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How to Read a Paper : The Basics of Evidence-Based Healthcare
How to Read a Paper  : The Basics of Evidence-Based Healthcare
How to Read a Paper : The Basics of Evidence-Based Healthcare

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자료유형  
 전자책 국외
최종처리일시  
20260202073946.0
ISBN  
9781394206919 (electronic bk.)
ISBN  
9781394206902
저자명  
Greenhalgh, Trisha M.
서명/저자  
How to Read a Paper : The Basics of Evidence-Based Healthcare
판사항  
7th ed.
형태사항  
1 online resource (351 pages)
총서명  
How To Series
내용주기  
완전내용Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Foreword to the first edition by Professor Sir David Weatherall -- Preface to the seventh edition -- Preface to the first edition -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Why read papers at all? -- Does 'evidence-based medicine' simply mean 'reading papers in medical journals'? -- Why do people sometimes groan when you mention evidence-based healthcare? -- Decision-making by anecdote -- Decision-making by press cutting -- Decision-making by GOBSAT (good old boys sat around a table) -- Decision-making by cost minimisation -- Before you start: formulate the problem -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 2 Searching the literature -- The information jungle -- What are you looking for? -- Levels upon levels of evidence -- Synthesised sources: systems, summaries and syntheses -- Pre-appraised sources: synopses of systematic reviews and primary studies -- Specialised resources -- Primary studies: tackling the jungle -- PubMed -- SPORTDiscus -- Google Scholar -- One-stop shopping: federated search engines -- Using artificial intelligence to search the literature -- Asking for help and asking around -- Online tutorials for effective searching -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 3 Getting your bearings: what is this paper about? -- The science of 'trashing' papers -- Three preliminary questions to get your bearings -- Question one: Why was the study needed and what was the research question? -- Question two: What was the research design? -- Question three: Was the research design appropriate to the question? -- What are randomised controlled trials and why do they matter? -- What are cohort studies? -- What are case-control studies? -- What are cross-sectional surveys? -- What are case reports? -- The traditional hierarchy of evidence.
내용주기  
완전내용Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessing methodological quality -- Was the study original? -- Who is the study about? -- Was the design of the study sensible? -- Was bias avoided or minimised? -- Sources of bias in randomised controlled trials -- Sources of bias in non-randomised controlled clinical trials -- Sources of bias in cohort studies -- Sources of bias in case-control studies -- Was assessment 'blind'? -- Were preliminary statistical questions addressed? -- Sample size -- Duration of follow-up -- Completeness of follow-up -- A note on ethical considerations -- Summing up -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 5 Statistics for the non-statistician -- How can non-statisticians evaluate statistical tests? -- Have the authors set the scene correctly? -- Have they determined whether their groups are comparable and, if necessary, adjusted for baseline differences? -- What sort of data do they have and have they used appropriate statistical tests? -- If the statistical tests in the paper are obscure, why have the authors chosen to use them, and have they included a reference? -- Have the data been analysed according to the original study protocol? -- Paired data, tails and outliers -- Were paired tests performed on paired data? -- Was a two-tailed test performed whenever the effect of an intervention could conceivably be a negative one? -- Were 'outliers' analysed with both common sense and appropriate statistical adjustments? -- Correlation, regression and causation -- Has correlation been distinguished from regression, and has the correlation coefficient (r-value) been calculated and interpreted correctly? -- Have assumptions been made about the nature and direction of causality? -- Probability and confidence -- Have p-values been calculated and interpreted appropriately?.
내용주기  
완전내용Have confidence intervals been calculated and do the authors' conclusions reflect them? -- The bottom line (quantifying the chance of benefit and harm) -- Have the authors expressed the effects of an intervention in terms of the likely benefit or harm that an individual patient can expect? -- Summary -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 6 Papers that report clinical trials of simple interventions -- What is a clinical trial? -- Drug trials: 'evidence' and marketing -- Making decisions about therapy -- Surrogate endpoints -- What information to expect in a paper describing a randomised controlled trial: the CONSORT statement -- Getting worthwhile evidence from pharmaceutical representatives -- A note on vaccine trials -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 7 Papers that report trials of complex interventions -- Complex interventions -- Ten questions to ask about a paper describing a complex intervention -- Question one: What is the problem for which this complex intervention is seen as a possible solution? -- Question two: What was done in the developmental phase of the research to inform the design of the complex intervention? -- Question three: What were the core and non-core components of the intervention? -- Question four: What was the theoretical mechanism of action of the intervention? -- Question five: What outcome measures were used and were they sensible? -- Question six: What were the findings? -- Question seven: What process evaluation was done and what were the key findings? In particular, to what extent was the intervention implemented as planned ('implementation fidelity')? -- Question eight: If the findings were negative, to what extent can this be explained by implementation failure and/or inadequate optimisation of the intervention?.
내용주기  
완전내용Question nine: If the findings varied across different subgroups, to what extent have the authors explained this by refining their theory of change? -- Question ten: What further research do the authors believe is needed and is this belief justified? -- References -- Chapter 8 Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests -- Ten suspects in the dock -- Validating diagnostic tests against a gold standard -- Ten questions to ask about a paper that claims to validate a diagnostic or screening test -- Question one: Is this test potentially relevant to my patients and my practice? -- Question two: Has the test been compared with a true gold standard? -- Question three: Did this validation study include an appropriate spectrum of participants? -- Question four: Has work-up (verification) bias been avoided? -- Question five: Has expectation bias been avoided? -- Question six: Was the test shown to be reproducible both within and between observers? -- Question seven: What are the features of the test as derived from this validation study? -- Question eight: Were confidence intervals given for sensitivity, specificity and other features of the test? -- Question nine: Has a sensible 'normal range' been derived from these results? -- Question ten: Has this test been placed in the context of other potential tests in the diagnostic sequence for the condition? -- Likelihood ratios -- Clinical prediction models -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 9 Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses) -- When is a review systematic? -- Evaluating systematic reviews: five questions to ask -- Question one: What is the important clinical question that the review addressed? -- Question two: Was a thorough search carried out of the appropriate database(s) and were other potentially important sources explored?.
내용주기  
완전내용Question three: Was risk of bias of individual studies assessed and the studies weighted accordingly? -- Question four: How sensitive are the results to the way the review has been performed? -- Question five: Have the numerical results been interpreted with common sense and due regard to the broader aspects of the problem? -- Meta-analysis for the non-statistician -- Explaining heterogeneity -- New approaches to systematic review -- Exercises based on this chapter -- References -- Chapter 10 Papers that advise you what to do (guidelines) -- The great guidelines debate -- Ten questions to ask about a clinical guideline -- Question one: Did the preparation and publication of this guideline involve a significant conflict of interest? -- Question two: Is the guideline concerned with an appropriate topic and does it state clearly the target group it applies to? -- Question three: Did the guideline development panel include: (1) an expert in the topic area -- (2) a specialist in the methods of secondary research (e.g. meta-analyst, health economist) and (3) a person affected by the condition? -- Question four: Have the subjective judgements of the development panel been made explicit and are they justified? -- Question five: Have all the relevant data been scrutinised and rigorously evaluated? -- Question six: Has the evidence been properly synthesised and are the guideline's conclusions in keeping with the data on which they are based? -- Question seven: Does the guideline address variations in medical practice and other controversial areas (e.g. optimum care in response to genuine or perceived underfunding)? -- Question eight: Is the guideline clinically relevant, comprehensive and flexible? -- Question nine: Does the guideline take into account what is acceptable to, affordable by and practically possible for patients?.
내용주기  
완전내용Question ten: Does the guideline include recommendations for its own dissemination, implementation and regular review?.
기타저자  
Dijkstra, Paul.
기타형태저록  
Print versionGreenhalgh, Trisha M. How to Read a Paper Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2024 9781394206902
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aHow  to  Read  a  Paper  ▼bThe  Basics  of  Evidence-Based  Healthcare
■250    ▼a7th  ed.
■264  1▼aNewark▼bJohn  Wiley  &  Sons,  Incorporated▼c2024.
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■4900  ▼aHow  To  Series
■5050  ▼aCover  --  Title  Page  --  Copyright  Page  --  Dedication  Page  --  Contents  --  Foreword  to the  first  edition  by  Professor  Sir  David  Weatherall  --  Preface  to the  seventh  edition  --  Preface  to  the  first  edition  --  Acknowledgements  --  Chapter  1  Why  read  papers  at  all?  --  Does  'evidence-based  medicine'  simply  mean  'reading  papers  in medical  journals'?  --  Why  do  people  sometimes  groan  when  you mention  evidence-based  healthcare?  --  Decision-making  by  anecdote  --  Decision-making  by  press  cutting  --  Decision-making  by  GOBSAT  (good  old  boys  sat  around  a table)  --  Decision-making  by  cost  minimisation  --  Before  you start:  formulate  the problem  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  2  Searching  the  literature  --  The  information  jungle  --  What  are  you looking  for?  --  Levels  upon  levels  of evidence  --  Synthesised  sources:  systems,  summaries  and syntheses  --  Pre-appraised  sources:  synopses  of systematic  reviews  and primary  studies  --  Specialised  resources  --  Primary  studies:  tackling  the jungle  --  PubMed  --  SPORTDiscus  --  Google  Scholar  --  One-stop  shopping:  federated  search  engines  --  Using  artificial  intelligence  to search  the literature  --  Asking  for help  and asking  around  --  Online  tutorials  for effective  searching  --  Exercises  based  on  this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  3  Getting  your  bearings:  what  is  this  paper  about?  --  The  science  of 'trashing'  papers  --  Three  preliminary  questions  to get  your  bearings  --  Question  one:  Why  was the  study  needed  and what  was the  research  question?  --  Question  two:  What  was the  research  design?  --  Question  three:  Was the  research  design  appropriate  to the question?  --  What  are  randomised  controlled  trials  and why  do  they matter?  --  What  are  cohort  studies?  --  What  are  case-control  studies?  --  What  are  cross-sectional  surveys?  --  What  are  case  reports?  --  The  traditional  hierarchy  of evidence.
■5058  ▼aExercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  4  Assessing  methodological  quality  --  Was  the study  original?  --  Who  is  the study  about?  --  Was  the design  of the  study  sensible?  --  Was  bias  avoided  or  minimised?  --  Sources  of bias  in randomised  controlled  trials  --  Sources  of bias  in non-randomised  controlled  clinical  trials  --  Sources  of bias  in cohort  studies  --  Sources  of bias  in case-control  studies  --  Was  assessment  'blind'?  --  Were  preliminary  statistical  questions  addressed?  --  Sample  size  --  Duration  of follow-up  --  Completeness  of follow-up  --  A  note  on ethical  considerations  --  Summing  up  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  5  Statistics  for  the  non-statistician  --  How  can  non-statisticians  evaluate  statistical  tests?  --  Have  the authors  set  the scene  correctly?  --  Have  they  determined  whether  their  groups  are  comparable  and,  if  necessary,  adjusted  for baseline  differences?  --  What  sort  of data  do  they  have  and have  they  used  appropriate statistical  tests?  --  If  the statistical  tests  in the  paper  are  obscure,  why  have  the authors  chosen  to use  them,  and have  they  included  a reference?  --  Have  the data  been  analysed  according  to the  original  study protocol?  --  Paired  data,  tails  and outliers  --  Were  paired  tests  performed  on paired  data?  --  Was  a two-tailed  test  performed  whenever  the effect  of an  intervention  could  conceivably  be a  negative  one?  --  Were  'outliers'  analysed  with both  common  sense  and appropriate  statistical  adjustments?  --  Correlation,  regression  and causation  --  Has  correlation  been  distinguished  from  regression,  and  has  the  correlation  coefficient  (r-value)  been  calculated  and  interpreted  correctly?  --  Have  assumptions  been  made  about  the nature  and  direction of causality?  --  Probability  and confidence  --  Have  p-values  been  calculated  and  interpreted  appropriately?.
■5058  ▼aHave  confidence  intervals  been  calculated  and do  the authors'  conclusions  reflect  them?  --  The  bottom  line  (quantifying  the chance  of benefit  and harm)  --  Have  the authors  expressed  the effects  of an  intervention  in terms  of the  likely  benefit  or  harm  that  an individual  patient  can  expect?  --  Summary  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  6  Papers  that  report  clinical  trials  of  simple  interventions  --  What  is  a clinical  trial?  --  Drug  trials:  'evidence'  and marketing  --  Making  decisions  about  therapy  --  Surrogate  endpoints  --  What  information  to expect  in a  paper  describing  a randomised  controlled  trial:  the CONSORT  statement  --  Getting  worthwhile  evidence  from pharmaceutical  representatives  --  A  note  on vaccine  trials  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  7  Papers  that  report  trials  of  complex  interventions  --  Complex  interventions  --  Ten  questions  to ask  about  a paper  describing  a complex  intervention  --  Question  one:  What  is  the problem  for which  this  complex  intervention  is  seen  as a  possible  solution?  --  Question  two:  What  was done  in the  developmental  phase  of the  research  to inform  the design  of the  complex  intervention?  --  Question  three:  What  were  the core  and non-core  components  of the  intervention?  --  Question  four:  What  was the  theoretical  mechanism  of action  of the  intervention?  --  Question  five:  What  outcome  measures  were  used  and were  they  sensible?  --  Question  six:  What  were  the findings?  --  Question  seven:  What  process  evaluation  was done  and what  were  the key  findings?  In particular,  to what  extent  was the  intervention  implemented  as planned  ('implementation  fidelity')?  --  Question  eight:  If  the findings  were  negative,  to what  extent  can  this  be explained  by  implementation  failure  and/or  inadequate  optimisation  of the  intervention?.
■5058  ▼aQuestion  nine:  If  the findings  varied  across  different  subgroups,  to what  extent  have  the authors  explained  this  by  refining  their theory  of change?  --  Question  ten:  What  further  research  do  the authors  believe  is needed  and is  this  belief  justified?  --  References  --  Chapter  8  Papers  that  report  diagnostic  or  screening  tests  --  Ten  suspects  in the  dock  --  Validating  diagnostic  tests  against  a gold  standard  --  Ten  questions  to ask  about  a paper  that  claims  to validate  a diagnostic  or  screening  test  --  Question  one:  Is  this  test  potentially  relevant  to my  patients  and my  practice?  --  Question  two:  Has  the test  been  compared  with a  true  gold  standard?  --  Question  three:  Did  this  validation  study  include  an appropriate  spectrum  of participants?  --  Question  four:  Has  work-up  (verification)  bias  been  avoided?  --  Question  five:  Has  expectation  bias  been  avoided?  --  Question  six:  Was the  test  shown  to be  reproducible  both  within  and between  observers?  --  Question  seven:  What  are  the features  of the  test  as derived  from this  validation  study?  --  Question  eight:  Were  confidence  intervals  given  for sensitivity,  specificity  and  other  features  of the  test?  --  Question  nine:  Has  a sensible  'normal  range'  been  derived  from these  results?  --  Question  ten:  Has  this  test  been  placed  in the  context  of other  potential  tests  in the  diagnostic  sequence  for the  condition?  --  Likelihood  ratios  --  Clinical  prediction  models  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  9  Papers  that  summarise  other  papers  (systematic  reviews  and  meta-analyses)  --  When  is  a review  systematic?  --  Evaluating  systematic  reviews:  five  questions  to ask  --  Question  one:  What  is  the important  clinical  question  that  the review  addressed?  --  Question  two:  Was a  thorough  search  carried  out  of the  appropriate  database(s)  and were  other  potentially  important  sources  explored?.
■5058  ▼aQuestion  three:  Was risk  of bias  of individual  studies  assessed  and the  studies  weighted  accordingly?  --  Question  four:  How  sensitive  are  the results  to the  way  the review  has  been  performed?  --  Question  five:  Have  the numerical  results  been  interpreted  with common  sense  and due  regard  to the  broader  aspects  of the  problem?  --  Meta-analysis  for the  non-statistician  --  Explaining  heterogeneity  --  New  approaches  to systematic  review  --  Exercises  based  on this  chapter  --  References  --  Chapter  10  Papers  that  advise  you what  to do  (guidelines)  --  The  great  guidelines  debate  --  Ten  questions  to ask  about  a clinical  guideline  --  Question  one:  Did  the preparation  and publication  of this  guideline  involve  a significant  conflict  of interest?  --  Question  two:  Is  the guideline  concerned  with an  appropriate  topic  and does  it  state  clearly  the target  group  it  applies  to?  --  Question  three:  Did  the guideline  development  panel  include:  (1)  an expert  in the  topic  area  --  (2)  a specialist  in the  methods  of secondary  research  (e.g. meta-analyst,  health  economist)  and (3)  a person  affected  by  the condition?  --  Question  four:  Have  the subjective  judgements  of the  development  panel  been  made  explicit  and are  they  justified?  --  Question  five:  Have  all  the relevant  data  been  scrutinised  and rigorously  evaluated?  --  Question  six:  Has  the evidence  been  properly  synthesised  and are  the guideline's  conclusions  in keeping  with the  data  on which  they  are  based?  --  Question  seven:  Does  the guideline  address  variations  in medical  practice  and other  controversial  areas  (e.g.  optimum  care  in response  to genuine  or  perceived  underfunding)?  --  Question  eight:  Is  the guideline  clinically  relevant,  comprehensive  and flexible?  --  Question  nine:  Does  the guideline  take  into  account  what  is  acceptable  to,  affordable  by  and practically  possible  for patients?.
■5058  ▼aQuestion  ten:  Does  the guideline  include  recommendations  for its  own  dissemination,  implementation  and regular  review?.
■588    ▼aDescription  based  on  publisher  supplied  metadata  and  other  sources.
■590    ▼aElectronic  reproduction.  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan  :  ProQuest  Ebook  Central,  2026.  Available  via  World  Wide  Web.  Access  may  be  limited  to  ProQuest  Ebook  Central  affiliated  libraries.  
■655  4▼aElectronic  books.
■7001  ▼aDijkstra,  Paul.
■77608▼iPrint  version▼aGreenhalgh,  Trisha  M.▼tHow  to  Read  a  Paper▼dNewark  :  John  Wiley  &  Sons,  Incorporated,c2024▼z9781394206902
■7972  ▼aProQuest  (Firm)
■85640▼uhttps://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/baekseok-ebooks/detail.action?docID=31783812▼zClick  to  View

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