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Ice Formation, Deformation, and Disappearance
Ice Formation, Deformation, and Disappearance
Ice Formation, Deformation, and Disappearance

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151007
ISBN  
9798382214979
DDC  
550
저자명  
Case, Elizabeth.
서명/저자  
Ice Formation, Deformation, and Disappearance
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
254 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-10, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Kingslake, Jonathan.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약From the moment a snowflake touches down on the surface of a glacier, it begins a process of transformation. Fresh snow, made up of single-grained snowflakes, is compacted into glacial ice by the weight of subsequent snowfall (e.g., Bader, 1962; Herron and Langway, 1980), and by sintering (Gow, 1968), grain boundary sliding and diffusion (e.g., Duval, 1985; Alley, 1987). At first, snow grains accommodate the stress through mechanical failure and by changing their shapes and positions. Fragile, dendritic structures on the edges of snowflakes break off, and grains round into lower free energy configurations. Rounded grains slip into air pockets. As time passes, increasing overburden pressure causes the grains to merge together, large grains absorbing small ones. As ice grains squeeze and grow into all the available pore space, grains trap air bubbles and cut them off from the atmosphere, preserving records of climate conditions.Eventually, these processes densify the snow so thoroughly that it metamorphoses into glacial ice, and from a crumbly collection of snowflakes emerges a cohesive crystalline matrix. This process, firn densification, is the subject of my first chapter. From measurements of englacial strain rates by repeat phase-sensitive radar deployments (Corr et al., 2002; Jenkins et al., 2006; Brennan et al., 2014), we show it is possible to extract densification rates that match modeled predictions. The formation of ice is just the beginning of the story of a glacier. As and after ice forms, gravity pulls on the body of the glacier; ice flows under its own weight, becoming a viscous river that meanders from high elevations toward the sea level. Along the way, various other forces act on the ice (e.g., friction at the ice-bed causes ice to shear, narrowing valley walls create compressive stresses, etc.). This history can be written into the ice in the orientation and configuration of its molecular structure.Ice is made of a regular crystal matrix of water molecules. Covalently bonded oxygen and hydrogen molecules assemble into sheets of hexagons, held to each other by hydrogen bonds. The relative orientation of these hexagonal sheets is called the "ice fabric", and its importance lies in the fact that ice's asymmetric molecular structure gives rise to asymmetric properties. For example, ice is softer -more deformable -when stress is applied parallel to the hexagonal planes, like playing cards sliding over one another. Over hundreds or thousands of years, this asymmetric response to stress causes the hexagonal planes to rotate so that they lie perpendicular to the direction of compressive stress. This, in turn, changes which relative direction a glacier is the "softest". In short, the history of the glacier is written into its fabric. Ice remembers the stress it has undergone, and that memory changes its resistance to (or accommodation of) stress in the present and future.In chapter two, I use an autonomous phase-sensitive radar to measure the ice fabric along a central transect of Thwaites Glacier. Thwaites drains ice from West Antarctica, and is one of the fastest changing glaciers on the continent. Locked up in Thwaites is at least half a meter of sea level rise (e.g., Holt et al., 2006), as well as much of the buttressing that holds back WAIS. Measurements of the fabric of Thwaites tell us about the history of stress undergone by the glacier, as well as any change in relative direction of the "softest" ice.As a glaciologist, I have dedicated my life to studying how glaciers form, flow, and disappear. As an artist and writer, I am interested in material memory, with a particular orientation toward ice itself and in the way the language and mathematics used to describe ice mimic processes that happen in body, mind, and society. My fourth chapter is centered on the creative research and art produced during my dissertation, particularly focused on a visual autoethnography of my body I created during my first field season in Antarctica in 2022-2023. In it, I try to grapple with whether/how, even as positivist science demands I remove as much of myself as possible from my scientific research, my body/myself show up in small ways in my data. I consider how ice's response to stress -to soften or harden, to flow or crack -is in many ways, a mirror for how we as humans respond to stress. Other work in Chapter 4 was created in direct response to the beauty of glaciated landscapes and the grief I struggle to manage in response to their rapid change. Biome I is a short zine that uses faux-color satellite imagery overlain with text and meshes of glaciers from Grand Teton National Park (GRTE). In 2021, I spent six months as a Scientists-in-Parks fellow through AmeriCorps, joining the park's physical science team in Wyoming to expand their glacier monitoring program. From this work emerged Chapter 3 a history of glacial change in the park over the last 70 years from in situ and remotely sensed observations. This work, while quite different from my previous scientific output, allowed me to learn and explore other glaciological techniques as well as template methodologies and provide information that is immediately useful for education and action in GRTE and other rapidly deglaciating landscapes.Much of the way I have come to understand glacial geophysics is by considering the ways it connects more broadly to our lived experiences. In the Tetons, this involved understanding how deglaciation affects the park's ecological systems and the evolving safety for visitors given the changing ice conditions. In pursuit of both expanding my own understanding and hoping to share with others the joy and beauty of the study of ice, I have developed numerous education efforts to make the study of glaciers, climate, and the earth physical, tangible, less abstract, emotional, joyful, and intuitive. Chapter 5 concludes the thesis by taking a step back to look at education and teaching, the thread that has carried through my doctorate, from prior to starting graduate school and, I hope, that will continue long after. I discuss the influences of teacher-philosophers like Shannon Mattern, Lynda Barry, and bell hooks, who have all, in their own way, striven to reshape the (idea of the) classroom into forms that better serve the learner. This work has taken place on the seat of a bicycle riding across the country, on an icefield in Juneau, Alaska, and in my own backyard, in classrooms across New York City. To conclude, I hope this thesis is not only a scientific effort, but one that draws the curtain back on the broader work we do as glaciologists. We are also artists and educators, caretakers, archivists, and public figures. Our work can be physically, mentally, and emotionally demanding, and it is as often full of grief as it is of awe.
일반주제명  
Geophysics
일반주제명  
Physical geography
키워드  
Art-science
키워드  
Autoethnography
키워드  
Cryosphere
키워드  
Glaciology
키워드  
Glacier monitoring program
기타저자  
Columbia University Earth and Environmental Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 85-10B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aCase,  Elizabeth.
■24510▼aIce  Formation,  Deformation,  and  Disappearance
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bColumbia  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a254  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  85-10,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Kingslake,  Jonathan.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aFrom  the  moment  a  snowflake  touches  down  on  the  surface  of  a  glacier,  it  begins  a  process  of  transformation.  Fresh  snow,  made  up  of  single-grained  snowflakes,  is  compacted  into  glacial  ice  by  the  weight  of  subsequent  snowfall  (e.g.,  Bader,  1962;  Herron  and  Langway,  1980),  and  by  sintering  (Gow,  1968),  grain  boundary  sliding  and  diffusion  (e.g.,  Duval,  1985;  Alley,  1987).  At  first,  snow  grains  accommodate  the  stress  through  mechanical  failure  and  by  changing  their  shapes  and  positions.  Fragile,  dendritic  structures  on  the  edges  of  snowflakes  break  off,  and  grains  round  into  lower  free  energy  configurations.  Rounded  grains  slip  into  air  pockets.  As  time  passes,  increasing  overburden  pressure  causes  the  grains  to  merge  together,  large  grains  absorbing  small  ones.  As  ice  grains  squeeze  and  grow  into  all  the  available  pore  space,  grains  trap  air  bubbles  and  cut  them  off  from  the  atmosphere,  preserving  records  of  climate  conditions.Eventually,  these  processes  densify  the  snow  so  thoroughly  that  it  metamorphoses  into  glacial  ice,  and  from  a  crumbly  collection  of  snowflakes  emerges  a  cohesive  crystalline  matrix.  This  process,  firn  densification,  is  the  subject  of  my  first  chapter.  From  measurements  of  englacial  strain  rates  by  repeat  phase-sensitive  radar  deployments  (Corr  et  al.,  2002;  Jenkins  et  al.,  2006;  Brennan  et  al.,  2014),  we  show  it  is  possible  to  extract  densification  rates  that  match  modeled  predictions.  The  formation  of  ice  is  just  the  beginning  of  the  story  of  a  glacier.  As  and  after  ice  forms,  gravity  pulls  on  the  body  of  the  glacier;  ice  flows  under  its  own  weight,  becoming  a  viscous  river  that  meanders  from  high  elevations  toward  the  sea  level.  Along  the  way,  various  other  forces  act  on  the  ice  (e.g.,  friction  at  the  ice-bed  causes  ice  to  shear,  narrowing  valley  walls  create  compressive  stresses,  etc.).  This  history  can  be  written  into  the  ice  in  the  orientation  and  configuration  of  its  molecular  structure.Ice  is  made  of  a  regular  crystal  matrix  of  water  molecules.  Covalently  bonded  oxygen  and  hydrogen  molecules  assemble  into  sheets  of  hexagons,  held  to  each  other  by  hydrogen  bonds.  The  relative  orientation  of  these  hexagonal  sheets  is  called  the  "ice  fabric",  and  its  importance  lies  in  the  fact  that  ice's  asymmetric  molecular  structure  gives  rise  to  asymmetric  properties.  For  example,  ice  is  softer  -more  deformable  -when  stress  is  applied  parallel  to  the  hexagonal  planes,  like  playing  cards  sliding  over  one  another.  Over  hundreds  or  thousands  of  years,  this  asymmetric  response  to  stress  causes  the  hexagonal  planes  to  rotate  so  that  they  lie  perpendicular  to  the  direction  of  compressive  stress.  This,  in  turn,  changes  which  relative  direction  a  glacier  is  the  "softest".  In  short,  the  history  of  the  glacier  is  written  into  its  fabric.  Ice  remembers  the  stress  it  has  undergone,  and  that  memory  changes  its  resistance  to  (or  accommodation  of)  stress  in  the  present  and  future.In  chapter  two,  I  use  an  autonomous  phase-sensitive  radar  to  measure  the  ice  fabric  along  a  central  transect  of  Thwaites  Glacier.  Thwaites  drains  ice  from  West  Antarctica,  and  is  one  of  the  fastest  changing  glaciers  on  the  continent.  Locked  up  in  Thwaites  is  at  least  half  a  meter  of  sea  level  rise  (e.g.,  Holt  et  al.,  2006),  as  well  as  much  of  the  buttressing  that  holds  back  WAIS.  Measurements  of  the  fabric  of  Thwaites  tell  us  about  the  history  of  stress  undergone  by  the  glacier,  as  well  as  any  change  in  relative  direction  of  the  "softest"  ice.As  a  glaciologist,  I  have  dedicated  my  life  to  studying  how  glaciers  form,  flow,  and  disappear.  As  an  artist  and  writer,  I  am  interested  in  material  memory,  with  a  particular  orientation  toward  ice  itself  and  in  the  way  the  language  and  mathematics  used  to  describe  ice  mimic  processes  that  happen  in  body,  mind,  and  society.  My  fourth  chapter  is  centered  on  the  creative  research  and  art  produced  during  my  dissertation,  particularly  focused  on  a  visual  autoethnography  of  my  body  I  created  during  my  first  field  season  in  Antarctica  in  2022-2023.  In  it,  I  try  to  grapple  with  whether/how,  even  as  positivist  science  demands  I  remove  as  much  of  myself  as  possible  from  my  scientific  research,  my  body/myself  show  up  in  small  ways  in  my  data.  I  consider  how  ice's  response  to  stress  -to  soften  or  harden,  to  flow  or  crack  -is  in  many  ways,  a  mirror  for  how  we  as  humans  respond  to  stress. Other  work  in  Chapter  4  was  created  in  direct  response  to  the  beauty  of  glaciated  landscapes  and  the  grief  I  struggle  to  manage  in  response  to  their  rapid  change.  Biome  I  is  a  short  zine  that  uses  faux-color  satellite  imagery  overlain  with  text  and  meshes  of  glaciers  from  Grand  Teton  National  Park  (GRTE).  In  2021,  I  spent  six  months  as  a  Scientists-in-Parks  fellow  through  AmeriCorps,  joining  the  park's  physical  science  team  in  Wyoming  to  expand  their  glacier  monitoring  program.  From  this  work  emerged  Chapter  3  a  history  of  glacial  change  in  the  park  over  the  last  70  years  from  in  situ  and  remotely  sensed  observations.  This  work,  while  quite  different  from  my  previous  scientific  output,  allowed  me  to  learn  and  explore  other  glaciological  techniques  as  well  as  template  methodologies  and  provide  information  that  is  immediately  useful  for  education  and  action  in  GRTE  and  other  rapidly  deglaciating  landscapes.Much  of  the  way  I  have  come  to  understand  glacial  geophysics  is  by  considering  the  ways  it connects  more  broadly  to  our  lived  experiences.  In  the  Tetons,  this  involved  understanding  how  deglaciation  affects  the  park's  ecological  systems  and  the  evolving  safety  for  visitors  given  the  changing  ice  conditions.  In  pursuit  of  both  expanding  my  own  understanding  and  hoping  to  share  with  others  the  joy  and  beauty  of  the  study  of  ice,  I  have  developed  numerous  education  efforts  to  make  the  study  of  glaciers,  climate,  and  the  earth  physical,  tangible,  less  abstract,  emotional,  joyful,  and  intuitive.  Chapter  5  concludes  the  thesis  by  taking  a  step  back  to  look  at  education  and  teaching,  the  thread  that  has  carried  through  my  doctorate,  from  prior  to  starting  graduate  school  and,  I  hope,  that  will  continue  long  after.  I  discuss  the  influences  of  teacher-philosophers  like  Shannon  Mattern,  Lynda  Barry,  and  bell  hooks,  who  have  all,  in  their  own  way,  striven  to  reshape  the  (idea  of  the)  classroom  into  forms  that  better  serve  the  learner.  This  work  has  taken  place  on  the  seat  of  a  bicycle  riding  across  the  country,  on  an  icefield  in  Juneau,  Alaska,  and  in  my  own  backyard,  in  classrooms  across  New  York  City. To  conclude,  I  hope  this  thesis  is  not  only  a  scientific  effort,  but  one  that  draws  the  curtain  back  on  the  broader  work  we  do  as  glaciologists.  We  are  also  artists  and  educators,  caretakers,  archivists,  and  public  figures.  Our  work  can  be  physically,  mentally,  and  emotionally  demanding,  and  it  is  as  often  full  of  grief  as  it  is  of  awe.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aGeophysics
■650  4▼aPhysical  geography
■653    ▼aArt-science
■653    ▼aAutoethnography
■653    ▼aCryosphere
■653    ▼aGlaciology
■653    ▼aGlacier  monitoring  program
■690    ▼a0373
■690    ▼a0368
■690    ▼a0467
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEarth  and  Environmental  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g85-10B.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160374▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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