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Essays on Technology Adoption and Urbanization in East Africa
Essays on Technology Adoption and Urbanization in East Africa
Essays on Technology Adoption and Urbanization in East Africa

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152125
ISBN  
9798384454076
DDC  
960
저자명  
Agness, Daniel.
서명/저자  
Essays on Technology Adoption and Urbanization in East Africa
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
219 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Magruder, Jeremy.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Low and middle-income countries are urbanizing rapidly, and nowhere is urbanizing faster than Sub-Saharan Africa. The rush of urbanization presents multiple challenges to policymakers, including how to accommodate rural-to-urban migrants in growing cities while simultaneously improving productivity and promoting food security for those who remain in the agricultural sector. This dissertation speaks to each of these areas. In Chapter 1, I study the intergenerational impacts of public housing expansion in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia - one of Africa's fastest growing cities. In Chapters 2 and 3, I study technology adoption and agricultural infrastructure expansion in Kenya. Combining the two helps us to make sense of the simultaneous and potentially competing challenges faced by governments in low-income countries during a period of rapid structural transformation. Using tools drawn from the literatures on labor and urban economics, and combining large-scale survey activities with administrative and spatial data, the dissertation employs natural experiments, randomized controlled trials, and structural models to identify causal effects and answer policy-relevant questions.In Chapter 1, "Housing and Human Capital: Condominiums in Ethiopia", co-authored with Tigabu Getahun, we evaluate a major government response to the pressures of urbanization: the largest expansion of public housing on the African continent. The policy subsidizes homeownership, allowing households to move from low-quality housing or to use their unit as an income generating asset. We make use of the lottery mechanism that has been used to allocate these units to more than 200,000 households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, over the past 15 years. To do so, we combine extensive surveys from 2,987 households, surveys with children of affected households, and administrative data collected in collaboration with policy partners to study how this policy has impacted the human capital accumulation of children.We find large and positive effects of a housing policy in a low-income setting. Specifically, we show that children in lottery winning households experience 4.5-11% increase in school attendance, a 10.5% increase in secondary school completion rates, and a 16% increase in post-secondary school matriculation. Our surveys allow us to observe additional measures of human capital that are typically unavailable to researchers using only administrative data. Namely, we show evidence of improved cognition and socio-emotional development for children in lottery winning households, as well as increases in aspirations. We make use of spatial and temporal variation to disentangle mechanisms and reach a novel conclusion: policy impacts are driven by children in households that own and occupy the unit that they win. This rules out the possibility that treatment acts through a wealth effect alone and suggests that neighborhoods of residence may play an important role. We then adapt a structural model of selection from new work in the policy evaluation literature to characterize patterns of selection and estimate margin-specific treatment effects. To our knowledge, our work represents the first use of these methods in the evaluation of a policy in a low-income setting.My second chapter, "New Technology and Network Change", uses dyadic regressions, a social network panel, and a randomized controlled trial to show how networks respond to the introduction of a new technology. Technology recipients become more central within village networks, driven both by differential maintenance of existing links and through the creation of new ones. I apply these results to a peer effects model with directed networks and show that failing to consider network change overestimates treatment effects and that failing to account for new connections due to the intervention underestimates the importance of peer effects.In my third chapter, coauthored with Travis Baseler, Sylvain Chassang, Pascaline Dupas, and Erik Snowberg, "Valuing the Time of the Self-Employed", we consider a critical but understudied component of policy evaluations - people's value of their own time. Accurately estimating the value that the self-employed assign to their own time is essential for estimating the profitability and welfare impacts of interventions. The majority of the literature assumes this value to be zero, which may explain low adoption of seemingly profitable technologies that require increases in worker time. The market wage is likely to be a poor reference in low-income settings, where labor market frictions inhibit individuals from easily converting their time into a wage. To make progress on this question, we use choice data from farming households in Kenya and a structural model to identify behavioral wedges in choices. Accounting for these wedges, we estimate that valuing the time of the self-employed at 60% of the market wage is a reasonable rule of thumb.Together, the three chapters of my dissertation highlight the two-sided policy challenge presented by urbanization and structural transformation in East Africa. Applying econometric methods and experimentation, we focus on communities, both rural and urban, to shed light on how they function and adapt, and how they shape human welfare.
일반주제명  
African studies
키워드  
Ethiopia
키워드  
Housing
키워드  
Social networks
키워드  
Technology adoption
키워드  
Urbanization
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Agricultural & Resource Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■020    ▼a9798384454076
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31482449
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a960
■1001  ▼aAgness,  Daniel.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Technology  Adoption  and  Urbanization  in  East  Africa
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a219  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Magruder,  Jeremy.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aLow  and  middle-income  countries  are  urbanizing  rapidly,  and  nowhere  is  urbanizing  faster  than  Sub-Saharan  Africa.  The  rush  of  urbanization  presents  multiple  challenges  to  policymakers,  including  how  to  accommodate  rural-to-urban  migrants  in  growing  cities  while  simultaneously  improving  productivity  and  promoting  food  security  for  those  who  remain  in  the  agricultural  sector.  This  dissertation  speaks  to  each  of  these  areas.  In  Chapter  1,  I  study  the  intergenerational  impacts  of  public  housing  expansion  in  Addis  Ababa,  Ethiopia  -  one  of  Africa's  fastest  growing  cities.  In  Chapters  2  and  3,  I  study  technology  adoption  and  agricultural  infrastructure  expansion  in  Kenya.  Combining  the  two  helps  us  to  make  sense  of  the  simultaneous  and  potentially  competing  challenges  faced  by  governments  in  low-income  countries  during  a  period  of  rapid  structural  transformation.  Using  tools  drawn  from  the  literatures  on  labor  and  urban  economics,  and  combining  large-scale  survey  activities  with  administrative  and  spatial  data,  the  dissertation  employs  natural  experiments,  randomized  controlled  trials,  and  structural  models  to  identify  causal  effects  and  answer  policy-relevant  questions.In  Chapter  1,  "Housing  and  Human  Capital:  Condominiums  in  Ethiopia",  co-authored  with  Tigabu  Getahun,  we  evaluate  a  major  government  response  to  the  pressures  of  urbanization:  the  largest  expansion  of  public  housing  on  the  African  continent.  The  policy  subsidizes  homeownership,  allowing  households  to  move  from  low-quality  housing  or  to  use  their  unit  as  an  income  generating  asset.  We  make  use  of  the  lottery  mechanism  that  has  been  used  to  allocate  these  units  to  more  than  200,000  households  in  Addis  Ababa,  Ethiopia,  over  the  past  15  years.  To  do  so,  we  combine  extensive  surveys  from  2,987  households,  surveys  with  children  of  affected  households,  and  administrative  data  collected  in  collaboration  with  policy  partners  to  study  how  this  policy  has  impacted  the  human  capital  accumulation  of  children.We  find  large  and  positive  effects  of  a  housing  policy  in  a  low-income  setting.  Specifically,  we  show  that  children  in  lottery  winning  households  experience  4.5-11%  increase  in  school  attendance,  a  10.5%  increase  in  secondary  school  completion  rates,  and  a  16%  increase  in  post-secondary  school  matriculation.  Our  surveys  allow  us  to  observe  additional  measures  of  human  capital  that  are  typically  unavailable  to  researchers  using  only  administrative  data.  Namely,  we  show  evidence  of  improved  cognition  and  socio-emotional  development  for  children  in  lottery  winning  households,  as  well  as  increases  in  aspirations.  We  make  use  of  spatial  and  temporal  variation  to  disentangle  mechanisms  and  reach  a  novel  conclusion:  policy  impacts  are  driven  by  children  in  households  that  own  and  occupy  the  unit  that  they  win.  This  rules  out  the  possibility  that  treatment  acts  through  a  wealth  effect  alone  and  suggests  that  neighborhoods  of  residence  may  play  an  important  role.  We  then  adapt  a  structural  model  of  selection  from  new  work  in  the  policy  evaluation  literature  to  characterize  patterns  of  selection  and  estimate  margin-specific  treatment  effects.  To  our  knowledge,  our  work  represents  the  first  use  of  these  methods  in  the  evaluation  of  a  policy  in  a  low-income  setting.My  second  chapter,  "New  Technology  and  Network  Change",  uses  dyadic  regressions,  a  social  network  panel,  and  a  randomized  controlled  trial  to  show  how  networks  respond  to  the  introduction  of  a  new  technology.  Technology  recipients  become  more  central  within  village  networks,  driven  both  by  differential  maintenance  of  existing  links  and  through  the  creation  of  new  ones.  I  apply  these  results  to  a  peer  effects  model  with  directed  networks  and  show  that  failing  to  consider  network  change  overestimates  treatment  effects  and  that  failing  to  account  for  new  connections  due  to  the  intervention  underestimates  the  importance  of  peer  effects.In  my  third  chapter,  coauthored  with  Travis  Baseler,  Sylvain  Chassang,  Pascaline  Dupas,  and  Erik  Snowberg,  "Valuing  the  Time  of  the  Self-Employed",  we  consider  a  critical  but  understudied  component  of  policy  evaluations  -  people's  value  of  their  own  time.  Accurately  estimating  the  value  that  the  self-employed  assign  to  their  own  time  is  essential  for  estimating  the  profitability  and  welfare  impacts  of  interventions.  The  majority  of  the  literature  assumes  this  value  to  be  zero,  which  may  explain  low  adoption  of  seemingly  profitable  technologies  that  require  increases  in  worker  time.  The  market  wage  is  likely  to  be  a  poor  reference  in  low-income  settings,  where  labor  market  frictions  inhibit  individuals  from  easily  converting  their  time  into  a  wage.  To  make  progress  on  this  question,  we  use  choice  data  from  farming  households  in  Kenya  and  a  structural  model  to  identify  behavioral  wedges  in  choices.  Accounting  for  these  wedges,  we  estimate  that  valuing  the  time  of  the  self-employed  at  60%  of  the  market  wage  is  a  reasonable  rule  of  thumb.Together,  the  three  chapters  of  my  dissertation  highlight  the  two-sided  policy  challenge  presented  by  urbanization  and  structural  transformation  in  East  Africa.  Applying  econometric  methods  and  experimentation,  we  focus  on  communities,  both  rural  and  urban,  to  shed  light  on  how  they  function  and  adapt,  and  how  they  shape  human  welfare.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aAfrican  studies
■653    ▼aEthiopia
■653    ▼aHousing
■653    ▼aSocial  networks
■653    ▼aTechnology  adoption
■653    ▼aUrbanization
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0503
■690    ▼a0293
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bAgricultural  &  Resource  Economics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163022▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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