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A Particle-Level Study of Smear Buildup in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Disk Drives
A Particle-Level Study of Smear Buildup in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Disk Drives
A Particle-Level Study of Smear Buildup in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Disk Drives

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211152036
ISBN  
9798384448464
DDC  
621
저자명  
Tom, Roshan Mathew.
서명/저자  
A Particle-Level Study of Smear Buildup in Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording Disk Drives
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
132 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Bogy, David B.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Ever since the first hard disk drive (HDD) was invented in 1956, it has played a dominant role in global data storage needs. Conventional HDDs, however, have reached the theoretical density limit, called the superparamagnetic limit. Heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) is a novel HDD variant that has been proven to break this theoretical limit. In this technology, a tiny laser is embedded in the read-write head that heats a nanoscale spot in the disk to several hundred Kelvin. The elevated temperature enables writing on highly coercive disks that resist the superparamagnetic effect. The physics underlying HAMR has proven to work; however, a commercial implementation has been met with numerous engineering challenges. Due to its complex nature, the head-disk interface (HDI) remains susceptible to premature failure. One key challenge is called smear, which is a contamination buildup on the head. This smear ultimately causes the head to crash on the disk, severely limiting the lifetime of HAMR drives. Therefore, mitigating smear is indispensable in the quest for reliable hard drives. This dissertation uses a range of numerical techniques to study the transport of smear nanoparticles in the head-disk interface.We begin with a study of the HDI using classical continuum analysis. The temperature field and thermal protrusion on the head and disk surfaces are calculated by employing the transient heat conduction equation and a thermo-mechanical model of a slider. These calculations revealed the presence of a thermal spot in both the head and the disk surface, with the disk exhibiting significantly higher temperatures. We then explored the effect of the thermal fly-height control (TFC) power and the disk rotation speed on the head temperature. Additionally, a laser-induced protrusion was observed and studied on the head surface. Next, we introduced the concept of smear as nanoparticles by calculating the optical and air-bearing related force. Using the Rayleigh approximation, the optical force was calculated on a spherical and ellipsoidal nanoparticle. The resulting force field revealed the presence of an optical trap just under the near-field transducer (NFT). A comparison with appropriate drag and thermophoresis force showed that optical forces could be significant for nanoparticles with large volumes, such as flat ellipsoids. Further, metals of all sizes are sensitive to this force due to their permittivity satisfying the Frohlich condition. Also, dielectric particles are found to congregate near large metallic contaminants due to the formation of a secondary surface plasmon on its surface. We then quantified the air-bearing related forces considering the Chapman-Enskog velocity distribution of the air-bearing. The resulting equation revealed three forces: drag, thermophoresis, and lift. Of these, lift forces were found to be negligible. Then, a sensitivity analysis over different parameters revealed the conditions where each force dominates. We found that smaller nanoparticles in light gases experience higher thermophoresis force, whereas heavier nanoparticles in heavy gases experience higher drag. These results can help control the growth of smear in the head-disk interface. We also devised a novel hybrid simulation strategy to model the head surface smear growth. The technique accelerates a molecular dynamics simulation by calculating the force field derived from prior calculations. This simulation strategy successfully replicated the streak-like features on the head found in experiments. Two types of streaks were observed: a thick streak that occurred due to direct disk-to-head transport and a thin streak due to the oscillating motion of the nanoparticles in the air-bearing. The hybrid simulation was demonstrated to be an effective tool for simulating smear over long timescales.Further, we used the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to study the air bearing under nanoscale spacings. The DSMC method incorporated the consistent Boltzmann algorithm (CBA) to account for dense gas behavior. It revealed the presence of a vertical drift in the air bearing due to the temperature difference between the head and the disk. We observed significant water vapor levels due to the high saturation pressure of the head disk interface. We also observed the particles' near ballistic trajectory under ultra-low spacing. This prompted the examination of material transport in ultra-low flying conditions where the air-bearing molecules are sparse. The imbalance in the head and disk temperatures resulted in an imbalance in the van der Waals forces, which transported smear nanoparticles to the head. This effect was found to be significant for clearance less than 2 nm. Finally, we conclude by summarizing this dissertation's novel results, commenting on the nature of the smear formation, and proposing mechanisms that may help mitigate it.
일반주제명  
Mechanical engineering
일반주제명  
Nanotechnology
일반주제명  
Mechanics
일반주제명  
Nanoscience
키워드  
Direct simulation Monte Carlo
키워드  
Hard Disk Drives
키워드  
Heat-assisted magnetic recording
키워드  
Optical force
키워드  
Particle mechanics
키워드  
Smear nanoparticles
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Mechanical Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■020    ▼a9798384448464
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI31335411
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a621
■1001  ▼aTom,  Roshan  Mathew.
■24512▼aA  Particle-Level  Study  of  Smear  Buildup  in  Heat-Assisted  Magnetic  Recording  Disk  Drives
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a132  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Bogy,  David  B.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2024.
■520    ▼aEver  since  the  first  hard  disk  drive  (HDD)  was  invented  in  1956,  it  has  played  a  dominant  role  in  global  data  storage  needs.  Conventional  HDDs,  however,  have  reached  the  theoretical  density  limit,  called  the  superparamagnetic  limit.  Heat-assisted  magnetic  recording  (HAMR)  is  a  novel  HDD  variant  that  has  been  proven  to  break  this  theoretical  limit.  In  this  technology,  a  tiny  laser  is  embedded  in  the  read-write  head  that  heats  a  nanoscale  spot  in  the  disk  to  several  hundred  Kelvin.  The  elevated  temperature  enables  writing  on  highly  coercive  disks  that  resist  the  superparamagnetic  effect.  The  physics  underlying  HAMR  has  proven  to  work;  however,  a  commercial  implementation  has  been  met  with  numerous  engineering  challenges.  Due  to  its  complex  nature,  the  head-disk  interface  (HDI)  remains  susceptible  to  premature  failure.  One  key  challenge  is  called  smear,  which  is  a  contamination  buildup  on  the  head.  This  smear  ultimately  causes  the  head  to  crash  on  the  disk,  severely  limiting  the  lifetime  of  HAMR  drives.  Therefore,  mitigating  smear  is  indispensable  in  the  quest  for  reliable  hard  drives.  This  dissertation  uses  a  range  of  numerical  techniques  to  study  the  transport  of  smear  nanoparticles  in  the  head-disk  interface.We  begin  with  a  study  of  the  HDI  using  classical  continuum  analysis.  The  temperature  field  and  thermal  protrusion  on  the  head  and  disk  surfaces  are  calculated  by  employing  the  transient  heat  conduction  equation  and  a  thermo-mechanical  model  of  a  slider.  These  calculations  revealed  the  presence  of  a  thermal  spot  in  both  the  head  and  the  disk  surface,  with  the  disk  exhibiting  significantly  higher  temperatures.  We  then  explored  the  effect  of  the  thermal  fly-height  control  (TFC)  power  and  the  disk  rotation  speed  on  the  head  temperature.  Additionally,  a  laser-induced  protrusion  was  observed  and  studied  on  the  head  surface. Next,  we  introduced  the  concept  of  smear  as  nanoparticles  by  calculating  the  optical  and  air-bearing  related  force.  Using  the  Rayleigh  approximation,  the  optical  force  was  calculated  on  a  spherical  and  ellipsoidal  nanoparticle.  The  resulting  force  field  revealed  the  presence  of  an  optical  trap  just  under  the  near-field  transducer  (NFT).  A  comparison  with  appropriate  drag  and  thermophoresis  force  showed  that  optical  forces  could  be  significant  for  nanoparticles  with  large  volumes,  such  as  flat  ellipsoids.  Further,  metals  of  all  sizes  are  sensitive  to  this  force  due  to  their  permittivity  satisfying  the  Frohlich  condition.  Also,  dielectric  particles  are  found  to  congregate  near  large  metallic  contaminants  due  to  the  formation  of  a  secondary  surface  plasmon  on  its  surface.  We  then  quantified  the  air-bearing  related  forces  considering  the  Chapman-Enskog  velocity  distribution  of  the  air-bearing.  The  resulting  equation  revealed  three  forces:  drag,  thermophoresis,  and  lift.  Of  these,  lift  forces  were  found  to  be  negligible.  Then,  a  sensitivity  analysis  over  different  parameters  revealed  the  conditions  where  each  force  dominates.  We  found  that  smaller  nanoparticles  in  light  gases  experience  higher  thermophoresis  force,  whereas  heavier  nanoparticles  in  heavy  gases  experience  higher  drag.  These  results  can  help  control  the  growth  of  smear  in  the  head-disk  interface. We  also  devised  a  novel  hybrid  simulation  strategy  to  model  the  head  surface  smear  growth.  The  technique  accelerates  a  molecular  dynamics  simulation  by  calculating  the  force  field  derived  from  prior  calculations.  This  simulation  strategy  successfully  replicated  the  streak-like  features  on  the  head  found  in  experiments.  Two  types  of  streaks  were  observed:  a  thick  streak  that  occurred  due  to  direct  disk-to-head  transport  and  a  thin  streak  due  to  the  oscillating  motion  of  the  nanoparticles  in  the  air-bearing.  The  hybrid  simulation  was  demonstrated  to  be  an  effective  tool  for  simulating  smear  over  long  timescales.Further,  we  used  the  direct  simulation  Monte  Carlo  (DSMC)  method  to  study  the  air  bearing  under  nanoscale  spacings.  The  DSMC  method  incorporated  the  consistent  Boltzmann  algorithm  (CBA)  to  account  for  dense  gas  behavior.  It  revealed  the  presence  of  a  vertical  drift  in  the  air  bearing  due  to  the  temperature  difference  between  the  head  and  the  disk.  We  observed  significant  water  vapor  levels  due  to  the  high  saturation  pressure  of  the  head  disk  interface.  We  also  observed  the  particles'  near  ballistic  trajectory  under  ultra-low  spacing.  This  prompted  the  examination  of  material  transport  in  ultra-low  flying  conditions  where  the  air-bearing  molecules  are  sparse.  The  imbalance  in  the  head  and  disk  temperatures  resulted  in  an  imbalance  in  the  van  der  Waals  forces,  which  transported  smear  nanoparticles  to  the  head.  This  effect  was  found  to  be  significant  for  clearance  less  than  2  nm. Finally,  we  conclude  by  summarizing  this  dissertation's  novel  results,  commenting  on  the  nature  of  the  smear  formation,  and  proposing  mechanisms  that  may  help  mitigate  it.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aMechanical  engineering
■650  4▼aNanotechnology
■650  4▼aMechanics
■650  4▼aNanoscience
■653    ▼aDirect  simulation  Monte  Carlo
■653    ▼aHard  Disk  Drives
■653    ▼aHeat-assisted  magnetic  recording
■653    ▼aOptical  force
■653    ▼aParticle  mechanics
■653    ▼aSmear  nanoparticles  
■690    ▼a0548
■690    ▼a0652
■690    ▼a0346
■690    ▼a0565
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bMechanical  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-03B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17162637▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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