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Essays on Economic Growth
Essays on Economic Growth
Essays on Economic Growth

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20250211151031
ISBN  
9798383566985
DDC  
339.3
저자명  
Ribeiro, Bernardo.
서명/저자  
Essays on Economic Growth
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
174 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-01, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Zilibotti, Fabrizio;Peters, Michael.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Over the past few decades, economic growth has transformed the world, lifting billions of individuals out of poverty. For example, in the early 1980s, roughly 45% of the global population lived on less than $2.15 per day (adjusted for 2017 purchasing power parity). By 2019, this proportion had fallen to below 10%, while the world's GDP per capita increased nearly tenfold (World Bank, 2024). Understanding the drivers of economic growth and identifying policies that can promote it are thus among the most critical questions in social science. In this dissertation, I examine two of the primary drivers of economic growth identified in the literature: technological change (Chapters 1-2) and institutions (Chapter 3). In the first two chapters, I focus on understanding the innovation dynamics underlying the rise and obsolescence of different technologies. I provide a thorough theoretical and empirical characterization of the innovation life cycle experienced by technologies, analyzing the strategic choices society faces regarding the allocation of R&D resources to emerging versus established technologies. In the third chapter, my coauthor Alvaro Cox and I investigate how weak institutions, manifested as corruption, can impact local growth, firm entry, and location decisions.Chapter 1: Growth with New and Old TechnologiesIs growth driven by the emergence of new paradigms or mostly through the perfection of existing technologies? And is the allocation of research effort between emerging technologies versus established ones efficient? To study these questions, I propose a new semi-endogenous growth model that incorporates technology vintages and the endogenous evolution of multiple technological paradigms through directed innovation. Despite the fact that technologies continuously emerge, making the state space unbounded, the model is remarkably tractable, allowing me to provide a comprehensive characterization of both the balanced growth equilibrium and the transitional dynamics.From a positive perspective, the model can rationalize two distinct empirical patterns of innovation over time and across technologies. Using two centuries of U.S. patent data, I first document that the age profile of patents has a pronounced hump-shape: the majority of contemporary patents are built upon technologies that are between 70 and 100 years old. Second, this age profile has remained remarkably stable throughout the past century.From a normative standpoint, the theory underscores a misallocation of research effort induced by the tendency among profit-maximizing firms to overinvest in further developing mature technologies. This fundamental inefficiency yields a suboptimally slow development of emerging technologies near the technological frontier. An estimated version of my model implies that transitioning from a laissez-faire equilibrium to the efficient allocation would increase the average growth rate of the economy from an annual 2% to 2.18% over the course of a century.These results shed new light on policy discussions concerning the prioritization of emerging technologies versus established ones. For instance, they provide a rationale for public policy to support investments in cutting-edge technologies, such as quantum computing or metabolic engineering.Chapter 2: Directed Technical Change and Technology DiffusionThe canonical model of Directed Technical Change (DTC), established by Acemoglu (1998, 2002) and Acemoglu and Zilibotti (2001), has become the workhorse framework in the growth literature for analyzing the direction and bias of innovation across different technologies. In this chapter, I propose a theory that retains the tractability and structure of the canonical DTC model but accounts for scenarios of technology diffusion, where an emerging technology progressively supplants the incumbent, possibly following an S-shaped adoption curve. The model is easily applied to empirical data, facilitating both quantitative and normative analyses. To illustrate this and to provide evidence on the direction of innovation in experiences of technology diffusion, I construct a dataset with adoption and innovation metrics during important technological transitions within sectors such as communication, transportation, and energy. I calibrate the model to the steelmaking industry in 1890-1935. I find that the declining technology during the time, the Bessemer process, was responsible for 15% of the total productivity growth.Chapter 3: Spatial Consequences of Corruption - Entry and Location Decisions of FirmsIn many developing countries, corruption is a pervasive phenomenon, widespread across districts and local officials. In this chapter, Alvaro Cox and I study the impact of corruption on the spatial distribution of economic activity and its dynamic effects on local and aggregate growth. Our investigation focuses on a federal policy in Brazil that randomly selected local governments for audits on the use of public funds received through transfers. While evidence suggests this program effectively reduced corruption and enhanced political accountability, its implications for firms remain less understood. For example, diminishing corruption could optimize the allocation of procurement contracts by prioritizing efficiency over political connections, fostering competition. Building upon Colonnelli and Prem (2021), we use a difference-in-differences analysis to reveal the positive impact of corruption reduction on local economic activity. As all eligible municipalities were aware of the policy, this approach captures the relative effects of audits on firm outcomes. To discern the policy's aggregate effects, we develop a spatial model wherein firms' entry decisions and choice of production locations are endogenously determined. Variations in corruption levels influence relative productivity and potentially lead to misallocation. In our model, audited municipalities witness a more significant decrease in corruption, creating favorable conditions for business initiation. We derive equations from the model that directly correspond to the empirical difference-in-differences coefficient. This relationship between the model's structural parameters and empirical findings enables us to estimate the upper and lower bounds of the policy's aggregate impact.
키워드  
GDP
키워드  
Firm entry
키워드  
Institutions
기타저자  
Yale University Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-01A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aRibeiro,  Bernardo.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Economic  Growth
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a174  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-01,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Zilibotti,  Fabrizio;Peters,  Michael.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2024.
■520    ▼aOver  the  past  few  decades,  economic  growth  has  transformed  the  world,  lifting  billions  of  individuals  out  of  poverty.  For  example,  in  the  early  1980s,  roughly  45%  of  the  global  population  lived  on  less  than  $2.15  per  day  (adjusted  for  2017  purchasing  power  parity).  By  2019,  this  proportion  had  fallen  to  below  10%,  while  the  world's  GDP  per  capita  increased  nearly  tenfold  (World  Bank,  2024).  Understanding  the  drivers  of  economic  growth  and  identifying  policies  that  can  promote  it  are  thus  among  the  most  critical  questions  in  social  science.  In  this  dissertation,  I  examine  two  of  the  primary  drivers  of  economic  growth  identified  in  the  literature:  technological  change  (Chapters  1-2)  and  institutions  (Chapter  3).  In  the  first  two  chapters,  I  focus  on  understanding  the  innovation  dynamics  underlying  the  rise  and  obsolescence  of  different  technologies.  I  provide  a  thorough  theoretical  and  empirical  characterization  of  the  innovation  life  cycle  experienced  by  technologies,  analyzing  the  strategic  choices  society  faces  regarding  the  allocation  of  R&D  resources  to  emerging  versus  established  technologies.  In  the  third  chapter,  my  coauthor  Alvaro  Cox  and  I  investigate  how  weak  institutions,  manifested  as  corruption,  can  impact  local  growth,  firm  entry,  and  location  decisions.Chapter  1:  Growth  with  New  and  Old  TechnologiesIs  growth  driven  by  the  emergence  of  new  paradigms  or  mostly  through  the  perfection  of  existing  technologies?  And  is  the  allocation  of  research  effort  between  emerging  technologies  versus  established  ones  efficient?  To  study  these  questions,  I  propose  a  new  semi-endogenous  growth  model  that  incorporates  technology  vintages  and  the  endogenous  evolution  of  multiple  technological  paradigms  through  directed  innovation.  Despite  the  fact  that  technologies  continuously  emerge,  making  the  state  space  unbounded,  the  model  is  remarkably  tractable,  allowing  me  to  provide  a  comprehensive  characterization  of  both  the  balanced  growth  equilibrium  and  the  transitional  dynamics.From  a  positive  perspective,  the  model  can  rationalize  two  distinct  empirical  patterns  of  innovation  over  time  and  across  technologies.  Using  two  centuries  of  U.S.  patent  data,  I  first  document  that  the  age  profile  of  patents  has  a  pronounced  hump-shape:  the  majority  of  contemporary  patents  are  built  upon  technologies  that  are  between  70  and  100  years  old.  Second,  this  age  profile  has  remained  remarkably  stable  throughout  the  past  century.From  a  normative  standpoint,  the  theory  underscores  a  misallocation  of  research  effort  induced  by  the  tendency  among  profit-maximizing  firms  to  overinvest  in  further  developing  mature  technologies.  This  fundamental  inefficiency  yields  a  suboptimally  slow  development  of  emerging  technologies  near  the  technological  frontier.  An  estimated  version  of  my  model  implies  that  transitioning  from  a  laissez-faire  equilibrium  to  the  efficient  allocation  would  increase  the  average  growth  rate  of  the  economy  from  an  annual  2%  to  2.18%  over  the  course  of  a  century.These  results  shed  new  light  on  policy  discussions  concerning  the  prioritization  of  emerging  technologies  versus  established  ones.  For  instance,  they  provide  a  rationale  for  public  policy  to  support  investments  in  cutting-edge  technologies,  such  as  quantum  computing  or  metabolic  engineering.Chapter  2:  Directed  Technical  Change  and  Technology  DiffusionThe  canonical  model  of  Directed  Technical  Change  (DTC),  established  by  Acemoglu  (1998,  2002)  and  Acemoglu  and  Zilibotti  (2001),  has  become  the  workhorse  framework  in  the  growth  literature  for  analyzing  the  direction  and  bias  of  innovation  across  different  technologies.  In  this  chapter,  I  propose  a  theory  that  retains  the  tractability  and  structure  of  the  canonical  DTC  model  but  accounts  for  scenarios  of  technology  diffusion,  where  an  emerging  technology  progressively  supplants  the  incumbent,  possibly  following  an  S-shaped  adoption  curve.  The  model  is  easily  applied  to  empirical  data,  facilitating  both  quantitative  and  normative  analyses.    To  illustrate  this  and  to  provide  evidence  on  the  direction  of  innovation  in  experiences  of  technology  diffusion,  I  construct  a  dataset  with  adoption  and  innovation  metrics  during  important  technological  transitions  within  sectors  such  as  communication,  transportation,  and  energy.  I  calibrate  the  model  to  the  steelmaking  industry  in  1890-1935.  I  find  that  the  declining  technology  during  the  time,  the  Bessemer  process,  was  responsible  for  15%  of  the  total  productivity  growth.Chapter  3:  Spatial  Consequences  of  Corruption  -  Entry  and  Location  Decisions  of  FirmsIn  many  developing  countries,  corruption  is  a  pervasive  phenomenon,  widespread  across  districts  and  local  officials.  In  this  chapter,  Alvaro  Cox  and  I  study  the  impact  of  corruption  on  the  spatial  distribution  of  economic  activity  and  its  dynamic  effects  on  local  and  aggregate  growth.  Our  investigation  focuses  on  a  federal  policy  in  Brazil  that  randomly  selected  local  governments  for  audits  on  the  use  of  public  funds  received  through  transfers.  While  evidence  suggests  this  program  effectively  reduced  corruption  and  enhanced  political  accountability,  its  implications  for  firms  remain  less  understood.  For  example,  diminishing  corruption  could  optimize  the  allocation  of  procurement  contracts  by  prioritizing  efficiency  over  political  connections,  fostering  competition.  Building  upon  Colonnelli  and  Prem  (2021),  we  use  a  difference-in-differences  analysis  to  reveal  the  positive  impact  of  corruption  reduction  on  local  economic  activity.  As  all  eligible  municipalities  were  aware  of  the  policy,  this  approach  captures  the  relative  effects  of  audits  on  firm  outcomes.  To  discern  the  policy's  aggregate  effects,  we  develop  a  spatial  model  wherein  firms'  entry  decisions  and  choice  of  production  locations  are  endogenously  determined.  Variations  in  corruption  levels  influence  relative  productivity  and  potentially  lead  to  misallocation.  In  our  model,  audited  municipalities  witness  a  more  significant  decrease  in  corruption,  creating  favorable  conditions  for  business  initiation.  We  derive  equations  from  the  model  that  directly  correspond  to  the  empirical  difference-in-differences  coefficient.  This  relationship  between  the  model's  structural  parameters  and  empirical  findings  enables  us  to  estimate  the  upper  and  lower  bounds  of  the  policy's  aggregate  impact.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■653    ▼aGDP
■653    ▼aFirm  entry
■653    ▼aInstitutions
■690    ▼a0501
■71020▼aYale  University▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-01A.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17160503▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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