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Renewable Potentials and Floating Offshore Wind Integration in California
Renewable Potentials and Floating Offshore Wind Integration in California
Renewable Potentials and Floating Offshore Wind Integration in California

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104851
ISBN  
9798288815874
DDC  
333.79
저자명  
Angliviel de La Beaumelle, Nils.
서명/저자  
Renewable Potentials and Floating Offshore Wind Integration in California
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
366 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Azevedo, Ines.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Renewable electricity generation will need to be rapidly scaled to address climate change, air pollution, and broader environmental and social challenges. Achieving this transformation requires more than deploying wind and solar technologies at scale, it requires understanding the full chain from resource availability to system-level integration. Key uncertainties remain around where renewables can be deployed, how much they will cost, how reliably they can serve demand, and what infrastructure will be needed to support them. Addressing these questions requires a combination of global assessments, regionally specific data, and system modeling approaches. This dissertation contributes to that effort through four complementary studies that assess renewable potential, explore the techno-economics of emerging technologies, and evaluate integration strategies for a reliable and affordable decarbonized electricity system. In Study 1, "Global Technical, Economic, and Feasible Potential of Renewable Electricity," we review estimates for renewable electricity of the global technical potential, defined as the amount of electricity that could be produced with current technologies when accounting for geographical and technical limitations as well as conversion efficiencies; economic potential, which also includes cost; and feasible potential, which accounts for societal and environmental constraints. We consider utility-scale and rooftop solar photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, onshore and offshore wind, hydropower, geothermal electricity, and ocean (wave, tidal, ocean thermal energy conversion, and salinity gradient energy) technologies. We find that the reported technical potential for each energy resource ranges over several orders of magnitude across and often within technologies. Therefore, we also discuss the main factors explaining why authors find such different results. According to this review and on the basis of the most robust studies, we find that technical potentials for utility-scale solar photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, onshore wind, and offshore wind are above 100 PWh/year. Hydropower, geothermal electricity, and ocean thermal energy conversion have technical potentials above 10 PWh/year. Rooftop solar photovoltaic, wave, and tidal have technical potentials above 1 PWh/year. Salinity gradient has a technical potential above 0.1 PWh/year. The literature assessing the global economic potential of renewables, which considers the cost of each renewable resource, shows that the economic potential is higher than current and near-future electricity demand. Fewer studies have calculated the global feasible potential, which considers societal and environmental constraints. While these ranges are useful for assessing the magnitude of available energy sources, they may omit challenges for large-scale renewable portfolios. For Study 2, "Floating Offshore Wind on the U.S. West Coast: An Expert Elicitation," we started focusing on an emerging renewable technology in a specific region: floating offshore wind (FOSW) along the West Coast of the U.S. Despite the lack of any installed turbines in the country as of 2025, California has ambitious offshore wind goals of 2 -- 5 GW by 2030 and 25 GW by 2045. The coastline deep ocean floor calls for floating offshore wind, a new technology whose application has yet to be built to scale. Given the novelty, deep uncertainty, and lack of data regarding FOSW, we fielded an expert elicitation regarding the costs, probability and duration of failure, and likely potential system architectures. We find that there is significant disagreement among experts: cost estimates vary by a factor of at least 3. Probabilities of failure range from 0.01% to 20% for most parts of the system. Experts diverged on likely transmission configurations that are likely to be used with FOSW projects, though most agreed DC technologies will be used in the future. Overall, experts believe California's 2030 FOSW targets will not be met but could be achieved by 2035, and 2045 targets could be realized with faster buildout of future lease areas. Study 3, "Techno-Economic Assessment of Floating Offshore Wind in California," employs the data collected in Study 2 to determine the potential costs of the first two FOSW projects and their potential associated transmission systems in California. Floating offshore wind remains an emerging technology with significant uncertainty surrounding its future development. We estimate the electricity output, levelized cost of energy, and levelized cost of transmission, broken down per component, for two locations where offshore wind projects are planned - Humboldt and Morro Bay. We find that the 2035 combined median levelized cost of energy and transmission ranges from $95.0/MWh to $120.6/MWh for Humboldt and $97.2/MWh to $112.2/MWh for Morro Bay. The uncertainty in these figures is large, ranging from $43.5/MWh to $385.2/MWh based on the best- and worse- case cost scenarios across the two farms. Operations and maintenance, turbines, and floating foundations expenses are the largest contributors to levelized costs. Conversely, for all cost scenarios, transmission represents a small portion of total project costs. While the uncertainty in overall costs for these projects is widespread and reinforced by our sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses, we find that floating offshore wind in California could be competitive with fixed-bottom offshore wind and coal in 2035. This analysis emphasizes the importance of strategic planning and investment in floating offshore wind to meet California's renewable energy goals. Study 4, "The Impact of Transmission Expansion, Long-Duration Energy Storage, and Floating Offshore Wind Mandates on the Western U.S. grid," broadens the analysis from project- and technology-specific assessments to a system-level evaluation of renewable integration in the Western U.S. electricity grid. It is clear that decarbonizing the electricity system by mid-century requires integrating large shares of variable renewable energy while maintaining affordability and reliability. This study evaluates the role of transmission expansion and long-duration energy storage (LDES) in supporting that goal using a high-resolution capacity expansion model (PyPSA-USA) of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council in 2040. We analyze eleven core scenarios varying transmission availability, LDES costs and deployment, and offshore wind policy mandates. Results show that transmission delivers the largest system benefits, enabling large-scale onshore wind deployment, lowering emissions by over 60 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year (referenced as MMTCO2/year henceforth) , and reducing total system costs by up to $4 billion annually. However, expanding transmission beyond a 30% increase yields diminishing returns, reinforcing the value of near-term, feasible grid projects. Metal-Air storage is cost-effective under optimistic and conservative assumptions, and enhances flexibility, while hydrogen storage is not deployed even under optimistic costs. We find that LDES and transmission are complementary, not substitutes. Floating offshore wind is not selected without a policy mandate and delivers modest system performance gains and higher cost when forced. These findings underscore the system value grid expansion, particularly the initial stages, and highlight the need for coordinated policies that support both LDES and transmission. Explicit emissions constraints may be required to achieve full decarbonization, as least-cost outcomes alone do not eliminate emissions. Together, these four studies provide a multi-scale perspective on the challenges and opportunities of transitioning to a deeply decarbonized electricity system. They demonstrate that while renewable resources are abundant and costs continue to decline, system-level feasibility depends on more than resource potential or technology maturity, it also requires robust infrastructure, policy coordination, and flexible planning tools. By combining global assessments, expert-informed cost modeling, regional techno-economics, and high-resolution capacity expansion analysis, this dissertation offers insights for researchers, planners, and policymakers seeking to design energy systems that are affordable, reliable, and aligned with long-term climate goals.
일반주제명  
Alternative energy sources
일반주제명  
Offshore
일반주제명  
Emissions
일반주제명  
Climate change
일반주제명  
Energy
일반주제명  
Alternative energy
일반주제명  
Environmental engineering
키워드  
Renewable electricity generation
키워드  
Solar technologies
키워드  
Geothermal electricity
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aAngliviel  de  La  Beaumelle,  Nils.
■24510▼aRenewable  Potentials  and  Floating  Offshore  Wind  Integration  in  California
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a366  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Azevedo,  Ines.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aRenewable  electricity  generation  will  need  to  be  rapidly  scaled  to  address  climate  change,  air  pollution,  and  broader  environmental  and  social  challenges.  Achieving  this  transformation  requires  more  than  deploying  wind  and  solar  technologies  at  scale,  it  requires  understanding  the  full  chain  from  resource  availability  to  system-level  integration.  Key  uncertainties  remain  around  where  renewables  can  be  deployed,  how  much  they  will  cost,  how  reliably  they  can  serve  demand,  and  what  infrastructure  will  be  needed  to  support  them.  Addressing  these  questions  requires  a  combination  of  global  assessments,  regionally  specific  data,  and  system  modeling  approaches.  This  dissertation  contributes  to  that  effort  through  four  complementary  studies  that  assess  renewable  potential,  explore  the  techno-economics  of  emerging  technologies,  and  evaluate  integration  strategies  for  a  reliable  and  affordable  decarbonized  electricity  system.  In  Study  1,  "Global  Technical,  Economic,  and  Feasible  Potential  of  Renewable  Electricity,"  we  review  estimates  for  renewable  electricity  of  the  global  technical  potential,  defined  as  the  amount  of  electricity  that  could  be  produced  with  current  technologies  when  accounting  for  geographical  and  technical  limitations  as  well  as  conversion  efficiencies;  economic  potential,  which  also  includes  cost;  and  feasible  potential,  which  accounts  for  societal  and  environmental  constraints.  We  consider  utility-scale  and  rooftop  solar  photovoltaics,  concentrated  solar  power,  onshore  and  offshore  wind,  hydropower,  geothermal  electricity,  and  ocean  (wave,  tidal,  ocean  thermal  energy  conversion,  and  salinity  gradient  energy)  technologies.  We  find  that  the  reported  technical  potential  for  each  energy  resource  ranges  over  several  orders  of  magnitude  across  and  often  within  technologies.  Therefore,  we  also  discuss  the  main  factors  explaining  why  authors  find  such  different  results.  According  to  this  review  and  on  the  basis  of  the  most  robust  studies,  we  find  that  technical  potentials  for  utility-scale  solar  photovoltaic,  concentrated  solar  power,  onshore  wind,  and  offshore  wind  are  above  100  PWh/year.  Hydropower,  geothermal  electricity,  and  ocean  thermal  energy  conversion  have  technical  potentials  above  10  PWh/year.  Rooftop  solar  photovoltaic,  wave,  and  tidal  have  technical  potentials  above  1  PWh/year.  Salinity  gradient  has  a  technical  potential  above  0.1  PWh/year.  The  literature  assessing  the  global  economic  potential  of  renewables,  which  considers  the  cost  of  each  renewable  resource,  shows  that  the  economic  potential  is  higher  than  current  and  near-future  electricity  demand.  Fewer  studies  have  calculated  the  global  feasible  potential,  which  considers  societal  and  environmental  constraints.  While  these  ranges  are  useful  for  assessing  the  magnitude  of  available  energy  sources,  they  may  omit  challenges  for  large-scale  renewable  portfolios.  For  Study  2,  "Floating  Offshore  Wind  on  the  U.S.  West  Coast:  An  Expert  Elicitation,"  we  started  focusing  on  an  emerging  renewable  technology  in  a  specific  region:  floating  offshore  wind  (FOSW)  along  the  West  Coast  of  the  U.S.  Despite  the  lack  of  any  installed  turbines  in  the  country  as  of  2025,  California  has  ambitious  offshore  wind  goals  of  2  --  5  GW  by  2030  and  25  GW  by  2045.  The  coastline  deep  ocean  floor  calls  for  floating  offshore  wind,  a  new  technology  whose  application  has  yet  to  be  built  to  scale.  Given  the  novelty,  deep  uncertainty,  and  lack  of  data  regarding  FOSW,  we  fielded  an  expert  elicitation  regarding  the  costs,  probability  and  duration  of  failure,  and  likely  potential  system  architectures.  We  find  that  there  is  significant  disagreement  among  experts:  cost  estimates  vary  by  a  factor  of  at  least  3.  Probabilities  of  failure  range  from  0.01%  to  20%  for  most  parts  of  the  system.  Experts  diverged  on  likely  transmission  configurations  that  are  likely  to  be  used  with  FOSW  projects,  though  most  agreed  DC  technologies  will  be  used  in  the  future.  Overall,  experts  believe  California's  2030  FOSW  targets  will  not  be  met  but  could  be  achieved  by  2035,  and  2045  targets  could  be  realized  with  faster  buildout  of  future  lease  areas.  Study  3,  "Techno-Economic  Assessment  of  Floating  Offshore  Wind  in  California,"  employs  the  data  collected  in  Study  2  to  determine  the  potential  costs  of  the  first  two  FOSW  projects  and  their  potential  associated  transmission  systems  in  California.  Floating  offshore  wind  remains  an  emerging  technology  with  significant  uncertainty  surrounding  its  future  development.  We  estimate  the  electricity  output,  levelized  cost  of  energy,  and  levelized  cost  of  transmission,  broken  down  per  component,  for  two  locations  where  offshore  wind  projects  are  planned  -  Humboldt  and  Morro  Bay.  We  find  that  the  2035  combined  median  levelized  cost  of  energy  and  transmission  ranges  from  $95.0/MWh  to  $120.6/MWh  for  Humboldt  and  $97.2/MWh  to  $112.2/MWh  for  Morro  Bay.  The  uncertainty  in  these  figures  is  large,  ranging  from  $43.5/MWh  to  $385.2/MWh  based  on  the  best-  and  worse-  case  cost  scenarios  across  the  two  farms.  Operations  and  maintenance,  turbines,  and  floating  foundations  expenses  are  the  largest  contributors  to  levelized  costs.  Conversely,  for  all  cost  scenarios,  transmission  represents  a  small  portion  of  total  project  costs.  While  the  uncertainty  in  overall  costs  for  these  projects  is  widespread  and  reinforced  by  our  sensitivity  and  Monte  Carlo  analyses,  we  find  that  floating  offshore  wind  in  California  could  be  competitive  with  fixed-bottom  offshore  wind  and  coal  in  2035.  This  analysis  emphasizes  the  importance  of  strategic  planning  and  investment  in  floating  offshore  wind  to  meet  California's  renewable  energy  goals.  Study  4,  "The  Impact  of  Transmission  Expansion,  Long-Duration  Energy  Storage,  and  Floating  Offshore  Wind  Mandates  on  the  Western  U.S.  grid,"  broadens  the  analysis  from  project-  and  technology-specific  assessments  to  a  system-level  evaluation  of  renewable  integration  in  the  Western  U.S.  electricity  grid.  It  is  clear  that  decarbonizing  the  electricity  system  by  mid-century  requires  integrating  large  shares  of  variable  renewable  energy  while  maintaining  affordability  and  reliability.  This  study  evaluates  the  role  of  transmission  expansion  and  long-duration  energy  storage  (LDES)  in  supporting  that  goal  using  a  high-resolution  capacity  expansion  model  (PyPSA-USA)  of  the  Western  Electricity  Coordinating  Council  in  2040.  We  analyze  eleven  core  scenarios  varying  transmission  availability,  LDES  costs  and  deployment,  and  offshore  wind  policy  mandates.  Results  show  that  transmission  delivers  the  largest  system  benefits,  enabling  large-scale  onshore  wind  deployment,  lowering  emissions  by  over  60  million  metric  tons  of  CO2  equivalent  per  year  (referenced  as  MMTCO2/year  henceforth)  ,  and  reducing  total  system  costs  by  up  to  $4  billion  annually.  However,  expanding  transmission  beyond  a  30%  increase  yields  diminishing  returns,  reinforcing  the  value  of  near-term,  feasible  grid  projects.  Metal-Air  storage  is  cost-effective  under  optimistic  and  conservative  assumptions,  and  enhances  flexibility,  while  hydrogen  storage  is  not  deployed  even  under  optimistic  costs.  We  find  that  LDES  and  transmission  are  complementary,  not  substitutes.  Floating  offshore  wind  is  not  selected  without  a  policy  mandate  and  delivers  modest  system  performance  gains  and  higher  cost  when  forced.  These  findings  underscore  the  system  value  grid  expansion,  particularly  the  initial  stages,  and  highlight  the  need  for  coordinated  policies  that  support  both  LDES  and  transmission.  Explicit  emissions  constraints  may  be  required  to  achieve  full  decarbonization,  as  least-cost  outcomes  alone  do  not  eliminate  emissions.  Together,  these  four  studies  provide  a  multi-scale  perspective  on  the  challenges  and  opportunities  of  transitioning  to  a  deeply  decarbonized  electricity  system.  They  demonstrate  that  while  renewable  resources  are  abundant  and  costs  continue  to  decline,  system-level  feasibility  depends  on  more  than  resource  potential  or  technology  maturity,  it  also  requires  robust  infrastructure,  policy  coordination,  and  flexible  planning  tools.  By  combining  global  assessments,  expert-informed  cost  modeling,  regional  techno-economics,  and  high-resolution  capacity  expansion  analysis,  this  dissertation  offers  insights  for  researchers,  planners,  and  policymakers  seeking  to  design  energy  systems  that  are  affordable,  reliable,  and  aligned  with  long-term  climate  goals.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aAlternative  energy  sources
■650  4▼aOffshore
■650  4▼aEmissions
■650  4▼aClimate  change
■650  4▼aEnergy
■650  4▼aAlternative  energy
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  engineering
■653    ▼aRenewable  electricity  generation
■653    ▼aSolar  technologies
■653    ▼aGeothermal  electricity
■690    ▼a0404
■690    ▼a0775
■690    ▼a0363
■690    ▼a0791
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359217▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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