a typical full-time job or the Medicaid Expansion. Adults in the sample are childless, spouseless, non-disabled, and reside in states without confounding state-level policies. To identify the effect of newly-found Medicaid access on this sample, we use a difference-in-difference design from Callaway and Sant'Anna (2021). We find that the expansion had a statistically insignificant effect on the share of our sample in several labor market arrangements: traditional full-time employment, part-time employment, self-employment, unemployment, and not participating in the labor force. These results are robust to including pre-treatment covariates and adjustments to our underlying sample framework. We further decompose treatment effects into short- and long-term effects and find both are statistically insignificant. We conclude that Medicaid Expansion had a negligible impact on both the work arrangements for low-income workers.
일반주제명  
Political science
키워드  
Family structure
키워드  
Human capital
키워드  
Inequality
키워드  
Intergenerational mobility
키워드  
Macroeconomics
기타저자  
University of Minnesota Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aPedtke,  Joseph  Imon.
■24510▼aEssays  in  Macroeconomics  and  Labor  Economics
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Minnesota▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a193  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Karabarbounis,  Loukas.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Minnesota,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  studies  topics  at  the  intersection  of  macroeconomics  and  labor  economics,  focusing  on  three  areas:  (1)  inequality  and  intergenerational  mobility,  (2)  macroeconomic  crises  and  labor  markets,  and  (3)  employment  effects  of  expansions  of  public  healthcare.In  Chapter  I,  I  evaluate  driving  forces  of  trends  in  inequality  and  intergenerational  mobility  in  the  United  States.  Parents  devote  considerable  resources  towards  their  children's  development,  making  trade-offs  between  time  and  education  investments  and  working,  consumption,  and  leisure.  In  recent  decades,  families  in  the  United  States  experienced  rising  rates  of  single  parenthood,  increasing  education  prices,  and  changes  to  taxes  and  transfers,  which  altered  available  resources  and  trade-offs  to  investments  across  families.  This  chapter  explores  the  implications  of  these  trends  for  inequality  and  intergenerational  mobility.  After  documenting  changes  in  family  resources  and  parental  investments  over  time,  I  develop  a  dynastic  model  of  human  capital  investment  to  quantify  the  contributions  of  these  trends  to  increases  in  inequality  and  intergenerational  persistence.  I  find  that  single  parenthood  is  a  major  contributor  through  two  channels:  (1)  less  available  time  for  single  parents  limits  work  hours,  family  income,  and  investments  for  their  children's  human  capital  development  and  (2)  the  resulting  lower  human  capital  comes  with  a  greater  probability  of  becoming  a  single  parent  as  an  adult,  as  single  parents  tend  to  have  less  education  and  lower  wages.  Education  prices,  on  the  other  hand,  had  only  minimal  effects  as  families  reduce  investments  at  similar  rates  in  response  to  price  increases.  Moreover,  changes  to  taxes  and  transfers  had  heterogeneous  impacts  on  parental  investments  by  producing  differing  income  and  substitution  effects  depending  on  family  characteristics.  The  results  highlight  the  importance  of  considering  parental  investments  when  designing  assistance  programs.In  Chapter  II,  in  joint  work  with  Kevin  Donovan,  Will  Jianyu  Lu,  and  Todd  Schoellman,  we  characterize  how  labor  markets  transmit  aggregate  shocks  to  idiosyncratic  earnings  risk  experienced  by  households.  This  chapter  uses  both  aggregate  and  micro  data  from  quarterly  labor  force  surveys  to  document  four  new  findings  about  how  they  do  so.  First,  the  distribution  of  unemployment  responses  to  recessions  includes  a  long  tail.  In  the  most  severe  decile  of  recessions,  unemployment  rates  rise  by  5--20  percentage  points  and  take  16--33  quarters  to  begin  to  recover.  Second,  there  is  a  close  relationship  between  these  severe  crises  and  a  small  set  of  shocks,  including  financial  crises,  house  price  busts,  and  sudden  stops.  Third,  manufacturing  and  construction  play  a  key  role  in  all  recessions,  including  crises,  accounting  for  more  than  half  of  employment  losses.  Fourth,  crises  fall  most  on  young  and  less-educated  workers,  who  are  likely  to  have  low  income  and  wealth  and  hence  be  less  able  to  self-insure  against  idiosyncratic  earnings  risk.  Taking  into  account  both  the  large  aggregate  shocks  and  their  incidence,  the  welfare  costs  of  business  cycles  are  likely  to  be  larger  than  standard  calculations  imply.In  Chapter  III,  in  joint  work  with  Sean  Bassler,  we  measure  the  effect  of  Medicaid  Expansion  on  the  work  arrangements  of  low-income  adults.  Before  the  expansion,  many  of  these  individuals  only  had  access  to  subsidized  health  insurance  through  a  traditional  full-time  job.  After  the  expansion,  they  also  had  access  to  Medicaid,  potentially  allowing  them  to  change  their  labor  supply  decisions.  Using  American  Community  Survey  data,  we  built  a  sample  of  low-income  adults  who  only  had  access  to  subsidized  health  plans  through  a  typical  full-time  job  or  the  Medicaid  Expansion.  Adults  in  the  sample  are  childless,  spouseless,  non-disabled,  and  reside  in  states  without  confounding  state-level  policies.  To  identify  the  effect  of  newly-found  Medicaid  access  on  this  sample,  we  use  a  difference-in-difference  design  from  Callaway  and  Sant'Anna  (2021).  We  find  that  the  expansion  had  a  statistically  insignificant  effect  on  the  share  of  our  sample  in  several  labor  market  arrangements:  traditional  full-time  employment,  part-time  employment,  self-employment,  unemployment,  and  not  participating  in  the  labor  force.  These  results  are  robust  to  including  pre-treatment  covariates  and  adjustments  to  our  underlying  sample  framework.  We  further  decompose  treatment  effects  into  short-  and  long-term  effects  and  find  both  are  statistically  insignificant.  We  conclude  that  Medicaid  Expansion  had  a  negligible  impact  on  both  the  work  arrangements  for  low-income  workers.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0130.
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■653    ▼aFamily  structure
■653    ▼aHuman  capital
■653    ▼aInequality
■653    ▼aIntergenerational  mobility
■653    ▼aMacroeconomics
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0510
■690    ▼a0615
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Minnesota▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-12A.
■790    ▼a0130
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17161588▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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