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The First Defilement: The Death Penalty, Scapegoating, and the Mystical Foundations of American Criminal Law
The First Defilement: The Death Penalty, Scapegoating, and the Mystical Foundations of Ame...
The First Defilement: The Death Penalty, Scapegoating, and the Mystical Foundations of American Criminal Law

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103158
ISBN  
9798315799917
DDC  
340
저자명  
Gvozden, Amanda.
서명/저자  
The First Defilement: The Death Penalty, Scapegoating, and the Mystical Foundations of American Criminal Law
발행사항  
[Sl] : Northwestern University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
372 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Traina, Cristina.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation argues that the American death penalty cannot be adequately understood through conventional legal, sociological, or historical frameworks. Its persistence-despite its juridical incoherence, racial disparity, and moral unpopularity-demands a more radical inquiry into the structures that sustain it. At the heart of this project lies the contention that the death penalty functions not as a legal instrument but as a legal ritual, one that enacts and renews the authority of what I term the American Xtian Legal System (AXLS): a theological-juridical order structured through whiteness, property, patriarchy, and divine violence. Through an interdisciplinary engagement with ritual theory, political theology, and legal critique, this dissertation situates the death penalty within a broader symbolic structure that mystifies state violence and sacralizes law, constructing the execution not as a failure of justice but as a necessary performance of social and spiritual purification.At the core of this argument is what I name the first defilement: not the crime committed by the condemned, but the originary act of scapegoating-a social and theological mechanism that predates and gives rise to both crime and punishment. Drawing on Rene Girard's theory of mimetic desire and sacrificial violence, I argue that legal systems do not emerge to resolve violence but to ritualize it. In the American context, capital punishment does not address crime; it reenacts a deeper ritual logic in which the state continually selects victims-drawn disproportionately from the racialized, gendered, and economically marginalized-for public sacrifice. This ritual, far from being a deviation from law, is foundational to its function. The law does not punish violence; it performs it. And in this performance, the law-god-a juridical construction of transcendent sovereignty-is continually reified.Building from Emile Durkheim's distinction between the sacred and the profane, and Mary Douglas's theories of purity and danger, this dissertation reveals how capital punishment serves to purify the social body by expelling those marked as contaminating. The execution is not simply the administration of a penalty; it is a ritual expulsion that reestablishes boundaries of belonging, reinforcing the state's symbolic order. This symbolic order is not neutral. Through close analysis of the legal and cultural foundations of the AXLS, I demonstrate that the totems this system protects-property, marriage, and freedom-are neither abstract nor universally accessible. Rather, they are racialized, gendered, and classed constructs, historically secured through settler colonialism, chattel slavery, Christian theology, and capitalist ideology. The death penalty, then, is a sacred act intended to defend these totems, sacrificing those whose existence threatens their sanctity.Here, the dissertation departs from traditional Girardian interpretations of Christianity as the revelation that ends the cycle of sacrifice. I argue that in the American context, Christianity does not demystify scapegoating; it absorbs and sacralizes it. Drawing on Jacques Derrida's concept of the "mystical foundation of authority" and Achille Mbembe's theory of necropolitics, I demonstrate that American law operates as a theological order, wherein divine violence is disguised as legal legitimacy. The law-god-a fusion of divine right, legal mystification, and sovereign violence-demands sacrifice not as punishment, but as worship. Executions, in this system, are sacred offerings made to sustain the illusion of law's neutrality and the state's moral authority. Thus, the death penalty is not aberrational; it is constitutive of the American legal order.The dissertation is divided into three major sections. The first lays out the jurisprudential failures of the death penalty. It critiques the four traditional justifications for criminal punishment-incapacitation, rehabilitation, deterrence, and retribution-and shows that none are sufficient to explain the persistence of capital punishment. Drawing on the work of scholars such as Carol and Jordan Steiker, David Garland, Austin Sarat, and others, this section reveals that the death penalty is inconsistent, cruel, and irrational. Despite reformist efforts to sanitize its practice through procedural safeguards and technological innovations like lethal injection, the fundamental contradictions remain: executions continue to be racially biased, geographically arbitrary, and symbolically incoherent. These contradictions, I argue, are not bugs in the system, but symptoms of a deeper ritual logic that transcends conventional legal reasoning.The second section constructs the theoretical framework for understanding capital punishment as a ritual act. Beginning with the performance of executions-their choreography, spatial and temporal structures, and symbolic paraphernalia-I show how the death penalty mirrors religious ritual. The judge becomes a priest, the execution chamber an altar, and the condemned a scapegoat. Drawing on theorists such as Durkheim, Douglas, Girard, Agamben, and Mbembe, I develop a theory of the death penalty as a ritual of purification and sovereignty, designed to renew the symbolic order by expelling those marked as sacred contagion. Within the AXLS, those who are criminalized are often those excluded from full access to the state's totems. Their very existence is framed as a threat to the purity of the social order-thus making them ideal sacrificial victims.In this context, I analyze how the AXLS constructs property, marriage, and freedom as sacred totems. Drawing on Cedric Robinson's racial capitalism and Walter Benjamin's "Capitalism as Religion", I show how capitalism and Christianity together produce a theological economy in which legal punishment is not just permitted but divinely mandated. Property is sacralized as dominion over land and people, often justified through Protestant doctrines of work and ownership. Marriage becomes a heteropatriarchal institution that renders white male authority natural and divine. Freedom, ostensibly universal, functions as a racialized and gendered construct-granted to the unmarked (white, male, heteronormative subjects) and denied to others. The threat to these totems, I argue, is managed not through law as reason but through law as sacrifice.The final section traces the historical evolution of capital punishment in the United States as a ritual form of sovereignty. From its origins in English common law and the "Bloody Code," through its deployment in settler colonialism, slavery, Jim Crow, and into the bureaucratized executions of the modern state, the death penalty has consistently functioned to reaffirm the social order through ritual killing. This section explores how the spectacle of execution shifts across time, adapting to cultural and technological changes while preserving its core symbolic function. Even in the post-Furman and post-Gregg eras, where courts have attempted to constitutionalize death, the ritual function remains intact. Legal decisions, far from abolishing the sacrificial logic, only deepen its mystification. Drawing on Rene Girard, Giorgio Agamben, and Jacques Derrida, as well as legal theorists like David Garland, Carol and Jordan Steiker, and Daniel LaChance and Evan Mandery, in addition to critical scholars such as Sylvia Wynter and Hortense Spillers, I interrogate this history to show how legal rituals produce what appears to be neutral authority while concealing the foundational violence upon which that authority rests.Ultimately, this dissertation contends that abolitionist critiques that rest solely on legal or procedural grounds fail to confront the sacred foundation of the death penalty. To truly understand the endurance of capital punishment in America, we must recognize it as a ritual act, a sacred sacrifice performed by a law-god whose authority is maintained through defilement and death. The first defilement is not the crime; it is the construction of the criminal through ritual exclusion. The second defilement, as Justice Brennan observed, is the state's own violence-the act of official murder performed in the name of justice. But this second defilement, far from correcting the first, merely reenacts it. The law, in this sense, does not break the cycle; it is the cycle.
초록/해제  
요약And to confront the death penalty is to confront the theological violence at the foundation of American legal life.
일반주제명  
Law
일반주제명  
Sociology
일반주제명  
Political science
일반주제명  
American studies
키워드  
American death penalty
키워드  
Conventional legal
키워드  
Political theology
키워드  
American legal life
키워드  
Transcendent sovereignty
기타저자  
Northwestern University Religious Studies
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a340
■1001  ▼aGvozden,  Amanda.
■24510▼aThe  First  Defilement:  The  Death  Penalty,  Scapegoating,  and  the  Mystical  Foundations  of  American  Criminal  Law
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bNorthwestern  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a372  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Traina,  Cristina.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Northwestern  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  argues  that  the  American  death  penalty  cannot  be  adequately  understood  through  conventional  legal,  sociological,  or  historical  frameworks.  Its  persistence-despite  its  juridical  incoherence,  racial  disparity,  and  moral  unpopularity-demands  a  more  radical  inquiry  into  the  structures  that  sustain  it.  At  the  heart  of  this  project  lies  the  contention  that  the  death  penalty  functions  not  as  a  legal  instrument  but  as  a  legal  ritual,  one  that  enacts  and  renews  the  authority  of  what  I  term  the  American  Xtian  Legal  System  (AXLS):  a  theological-juridical  order  structured  through  whiteness,  property,  patriarchy,  and  divine  violence.  Through  an  interdisciplinary  engagement  with  ritual  theory,  political  theology,  and  legal  critique,  this  dissertation  situates  the  death  penalty  within  a  broader  symbolic  structure  that  mystifies  state  violence  and  sacralizes  law,  constructing  the  execution  not  as  a  failure  of  justice  but  as  a  necessary  performance  of  social  and  spiritual  purification.At  the  core  of  this  argument  is  what  I  name  the  first  defilement:  not  the  crime  committed  by  the  condemned,  but  the  originary  act  of  scapegoating-a  social  and  theological  mechanism  that  predates  and  gives  rise  to  both  crime  and  punishment.  Drawing  on  Rene  Girard's  theory  of  mimetic  desire  and  sacrificial  violence,  I  argue  that  legal  systems  do  not  emerge  to  resolve  violence  but  to  ritualize  it.  In  the  American  context,  capital  punishment  does  not  address  crime;  it  reenacts  a  deeper  ritual  logic  in  which  the  state  continually  selects  victims-drawn  disproportionately  from  the  racialized,  gendered,  and  economically  marginalized-for  public  sacrifice.  This  ritual,  far  from  being  a  deviation  from  law,  is  foundational  to  its  function.  The  law  does  not  punish  violence;  it  performs  it.  And  in  this  performance,  the  law-god-a  juridical  construction  of  transcendent  sovereignty-is  continually  reified.Building  from  Emile  Durkheim's  distinction  between  the  sacred  and  the  profane,  and  Mary  Douglas's  theories  of  purity  and  danger,  this  dissertation  reveals  how  capital  punishment  serves  to  purify  the  social  body  by  expelling  those  marked  as  contaminating.  The  execution  is  not  simply  the  administration  of  a  penalty;  it  is  a  ritual  expulsion  that  reestablishes  boundaries  of  belonging,  reinforcing  the  state's  symbolic  order.  This  symbolic  order  is  not  neutral.  Through  close  analysis  of  the  legal  and  cultural  foundations  of  the  AXLS,  I  demonstrate  that  the  totems  this  system  protects-property,  marriage,  and  freedom-are  neither  abstract  nor  universally  accessible.  Rather,  they  are  racialized,  gendered,  and  classed  constructs,  historically  secured  through  settler  colonialism,  chattel  slavery,  Christian  theology,  and  capitalist  ideology.  The  death  penalty,  then,  is  a  sacred  act  intended  to  defend  these  totems,  sacrificing  those  whose  existence  threatens  their  sanctity.Here,  the  dissertation  departs  from  traditional  Girardian  interpretations  of  Christianity  as  the  revelation  that  ends  the  cycle  of  sacrifice.  I  argue  that  in  the  American  context,  Christianity  does  not  demystify  scapegoating;  it  absorbs  and  sacralizes  it.  Drawing  on  Jacques  Derrida's  concept  of  the  "mystical  foundation  of  authority"  and  Achille  Mbembe's  theory  of  necropolitics,  I  demonstrate  that  American  law  operates  as  a  theological  order,  wherein  divine  violence  is  disguised  as  legal  legitimacy.  The  law-god-a  fusion  of  divine  right,  legal  mystification,  and  sovereign  violence-demands  sacrifice  not  as  punishment,  but  as  worship.  Executions,  in  this  system,  are  sacred  offerings  made  to  sustain  the  illusion  of  law's  neutrality  and  the  state's  moral  authority.  Thus,  the  death  penalty  is  not  aberrational;  it  is  constitutive  of  the  American  legal  order.The  dissertation  is  divided  into  three  major  sections.  The  first  lays  out  the  jurisprudential  failures  of  the  death  penalty.  It  critiques  the  four  traditional  justifications  for  criminal  punishment-incapacitation,  rehabilitation,  deterrence,  and  retribution-and  shows  that  none  are  sufficient  to  explain  the  persistence  of  capital  punishment.  Drawing  on  the  work  of  scholars  such  as  Carol  and  Jordan  Steiker,  David  Garland,  Austin  Sarat,  and  others,  this  section  reveals  that  the  death  penalty  is  inconsistent,  cruel,  and  irrational.  Despite  reformist  efforts  to  sanitize  its  practice  through  procedural  safeguards  and  technological  innovations  like  lethal  injection,  the  fundamental  contradictions  remain:  executions  continue  to  be  racially  biased,  geographically  arbitrary,  and  symbolically  incoherent.  These  contradictions,  I  argue,  are  not  bugs  in  the  system,  but  symptoms  of  a  deeper  ritual  logic  that  transcends  conventional  legal  reasoning.The  second  section  constructs  the  theoretical  framework  for  understanding  capital  punishment  as  a  ritual  act.  Beginning  with  the  performance  of  executions-their  choreography,  spatial  and  temporal  structures,  and  symbolic  paraphernalia-I  show  how  the  death  penalty  mirrors  religious  ritual.  The  judge  becomes  a  priest,  the  execution  chamber  an  altar,  and  the  condemned  a  scapegoat.  Drawing  on  theorists  such  as  Durkheim,  Douglas,  Girard,  Agamben,  and  Mbembe,  I  develop  a  theory  of  the  death  penalty  as  a  ritual  of  purification  and  sovereignty,  designed  to  renew  the  symbolic  order  by  expelling  those  marked  as  sacred  contagion.  Within  the  AXLS,  those  who  are  criminalized  are  often  those  excluded  from  full  access  to  the  state's  totems.  Their  very  existence  is  framed  as  a  threat  to  the  purity  of  the  social  order-thus  making  them  ideal  sacrificial  victims.In  this  context,  I  analyze  how  the  AXLS  constructs  property,  marriage,  and  freedom  as  sacred  totems.  Drawing  on  Cedric  Robinson's  racial  capitalism  and  Walter  Benjamin's  "Capitalism  as  Religion",  I  show  how  capitalism  and  Christianity  together  produce  a  theological  economy  in  which  legal  punishment  is  not  just  permitted  but  divinely  mandated.  Property  is  sacralized  as  dominion  over  land  and  people,  often  justified  through  Protestant  doctrines  of  work  and  ownership.  Marriage  becomes  a  heteropatriarchal  institution  that  renders  white  male  authority  natural  and  divine.  Freedom,  ostensibly  universal,  functions  as  a  racialized  and  gendered  construct-granted  to  the  unmarked  (white,  male,  heteronormative  subjects)  and  denied  to  others.  The  threat  to  these  totems,  I  argue,  is  managed  not  through  law  as  reason  but  through  law  as  sacrifice.The  final  section  traces  the  historical  evolution  of  capital  punishment  in  the  United  States  as  a  ritual  form  of  sovereignty.  From  its  origins  in  English  common  law  and  the  "Bloody  Code,"  through  its  deployment  in  settler  colonialism,  slavery,  Jim  Crow,  and  into  the  bureaucratized  executions  of  the  modern  state,  the  death  penalty  has  consistently  functioned  to  reaffirm  the  social  order  through  ritual  killing.  This  section  explores  how  the  spectacle  of  execution  shifts  across  time,  adapting  to  cultural  and  technological  changes  while  preserving  its  core  symbolic  function.  Even  in  the  post-Furman  and  post-Gregg  eras,  where  courts  have  attempted  to  constitutionalize  death,  the  ritual  function  remains  intact.  Legal  decisions,  far  from  abolishing  the  sacrificial  logic,  only  deepen  its  mystification.  Drawing  on  Rene  Girard,  Giorgio  Agamben,  and  Jacques  Derrida,  as  well  as  legal  theorists  like  David  Garland,  Carol  and  Jordan  Steiker,  and  Daniel  LaChance  and  Evan  Mandery,  in  addition  to  critical  scholars  such  as  Sylvia  Wynter  and  Hortense  Spillers,  I  interrogate  this  history  to  show  how  legal  rituals  produce  what  appears  to  be  neutral  authority  while  concealing  the  foundational  violence  upon  which  that  authority  rests.Ultimately,  this  dissertation  contends  that  abolitionist  critiques  that  rest  solely  on  legal  or  procedural  grounds  fail  to  confront  the  sacred  foundation  of  the  death  penalty.  To  truly  understand  the  endurance  of  capital  punishment  in  America,  we  must  recognize  it  as  a  ritual  act,  a  sacred  sacrifice  performed  by  a  law-god  whose  authority  is  maintained  through  defilement  and  death.  The  first  defilement  is  not  the  crime;  it  is  the  construction  of  the  criminal  through  ritual  exclusion.  The  second  defilement,  as  Justice  Brennan  observed,  is  the  state's  own  violence-the  act  of  official  murder  performed  in  the  name  of  justice.  But  this  second  defilement,  far  from  correcting  the  first,  merely  reenacts  it.  The  law,  in  this  sense,  does  not  break  the  cycle;  it  is  the  cycle.  
■520    ▼aAnd  to  confront  the  death  penalty  is  to  confront  the  theological  violence  at  the  foundation  of  American  legal  life.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0163.
■650  4▼aLaw
■650  4▼aSociology
■650  4▼aPolitical  science
■650  4▼aAmerican  studies
■653    ▼aAmerican  death  penalty
■653    ▼aConventional  legal
■653    ▼aPolitical  theology
■653    ▼aAmerican  legal  life
■653    ▼aTranscendent  sovereignty
■690    ▼a0398
■690    ▼a0323
■690    ▼a0615
■690    ▼a0626
■71020▼aNorthwestern  University▼bReligious  Studies.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12A.
■790    ▼a0163
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357264▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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