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Varieties of National Protectionism: Essays on Firm Entry, Adaptive Regulation, and Technology Differences During Global Shocks
Varieties of National Protectionism: Essays on Firm Entry, Adaptive Regulation, and Techno...
Varieties of National Protectionism: Essays on Firm Entry, Adaptive Regulation, and Technology Differences During Global Shocks

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211153020
ISBN  
9798896077756
DDC  
658
저자명  
Cardoso do Amaral, Afonso S.B.
서명/저자  
Varieties of National Protectionism: Essays on Firm Entry, Adaptive Regulation, and Technology Differences During Global Shocks
발행사항  
[Sl] : Carnegie Mellon University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
206 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Fuchs, Erica;Morgan, M. Granger.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Carnegie Mellon University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation explores different varieties of national protectionism. With a focus on European Member-States and their different crisis-related policies to address the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, I explore different ways European nations implemented to ensure access to critical supplies and protect their social and economic welfare. I employ a mixed-methods approach in the works presented in this dissertation. On the one hand, I have performed 116 interviews in the European markets of mechanical ventilators and COVID-19 vaccines to national and international policymakers and regulators, incumbent firms and adjacent industry related institutions, as well as new entrants. On the other hand, I build econometric models to estimate the impact of US isolationary measures in EU supply chains of affected products. I start Chapter 1 by performing a comparative analysis between Portugal and Spain in how each country was able to adapt the European establish regulation and boost domestic firm entry in the mechanical ventilator market. In this first Chapter, I find that Spanish regulatory measures were more effective, resulting in 12 times more new products receiving regulatory approval to enter its domestic market. Although neither country is known for their mechanical ventilator production, instrumental in informing the Spanish regulatory and industrial responses was their internal knowledge base due to domestic experts and existing capabilities in ventilator production. I conclude this chapter by proposing new theory for how nations might identify important core competencies to enhance their dynamic (regulatory) capabilities in areas likely to be critical to their social welfare. In the second Chapter, I explore the potential roles of central versus decentralized institutions in dynamic adaptation (here, of regulation of new market entrants) to address sudden spikes in demand for technologically complex, safety-critical products. I conduct a comparative case study of European Member-States' adaptation of new market entrants regulation in mechanical ventilators versus vaccines. I leverage insights from 77 semi-structured interviews with experts from industry, healthcare workers, regulators, non-profit organizations, and research centers across four European Countries (Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, and Germany) and European central institutions. Our results allow us to unpack the symbiotic role of central and local (country-specific) institutions in rapidly adapting and implementing regulation to support new entrants, thereby helping the domestic industry ramp up its production to address product shortages during a global pandemic. Specifically, our results suggest that centralized adaptations to market entry established regulations supported a level playing field for all European firms while decentralized (country-specific) market surveillance supported each Member-state's competent authorities to adjust their policies to the respective internal context. I conclude by proposing new theory on how nations' use of centralized versus decentralized institutions should depend on the speed of response, the technological complexity of the product, and the distributions of expertise and activity. In the third chapter, I look at the reaction of European buyers to a policy implemented by the United States to ensure critical products from its domestic industry. I explore whether there were lasting impacts on EU medical products' supply chains from one particular US protectionist policy: priority-rated contracts during the COVID pandemic. I show these heterogeneous impacts on EU supply chains by monitoring the share of imports by suppliers' country-of-origin using European official trade data. I employ a Difference-in-Differences approach to estimate the impact of such contracts on EU trade patterns. I find that once terminated, the US share of total EU imports decreases, on average, by 17.8% for affected products, shifting largely to China. In commodity-like products, where price competition dominates buyer decision-making, these effects seem to be negative and lasting. However, that same trend was not observed for Mechanical ventilators: once the policy is lifted, the EU increases its reliance on the US, on average, by 19%. For these technologically complex differentiated products competition revolves not only around cost, but also quality and performance. Due to the unique conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are able to observe such distinct market dynamics, but these heterogeneous buyers' reactions to trade shocks might also be pertinent in other contexts, particularly for export-dependent economies.
일반주제명  
Industrial engineering
일반주제명  
Public policy
키워드  
Adaptive regulation
키워드  
Crises/shock
키워드  
Global shortages
키워드  
National interests & competencies
키워드  
National vs. regional interventions
키워드  
Technology and industry differences
기타저자  
Carnegie Mellon University Engineering and Public Policy
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aCardoso  do  Amaral,  Afonso  S.B.
■24510▼aVarieties  of  National  Protectionism:  Essays  on  Firm  Entry,  Adaptive  Regulation,  and  Technology  Differences  During  Global  Shocks
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bCarnegie  Mellon  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a206  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Fuchs,  Erica;Morgan,  M.  Granger.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Carnegie  Mellon  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  explores  different  varieties  of  national  protectionism.  With  a  focus  on  European  Member-States  and  their  different  crisis-related  policies  to  address  the  challenges  posed  by  the  COVID-19  pandemic.  Here,  I  explore  different  ways  European  nations  implemented  to  ensure  access  to  critical  supplies  and  protect  their  social  and  economic  welfare.  I  employ  a  mixed-methods  approach  in  the  works  presented  in  this  dissertation.  On  the  one  hand,  I  have  performed  116  interviews  in  the  European  markets  of  mechanical  ventilators  and  COVID-19  vaccines  to  national  and  international  policymakers  and  regulators,  incumbent  firms  and  adjacent  industry  related  institutions,  as  well  as  new  entrants.  On  the  other  hand,  I  build  econometric  models  to  estimate  the  impact  of  US  isolationary  measures  in  EU  supply  chains  of  affected  products.  I  start  Chapter  1  by  performing  a  comparative  analysis  between  Portugal  and  Spain  in  how  each  country  was  able  to  adapt  the  European  establish  regulation  and  boost  domestic  firm  entry  in  the  mechanical  ventilator  market.  In  this  first  Chapter,  I  find  that  Spanish  regulatory  measures  were  more  effective,  resulting  in  12  times  more  new  products  receiving  regulatory  approval  to  enter  its  domestic  market.  Although  neither  country  is  known  for  their  mechanical  ventilator  production,  instrumental  in  informing  the  Spanish  regulatory  and  industrial  responses  was  their  internal  knowledge  base  due  to  domestic  experts  and  existing  capabilities  in  ventilator  production.  I  conclude  this  chapter  by  proposing  new  theory  for  how  nations  might  identify  important  core  competencies  to  enhance  their  dynamic  (regulatory)  capabilities  in  areas  likely  to  be  critical  to  their  social  welfare.  In  the  second  Chapter,  I  explore  the  potential  roles  of  central  versus  decentralized  institutions  in  dynamic  adaptation  (here,  of  regulation  of  new  market  entrants)  to  address  sudden  spikes  in  demand  for  technologically  complex,  safety-critical  products.  I  conduct  a  comparative  case  study  of  European  Member-States'  adaptation  of  new  market  entrants  regulation  in  mechanical  ventilators  versus  vaccines.  I  leverage  insights  from  77  semi-structured  interviews  with  experts  from  industry,  healthcare  workers,  regulators,  non-profit  organizations,  and  research  centers  across  four  European  Countries  (Portugal,  Spain,  the  Netherlands,  and  Germany)  and  European  central  institutions.  Our  results  allow  us  to  unpack  the  symbiotic  role  of  central  and  local  (country-specific)  institutions  in  rapidly  adapting  and  implementing  regulation  to  support  new  entrants,  thereby  helping  the  domestic  industry  ramp  up  its  production  to  address  product  shortages  during  a  global  pandemic.  Specifically,  our  results  suggest  that  centralized  adaptations  to  market  entry  established  regulations  supported  a  level  playing  field  for  all  European  firms  while  decentralized  (country-specific)  market  surveillance  supported  each  Member-state's  competent  authorities  to  adjust  their  policies  to  the  respective  internal  context.  I  conclude  by  proposing  new  theory  on  how  nations'  use  of  centralized  versus  decentralized  institutions  should  depend  on  the  speed  of  response,  the  technological  complexity  of  the  product,  and  the  distributions  of  expertise  and  activity.  In  the  third  chapter,  I  look  at  the  reaction  of  European  buyers  to  a  policy  implemented  by  the  United  States  to  ensure  critical  products  from  its  domestic  industry.  I  explore  whether  there  were  lasting  impacts  on  EU  medical  products'  supply  chains  from  one  particular  US  protectionist  policy:  priority-rated  contracts  during  the  COVID  pandemic.  I  show  these  heterogeneous  impacts  on  EU  supply  chains  by  monitoring  the  share  of  imports  by  suppliers'  country-of-origin  using  European  official  trade  data.  I  employ  a  Difference-in-Differences  approach  to  estimate  the  impact  of  such  contracts  on  EU  trade  patterns.  I  find  that  once  terminated,  the  US  share  of  total  EU  imports  decreases,  on  average,  by  17.8%  for  affected  products,  shifting  largely  to  China.  In  commodity-like  products,  where  price  competition  dominates  buyer  decision-making,  these  effects  seem  to  be  negative  and  lasting.  However,  that  same  trend  was  not  observed  for  Mechanical  ventilators:  once  the  policy  is  lifted,  the  EU  increases  its  reliance  on  the  US,  on  average,  by  19%.  For  these  technologically  complex  differentiated  products  competition  revolves  not  only  around  cost,  but  also  quality  and  performance.  Due  to  the  unique  conditions  of  the  COVID-19  pandemic,  we  are  able  to  observe  such  distinct  market  dynamics,  but  these  heterogeneous  buyers'  reactions  to  trade  shocks  might  also  be  pertinent  in  other  contexts,  particularly  for  export-dependent  economies.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0041.
■650  4▼aIndustrial  engineering
■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■653    ▼aAdaptive  regulation
■653    ▼aCrises/shock
■653    ▼aGlobal  shortages
■653    ▼aNational  interests  &  competencies
■653    ▼aNational  vs.  regional  interventions
■653    ▼aTechnology  and  industry  differences
■690    ▼a0546
■690    ▼a0630
■71020▼aCarnegie  Mellon  University▼bEngineering  and  Public  Policy.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-04B.
■790    ▼a0041
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17164588▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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