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Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104851
ISBN  
9798288816222
DDC  
004
저자명  
Rodriguez Silva Santisteban, Fernando Rafael.
서명/저자  
Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
138 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Shachter, Ross.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Achieving societal change requires understanding complex systems with multiple stakeholders well enough to design and implement nuanced interventions. Policymakers and leaders in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) face problems that defy easy solutions and are hard to address using the scientific method. Nevertheless, these problems have been studied by social scientists for centuries and a body of literature exists that addresses policy decisions from a government perspective. In contrast, the perspective of decision making for nonprofit leaders has been less explored. Unlike policymakers, nonprofit leaders allocate resources to effect change in specific settings and thus need to interpret information in the context of their intended beneficiaries. Assumptions are not only necessary, given the limited information, but can also enrich the decision-making process by incorporating a deep understanding of the context that NPO leaders and beneficiaries can provide. A common tool used in the sector to describe the hypotheses of change, plan activities, and measure impact is the Theory of Change framework. Theories of change often rely on the development economics literature and other policy-oriented results as input, but there is no standardized method to construct them, and there is little guidance on how to interpret the numeric parameter estimates within a nonprofit organization's desired impact context. In addition, leaders might have multiple possible interventions at their disposal whose impact has been estimated using different inference strategies. A formal model to compare alternatives and estimate their impact on complex stakeholder systems can help guide the decision making process and empower nonprofit leaders with valuable insights to better address societal needs.This dissertation expands the toolkit available to nonprofit decision makers by providing a formal framework for approaching decision making under uncertainty in the context of societal change. I take a decision-analytic approach, aiming to provide clarity of action to decision makers in specific contexts and incorporating their subjective beliefs and understandings of a system's dynamics. My work combines two existing tools commonly used in the nonprofit sector and in decision analysis, respectively: theories of change and influence diagrams. I will show how they can be used in synergy to empower decision makers with flexible yet insightful models, to leverage existing evidence to efficiently update beliefs, and to provide insights for decision makers in private foundations that advance their missions through the services of other organizations. Although I occasionally use hypothetical organizations to exemplify the framework, I take a mission-agnostic perspective and provide tools that can be generally applied in the sector. I assume that organizations have a well-defined objective and have identified potential interventions (or service providers in the case of foundations) to advance that objective. The models and framework provided can help a decision maker compare alternatives in a structured process.In Chapter 3, I present a formal mathematical model for expressing beliefs about mechanisms of action and comparing alternative theories of change to achieve the desired impact. Using a hypothetical organization as an example, I show how to construct a probabilistic graphical model from theories of change and how to add decisions to obtain an influence diagram. Then, I demonstrate how to use the influence diagram to express beliefs about the impact of decisions and choose between alternative strategies. This chapter has a nontechnical audience in mind, aiming to provide NPO leaders with the intuition to guide their decision making process and interpret evidence-informed influence diagram models. The example concludes with a preferred alternative and an estimate of the impact that could be achieved by the organization.In Chapter 4, I show how non-cooperative game theory models of stakeholders interacting can be used to reduce uncertainty in producer-consumer markets by characterizing equilibrium outcomes as a function of other variables. This tool complements the influence diagrams from the previous chapter, but assumes a more technical audience.Chapter 5 addresses the problem of using existing experimental results to learn about uncertainty in theories of change. I formulate a statistical model to derive evidence-informed influence diagrams consistent with the potential outcomes framework and with no loss of information when constructed from development economics results, even in the absence of full access to the empirical data, under standard distribution assumptions. These influence diagrams allow decision makers to express an evidence-informed understanding of the effect of different interventions on the outcomes using a full posterior distribution, allowing for a richer space of welfare functions and risk attitudes in the decision making process. The approach is illustrated by applying Neyman's average treatment effect estimator to randomized trial results, and it could be generalized to other estimation strategies. This is the most technical chapter and assumes a strong statistical background.Finally, Chapter 6 takes the perspective of a private foundation advancing their mission indirectly through the services of operating nonprofit organizations. I construct a formal mathematical model for a multi-period grant-allocation market from the perspective of a private foundation, using decision analysis and game theory to provide actionable insights to private foundations of different sizes and objectives on recommended strategies to maximize their impact through the grant-making process. In particular, I show that general-purpose grants are preferred over project-specific funding in many cases; smaller private foundations may benefit more from continued support grants than exploratory grants; there is a positive value of information in learning from innovative approaches which should be funded by larger foundations; and smaller foundations benefit from using external sources of information rather than having complex grant application processes.
일반주제명  
Mathematical models
일반주제명  
Foundations
일반주제명  
Decision making
일반주제명  
Empowerment
일반주제명  
Social change
일반주제명  
Game theory
일반주제명  
Grants
일반주제명  
Energy consumption
일반주제명  
Nonprofit organizations
일반주제명  
Social structure
키워드  
Nonprofit organizations
키워드  
Stakeholder systems
키워드  
Societal change
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aRodriguez  Silva  Santisteban,  Fernando  Rafael.
■24510▼aDecision  Analysis  of  the  Theory  of  Change  Under  Uncertainty  in  the  Nonprofit  Sector
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a138  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-02,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Shachter,  Ross.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aAchieving  societal  change  requires  understanding  complex  systems  with  multiple  stakeholders  well  enough  to  design  and  implement  nuanced  interventions.  Policymakers  and  leaders  in  nonprofit  organizations  (NPOs)  face  problems  that  defy  easy  solutions  and  are  hard  to  address  using  the  scientific  method.  Nevertheless,  these  problems  have  been  studied  by  social  scientists  for  centuries  and  a  body  of  literature  exists  that  addresses  policy  decisions  from  a  government  perspective.  In  contrast,  the  perspective  of  decision  making  for  nonprofit  leaders  has  been  less  explored.  Unlike  policymakers,  nonprofit  leaders  allocate  resources  to  effect  change  in  specific  settings  and  thus  need  to  interpret  information  in  the  context  of  their  intended  beneficiaries.  Assumptions  are  not  only  necessary,  given  the  limited  information,  but  can  also  enrich  the  decision-making  process  by  incorporating  a  deep  understanding  of  the  context  that  NPO  leaders  and  beneficiaries  can  provide.  A  common  tool  used  in  the  sector  to  describe  the  hypotheses  of  change,  plan  activities,  and  measure  impact  is  the  Theory  of  Change  framework.  Theories  of  change  often  rely  on  the  development  economics  literature  and  other  policy-oriented  results  as  input,  but  there  is  no  standardized  method  to  construct  them,  and  there  is  little  guidance  on  how  to  interpret  the  numeric  parameter  estimates  within  a  nonprofit  organization's  desired  impact  context.  In  addition,  leaders  might  have  multiple  possible  interventions  at  their  disposal  whose  impact  has  been  estimated  using  different  inference  strategies.  A  formal  model  to  compare  alternatives  and  estimate  their  impact  on  complex  stakeholder  systems  can  help  guide  the  decision  making  process  and  empower  nonprofit  leaders  with  valuable  insights  to  better  address  societal  needs.This  dissertation  expands  the  toolkit  available  to  nonprofit  decision  makers  by  providing  a  formal  framework  for  approaching  decision  making  under  uncertainty  in  the  context  of  societal  change.  I take  a  decision-analytic  approach,  aiming  to  provide  clarity  of  action  to  decision  makers  in  specific  contexts  and  incorporating  their  subjective  beliefs  and  understandings  of  a  system's  dynamics.  My  work  combines  two  existing  tools  commonly  used  in  the  nonprofit  sector  and  in  decision  analysis,  respectively:  theories  of  change  and  influence  diagrams.  I  will  show  how  they  can  be  used  in  synergy  to  empower  decision  makers  with  flexible  yet  insightful  models,  to  leverage  existing  evidence  to  efficiently  update  beliefs,  and  to  provide  insights  for  decision  makers  in  private  foundations  that  advance  their  missions  through  the  services  of  other  organizations.  Although  I  occasionally  use  hypothetical  organizations  to  exemplify  the  framework,  I  take  a  mission-agnostic  perspective  and  provide  tools  that  can  be  generally  applied  in  the  sector.  I  assume  that  organizations  have  a  well-defined  objective  and  have  identified  potential  interventions  (or  service  providers  in  the  case  of  foundations)  to  advance  that  objective.  The  models  and  framework  provided  can  help  a  decision  maker  compare  alternatives  in  a  structured  process.In  Chapter  3,  I  present  a  formal  mathematical  model  for  expressing  beliefs  about  mechanisms  of  action  and  comparing  alternative  theories  of  change  to  achieve  the  desired  impact.  Using  a  hypothetical  organization  as  an  example,  I  show  how  to  construct  a  probabilistic  graphical  model  from  theories  of  change  and  how  to  add  decisions  to  obtain  an  influence  diagram.  Then,  I  demonstrate  how  to  use  the  influence  diagram  to  express  beliefs  about  the  impact  of  decisions  and  choose  between  alternative  strategies.  This  chapter  has  a  nontechnical  audience  in  mind,  aiming  to  provide  NPO  leaders  with  the  intuition  to  guide  their  decision  making  process  and  interpret  evidence-informed  influence  diagram  models.  The  example  concludes  with  a  preferred  alternative  and  an  estimate  of  the  impact  that  could  be  achieved  by  the  organization.In  Chapter  4,  I  show  how  non-cooperative  game  theory  models  of  stakeholders  interacting  can  be  used  to  reduce  uncertainty  in  producer-consumer  markets  by  characterizing  equilibrium  outcomes  as  a  function  of  other  variables.  This  tool  complements  the  influence  diagrams  from  the  previous  chapter,  but  assumes  a  more  technical  audience.Chapter  5  addresses  the  problem  of  using  existing  experimental  results  to  learn  about  uncertainty  in  theories  of  change.  I  formulate  a  statistical  model  to  derive  evidence-informed  influence  diagrams  consistent  with  the  potential  outcomes  framework  and  with  no  loss  of  information  when  constructed  from  development  economics  results,  even  in  the  absence  of  full  access  to  the  empirical  data,  under  standard  distribution  assumptions.  These  influence  diagrams  allow  decision  makers  to  express  an  evidence-informed  understanding  of  the  effect  of  different  interventions  on  the  outcomes  using  a  full  posterior  distribution,  allowing  for  a  richer  space  of  welfare  functions  and  risk  attitudes  in  the  decision  making  process.  The  approach  is  illustrated  by  applying  Neyman's  average  treatment  effect  estimator  to  randomized  trial  results,  and  it  could  be  generalized  to  other  estimation  strategies.  This  is  the  most  technical  chapter  and  assumes  a  strong  statistical  background.Finally,  Chapter  6  takes  the  perspective  of  a  private  foundation  advancing  their  mission  indirectly  through  the  services  of  operating  nonprofit  organizations.  I  construct  a  formal  mathematical  model  for  a  multi-period  grant-allocation  market  from  the  perspective  of  a  private  foundation,  using  decision  analysis  and  game  theory  to  provide  actionable  insights  to  private  foundations  of  different  sizes  and  objectives  on  recommended  strategies  to  maximize  their  impact  through  the  grant-making  process.  In  particular,  I  show  that  general-purpose  grants  are  preferred  over  project-specific  funding  in  many  cases;  smaller  private  foundations  may  benefit  more  from  continued  support  grants  than  exploratory  grants;  there  is  a  positive  value  of  information  in  learning  from  innovative  approaches  which  should  be  funded  by  larger  foundations;  and  smaller  foundations  benefit  from  using  external  sources  of  information  rather  than  having  complex  grant  application  processes.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aMathematical  models
■650  4▼aFoundations
■650  4▼aDecision  making
■650  4▼aEmpowerment
■650  4▼aSocial  change
■650  4▼aGame  theory
■650  4▼aGrants
■650  4▼aEnergy  consumption
■650  4▼aNonprofit  organizations
■650  4▼aSocial  structure
■653    ▼aNonprofit  organizations
■653    ▼aStakeholder  systems
■653    ▼aSocietal  change
■690    ▼a0700
■690    ▼a0703
■690    ▼a0454
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02A.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359222▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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