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Sources of Chloride to Minnesota Waters
Sources of Chloride to Minnesota Waters
Sources of Chloride to Minnesota Waters

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202102941
ISBN  
9798315719731
DDC  
333.91
저자명  
Overbo, Alycia.
서명/저자  
Sources of Chloride to Minnesota Waters
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Minnesota, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
160 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Heger, Sara;Gulliver, John.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Minnesota, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Chloride is an emerging environmental concern, as long-term increases in chloride levels have been observed in surface waters and groundwater resources across North America. Elevated chloride levels in lakes, rivers, streams, and groundwater are a concern in northern regions, particularly in urban areas where deicing salt can be a major source of chloride pollution. Chloride is also an issue in many municipalities where wastewater treatment plant effluent exceeds federal water quality standards for chloride and discharges to sensitive receiving waters. While use of deicing salt for winter road maintenance is known to be a major source of chloride, limited research has investigated chloride discharged from water softener use. Additionally, chloride sources such as water softeners and fertilizer can be more important sources in watersheds with agricultural and mixed land use. This thesis examined sources and implications of chloride pollution to the environment. The first chapter presents a chloride budget for the state of Minnesota to estimate the amount of chloride discharged from household water softeners as well as other domestic, environmental, and industrial sources. The second chapter presents a chloride balance model for Sand Creek Watershed, a chloride-impaired, agricultural watershed in southern Minnesota. The third chapter is a review of the costs and benefits of household water softening relative to environmental impacts and other water treatment alternatives. The fourth chapter examines commercial-scale water softening and its impacts on septic system performance. The analyses employed multiple types of data, including effluent monitoring data, sales records, and groundwater data, and utilized various statistical, spatial, and survey methods. Results from the statewide chloride budget found that road salt was the largest source of chloride to the environment, but that WWTPs and fertilizer were also substantial sources, discharging 221,300 t and 209,900 t annually. Household water softening was found to contribute substantial chloride loads to WWTPs in communities with hard drinking water, contributing 65% of the chloride discharged to all 613 municipal WWTPs statewide. Findings from the statewide and watershed chloride balances indicate that in areas with more agricultural and mixed-land use, WWTP effluent and fertilizer application are important chloride sources that together are comparable to road salt chloride contributions. Results from the watershed chloride balance model suggest significant chloride retention in the watershed across seasons. The review of softening costs and benefits found that softening water can provide economic benefits to households and communities, but there is limited evidence to characterize the economic costs from chloride discharge to the environment, particularly related to impacts on chloride-sensitive species and drinking water quality. Results from the septic system study showed that systems receiving water softener backwash had chloride levels that were between 2-20 times higher than septic systems not receiving softener backwash as well as higher biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS), although the difference was not statistically significant for BOD and TSS. Water softeners were estimated to contribute between 83-95% of the chloride measured in septic systems receiving softener backwash. The analyses show that the relative importance of chloride sources is dependent on local characteristics, that feasible and economic solutions to mitigate chloride contamination will vary across communities, and that communities may need to employ multiple strategies to achieve meaningful and cost-effective chloride reductions.
일반주제명  
Water resources management
일반주제명  
Environmental science
일반주제명  
Natural resource management
키워드  
Chloride
키워드  
Minnesota
키워드  
Road salt
키워드  
Surface water
키워드  
Wastewater treatment plants
키워드  
Water softener
기타저자  
University of Minnesota Water Resources Science
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■0820  ▼a333.91
■1001  ▼aOverbo,  Alycia.
■24510▼aSources  of  Chloride  to  Minnesota  Waters
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Minnesota▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a160  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Heger,  Sara;Gulliver,  John.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Minnesota,  2024.
■520    ▼aChloride  is  an  emerging  environmental  concern,  as  long-term  increases  in  chloride  levels  have  been  observed  in  surface  waters  and  groundwater  resources  across  North  America.  Elevated  chloride  levels  in  lakes,  rivers,  streams,  and  groundwater  are  a  concern  in  northern  regions,  particularly  in  urban  areas  where  deicing  salt  can  be  a  major  source  of  chloride  pollution.  Chloride  is  also  an  issue  in  many  municipalities  where  wastewater  treatment  plant  effluent  exceeds  federal  water  quality  standards  for  chloride  and  discharges  to  sensitive  receiving  waters.  While  use  of  deicing  salt  for  winter  road  maintenance  is  known  to  be  a  major  source  of  chloride,  limited  research  has  investigated  chloride  discharged  from  water  softener  use.  Additionally,  chloride  sources  such  as  water  softeners  and  fertilizer  can  be  more  important  sources  in  watersheds  with  agricultural  and  mixed  land  use.  This  thesis  examined  sources  and  implications  of  chloride  pollution  to  the  environment.  The  first  chapter  presents  a  chloride  budget  for  the  state  of  Minnesota  to  estimate  the  amount  of  chloride  discharged  from  household  water  softeners  as  well  as  other  domestic,  environmental,  and  industrial  sources.  The  second  chapter  presents  a  chloride  balance  model  for  Sand  Creek  Watershed,  a  chloride-impaired,  agricultural  watershed  in  southern  Minnesota.  The  third  chapter  is  a  review  of  the  costs  and  benefits  of  household  water  softening  relative  to  environmental  impacts  and  other  water  treatment  alternatives.  The  fourth  chapter  examines  commercial-scale  water  softening  and  its  impacts  on  septic  system  performance.  The  analyses  employed  multiple  types  of  data,  including  effluent  monitoring  data,  sales  records,  and  groundwater  data,  and  utilized  various  statistical,  spatial,  and  survey  methods.  Results  from  the  statewide  chloride  budget  found  that  road  salt  was  the  largest  source  of  chloride  to  the  environment,  but  that  WWTPs  and  fertilizer  were  also  substantial  sources,  discharging  221,300  t  and  209,900  t  annually.  Household  water  softening  was  found  to  contribute  substantial  chloride  loads  to  WWTPs  in  communities  with  hard  drinking  water,  contributing  65%  of  the  chloride  discharged  to  all  613  municipal  WWTPs  statewide.  Findings  from  the  statewide  and  watershed  chloride  balances  indicate  that  in  areas  with  more  agricultural  and  mixed-land  use,  WWTP  effluent  and  fertilizer  application  are  important  chloride  sources  that  together  are  comparable  to  road  salt  chloride  contributions.  Results  from  the  watershed  chloride  balance  model  suggest  significant  chloride  retention  in  the  watershed  across  seasons.  The  review  of  softening  costs  and  benefits  found  that  softening  water  can  provide  economic  benefits  to  households  and  communities,  but  there  is  limited  evidence  to  characterize  the  economic  costs  from  chloride  discharge  to  the  environment,  particularly  related  to  impacts  on  chloride-sensitive  species  and  drinking  water  quality.  Results  from  the  septic  system  study  showed  that  systems  receiving  water  softener  backwash  had  chloride  levels  that  were  between  2-20  times  higher  than  septic  systems  not  receiving  softener  backwash  as  well  as  higher  biological  oxygen  demand  (BOD)  and  total  suspended  solids  (TSS),  although  the  difference  was  not  statistically  significant  for  BOD  and  TSS.  Water  softeners  were  estimated  to  contribute  between  83-95%  of  the  chloride  measured  in  septic  systems  receiving  softener  backwash.  The  analyses  show  that  the  relative  importance  of  chloride  sources  is  dependent  on  local  characteristics,  that  feasible  and  economic  solutions  to  mitigate  chloride  contamination  will  vary  across  communities,  and  that  communities  may  need  to  employ  multiple  strategies  to  achieve  meaningful  and  cost-effective  chloride  reductions.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0130.
■650  4▼aWater  resources  management
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  science
■650  4▼aNatural  resource  management
■653    ▼aChloride
■653    ▼aMinnesota
■653    ▼aRoad  salt
■653    ▼aSurface  water
■653    ▼aWastewater  treatment  plants
■653    ▼aWater  softener
■690    ▼a0595
■690    ▼a0768
■690    ▼a0528
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Minnesota▼bWater  Resources  Science.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-11B.
■790    ▼a0130
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356514▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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