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The Epistemology of the Infinite
The Epistemology of the Infinite
The Epistemology of the Infinite

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152139
ISBN  
9798384454939
DDC  
100
저자명  
Ryan, Patrick James.
서명/저자  
The Epistemology of the Infinite
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
228 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Mancosu, Paolo;Dasgupta, Shamik.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약The great mathematician, physicist, and philosopher, Hermann Weyl, once called mathematics the "science of the infinite." This is a fitting title: contemporary mathematics-especially Cantorian set theory-provides us with marvelous ways of taming and clarifying the infinite. Nonetheless, I believe that the epistemic significance of mathematical infinity remains poorly understood. This dissertation investigates the role of the infinite in three diverse areas of study: number theory, cosmology, and probability theory. A discovery that emerges from my work is that the epistemic role of the infinite varies, often in surprising ways, across different domains of knowledge.My first chapter examines the role of mathematical infinity in number theory. It is reasonable to think that theorems concerning finite patterns and structures in the natural numbers are particularly "simple" or "elementary." Indeed, such statements are comprehensible to a wide range of investigators, regardless of their mathematical training. One might then expect proofs of these theorems to be similarly comprehensible. However, many proofs, especially those that utilize only finitary methods, are exceedingly difficult to understand. Consequently, one finds that finitary theorems are often re-proved using infinitary techniques. My claim is that this is because infinitary proofs are often explanatory, while finitary proofs are not. This chapter analyzes why this is the case. Along the way, I investigate other questions of long-standing interest in the philosophy of mathematics, e.g., the role of purity/impurity ascriptions and nature of the content of a theorem. In particular, I diagnose the explanatory potential of the infinite by articulating a new construal of content. This new construal both saves intuitive epistemic ascriptions made in mathematical practice and explains the unexpected role of the infinite in providing explanatory proofs of finitary statements. Thus, in number theory, my claim is that the infinite often plays an explanatory role.My second chapter turns to the role of the infinite in cosmology. It investigates a question much discussed by philosophers and physicists alike: is the spatial extent of the universe finite or infinite? Contemporary cosmological research has indicated that one of the essential determinants of the extent of the universe is the topology we ascribe to space. Topology is a global property, which may suggest that it is not testable through local observation. Nonetheless, some cosmologists have indicated that it may be empirically detected, thereby providing an answer to the question of spatial extent. I argue that, in fact, the epistemic status of the topology of space is extremely subtle and not well captured by any of the categories commonly employed by philosophers of science. In particular, I argue that topological properties are neither empirical nor a priori (even in suitably weakened senses). Furthermore, I claim that we should prefer topological properties that generate finite universe models (consistent with our best data) in order to avoid extremely thorny issues concerning the physics of an infinite universe. I argue for such a preference on the grounds of the simplicity and explanatory power of finite universe models. Thus, in cosmology, my claim is that the finite often plays an explanatory and simplifying role.My third chapter investigates several paradoxes that arise in the foundations of infinitary probability theory: the Label Invariance Paradox, God's Lottery, and Bertrand's Paradox. I argue that these have been poorly understood because they do not expressly concern probability theory, but rather our intuitions about-and formal techniques for dealing with- infinite sets. The paradoxes in question are, in fact, symptoms of our complete reliance upon Cantorian cardinality and its associated criterion of sameness of "size." That is, two sets have the same cardinality if and only if the elements of the sets can be placed in 1-1 correspondence. When applied to infinite sets, this criterion produces counterintuitive verdicts. For instance, given a fair lottery on the natural numbers, we expect that the probability of drawing an even number is 1/2, and likewise for drawing an odd number. However, one can construct "relabellings" of the naturals such that the probability of drawing an even number remains 1/2, while the probability for drawing an odd number becomes 1/4. I argue that, ultimately, it is the coarseness of Cantorian cardinality that generates the probabilistic paradoxes. I then propose that finer-grained measures of infinite sets from mathematical logic and number theory can help to dissolve the paradoxes in question. Thus, in probability theory, we find that particular kinds of infinitary techniques effectively systematize our theory, while others lead to paradox.
일반주제명  
Philosophy
일반주제명  
Philosophy of science
일반주제명  
Mathematics
일반주제명  
Epistemology
키워드  
Cosmology
키워드  
Epistemic virtues
키워드  
Mathematical infinity
키워드  
Number theory
키워드  
Probability
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Philosophy
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■1001  ▼aRyan,  Patrick  James.
■24510▼aThe  Epistemology  of  the  Infinite
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a228  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Mancosu,  Paolo;Dasgupta,  Shamik.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aThe  great  mathematician,  physicist,  and  philosopher,  Hermann  Weyl,  once  called  mathematics  the  "science  of  the  infinite."  This  is  a  fitting  title:  contemporary  mathematics-especially  Cantorian  set  theory-provides  us  with  marvelous  ways  of  taming  and  clarifying  the  infinite.  Nonetheless,  I  believe  that  the  epistemic  significance  of  mathematical  infinity  remains  poorly  understood.  This  dissertation  investigates  the  role  of  the  infinite  in  three  diverse  areas  of  study:  number  theory,  cosmology,  and  probability  theory.  A  discovery  that  emerges  from  my  work  is  that  the  epistemic  role  of  the  infinite  varies,  often  in  surprising  ways,  across  different  domains  of  knowledge.My  first  chapter  examines  the  role  of  mathematical  infinity  in  number  theory.  It  is  reasonable  to  think  that  theorems  concerning  finite  patterns  and  structures  in  the  natural  numbers  are  particularly  "simple"  or  "elementary."  Indeed,  such  statements  are  comprehensible  to  a  wide  range  of  investigators,  regardless  of  their  mathematical  training.  One  might  then  expect  proofs  of  these  theorems  to  be  similarly  comprehensible.  However,  many  proofs,  especially  those  that  utilize  only  finitary  methods,  are  exceedingly  difficult  to  understand.  Consequently,  one  finds  that  finitary  theorems  are  often  re-proved  using  infinitary  techniques.  My  claim  is  that  this  is  because  infinitary  proofs  are  often  explanatory,  while  finitary  proofs  are  not.  This  chapter  analyzes  why  this  is  the  case.  Along  the  way,  I  investigate  other  questions  of  long-standing  interest  in  the  philosophy  of  mathematics,  e.g.,  the  role  of  purity/impurity  ascriptions  and  nature  of  the  content  of  a  theorem.  In  particular,  I  diagnose  the  explanatory  potential  of  the  infinite  by  articulating  a  new  construal  of  content.  This  new  construal  both  saves  intuitive  epistemic  ascriptions  made  in  mathematical  practice  and  explains  the  unexpected  role  of  the  infinite  in  providing  explanatory  proofs  of  finitary  statements.  Thus,  in  number  theory,  my  claim  is  that  the  infinite  often  plays  an  explanatory  role.My  second  chapter  turns  to  the  role  of  the  infinite  in  cosmology.  It  investigates  a  question  much  discussed  by  philosophers  and  physicists  alike:  is  the  spatial  extent  of  the  universe  finite  or  infinite?  Contemporary  cosmological  research  has  indicated  that  one  of  the  essential  determinants  of  the  extent  of  the  universe  is  the  topology  we  ascribe  to  space.  Topology  is  a  global  property,  which  may  suggest  that  it  is  not  testable  through  local  observation.  Nonetheless,  some  cosmologists  have  indicated  that  it  may  be  empirically  detected,  thereby  providing  an  answer  to  the  question  of  spatial  extent.  I  argue  that,  in  fact,  the  epistemic  status  of  the  topology  of  space  is  extremely  subtle  and  not  well  captured  by  any  of  the  categories  commonly  employed  by  philosophers  of  science.  In  particular,  I  argue  that  topological  properties  are  neither  empirical  nor  a  priori  (even  in  suitably  weakened  senses).  Furthermore,  I  claim  that  we  should  prefer  topological  properties  that  generate  finite  universe  models  (consistent  with  our  best  data)  in  order  to  avoid  extremely  thorny  issues  concerning  the  physics  of  an  infinite  universe.  I  argue  for  such  a  preference  on  the  grounds  of  the  simplicity  and  explanatory  power  of  finite  universe  models.  Thus,  in  cosmology,  my  claim  is  that  the  finite  often  plays  an  explanatory  and  simplifying  role.My  third  chapter  investigates  several  paradoxes  that  arise  in  the  foundations  of  infinitary  probability  theory:  the  Label  Invariance  Paradox,  God's  Lottery,  and  Bertrand's  Paradox.  I  argue  that  these  have  been  poorly  understood  because  they  do  not  expressly  concern  probability  theory,  but  rather  our  intuitions  about-and  formal  techniques  for  dealing  with-  infinite  sets.  The  paradoxes  in  question  are,  in  fact,  symptoms  of  our  complete  reliance  upon  Cantorian  cardinality  and  its  associated  criterion  of  sameness  of  "size."  That  is,  two  sets  have  the  same  cardinality  if  and  only  if  the  elements  of  the  sets  can  be  placed  in  1-1  correspondence.  When  applied  to  infinite  sets,  this  criterion  produces  counterintuitive  verdicts.  For  instance,  given  a  fair  lottery  on  the  natural  numbers,  we  expect  that  the  probability  of  drawing  an  even  number  is  1/2,  and  likewise  for  drawing  an  odd  number.  However,  one  can  construct  "relabellings"  of  the  naturals  such  that  the  probability  of  drawing  an  even  number  remains  1/2,  while  the  probability  for  drawing  an  odd  number  becomes  1/4.  I  argue  that,  ultimately,  it  is  the  coarseness  of  Cantorian  cardinality  that  generates  the  probabilistic  paradoxes.  I  then  propose  that  finer-grained  measures  of  infinite  sets  from  mathematical  logic  and  number  theory  can  help  to  dissolve  the  paradoxes  in  question.  Thus,  in  probability  theory,  we  find  that  particular  kinds  of  infinitary  techniques  effectively  systematize  our  theory,  while  others  lead  to  paradox.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aPhilosophy
■650  4▼aPhilosophy  of  science
■650  4▼aMathematics
■650  4▼aEpistemology
■653    ▼aCosmology
■653    ▼aEpistemic  virtues
■653    ▼aMathematical  infinity
■653    ▼aNumber  theory
■653    ▼aProbability
■690    ▼a0422
■690    ▼a0402
■690    ▼a0405
■690    ▼a0393
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bPhilosophy.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17163139▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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