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Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202104851
- ISBN
- 9798288816222
- DDC
- 004
- 서명/저자
- Decision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : Stanford University, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 138 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: A.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Shachter, Ross.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Achieving societal change requires understanding complex systems with multiple stakeholders well enough to design and implement nuanced interventions. Policymakers and leaders in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) face problems that defy easy solutions and are hard to address using the scientific method. Nevertheless, these problems have been studied by social scientists for centuries and a body of literature exists that addresses policy decisions from a government perspective. In contrast, the perspective of decision making for nonprofit leaders has been less explored. Unlike policymakers, nonprofit leaders allocate resources to effect change in specific settings and thus need to interpret information in the context of their intended beneficiaries. Assumptions are not only necessary, given the limited information, but can also enrich the decision-making process by incorporating a deep understanding of the context that NPO leaders and beneficiaries can provide. A common tool used in the sector to describe the hypotheses of change, plan activities, and measure impact is the Theory of Change framework. Theories of change often rely on the development economics literature and other policy-oriented results as input, but there is no standardized method to construct them, and there is little guidance on how to interpret the numeric parameter estimates within a nonprofit organization's desired impact context. In addition, leaders might have multiple possible interventions at their disposal whose impact has been estimated using different inference strategies. A formal model to compare alternatives and estimate their impact on complex stakeholder systems can help guide the decision making process and empower nonprofit leaders with valuable insights to better address societal needs.This dissertation expands the toolkit available to nonprofit decision makers by providing a formal framework for approaching decision making under uncertainty in the context of societal change. I take a decision-analytic approach, aiming to provide clarity of action to decision makers in specific contexts and incorporating their subjective beliefs and understandings of a system's dynamics. My work combines two existing tools commonly used in the nonprofit sector and in decision analysis, respectively: theories of change and influence diagrams. I will show how they can be used in synergy to empower decision makers with flexible yet insightful models, to leverage existing evidence to efficiently update beliefs, and to provide insights for decision makers in private foundations that advance their missions through the services of other organizations. Although I occasionally use hypothetical organizations to exemplify the framework, I take a mission-agnostic perspective and provide tools that can be generally applied in the sector. I assume that organizations have a well-defined objective and have identified potential interventions (or service providers in the case of foundations) to advance that objective. The models and framework provided can help a decision maker compare alternatives in a structured process.In Chapter 3, I present a formal mathematical model for expressing beliefs about mechanisms of action and comparing alternative theories of change to achieve the desired impact. Using a hypothetical organization as an example, I show how to construct a probabilistic graphical model from theories of change and how to add decisions to obtain an influence diagram. Then, I demonstrate how to use the influence diagram to express beliefs about the impact of decisions and choose between alternative strategies. This chapter has a nontechnical audience in mind, aiming to provide NPO leaders with the intuition to guide their decision making process and interpret evidence-informed influence diagram models. The example concludes with a preferred alternative and an estimate of the impact that could be achieved by the organization.In Chapter 4, I show how non-cooperative game theory models of stakeholders interacting can be used to reduce uncertainty in producer-consumer markets by characterizing equilibrium outcomes as a function of other variables. This tool complements the influence diagrams from the previous chapter, but assumes a more technical audience.Chapter 5 addresses the problem of using existing experimental results to learn about uncertainty in theories of change. I formulate a statistical model to derive evidence-informed influence diagrams consistent with the potential outcomes framework and with no loss of information when constructed from development economics results, even in the absence of full access to the empirical data, under standard distribution assumptions. These influence diagrams allow decision makers to express an evidence-informed understanding of the effect of different interventions on the outcomes using a full posterior distribution, allowing for a richer space of welfare functions and risk attitudes in the decision making process. The approach is illustrated by applying Neyman's average treatment effect estimator to randomized trial results, and it could be generalized to other estimation strategies. This is the most technical chapter and assumes a strong statistical background.Finally, Chapter 6 takes the perspective of a private foundation advancing their mission indirectly through the services of operating nonprofit organizations. I construct a formal mathematical model for a multi-period grant-allocation market from the perspective of a private foundation, using decision analysis and game theory to provide actionable insights to private foundations of different sizes and objectives on recommended strategies to maximize their impact through the grant-making process. In particular, I show that general-purpose grants are preferred over project-specific funding in many cases; smaller private foundations may benefit more from continued support grants than exploratory grants; there is a positive value of information in learning from innovative approaches which should be funded by larger foundations; and smaller foundations benefit from using external sources of information rather than having complex grant application processes.
- 일반주제명
- Mathematical models
- 일반주제명
- Foundations
- 일반주제명
- Decision making
- 일반주제명
- Empowerment
- 일반주제명
- Social change
- 일반주제명
- Game theory
- 일반주제명
- Grants
- 일반주제명
- Energy consumption
- 일반주제명
- Nonprofit organizations
- 일반주제명
- Social structure
- 키워드
- Societal change
- 기타저자
- Stanford University.
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02A.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■020 ▼a9798288816222
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■1001 ▼aRodriguez Silva Santisteban, Fernando Rafael.
■24510▼aDecision Analysis of the Theory of Change Under Uncertainty in the Nonprofit Sector
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford University▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a138 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: A.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Shachter, Ross.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2025.
■520 ▼aAchieving societal change requires understanding complex systems with multiple stakeholders well enough to design and implement nuanced interventions. Policymakers and leaders in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) face problems that defy easy solutions and are hard to address using the scientific method. Nevertheless, these problems have been studied by social scientists for centuries and a body of literature exists that addresses policy decisions from a government perspective. In contrast, the perspective of decision making for nonprofit leaders has been less explored. Unlike policymakers, nonprofit leaders allocate resources to effect change in specific settings and thus need to interpret information in the context of their intended beneficiaries. Assumptions are not only necessary, given the limited information, but can also enrich the decision-making process by incorporating a deep understanding of the context that NPO leaders and beneficiaries can provide. A common tool used in the sector to describe the hypotheses of change, plan activities, and measure impact is the Theory of Change framework. Theories of change often rely on the development economics literature and other policy-oriented results as input, but there is no standardized method to construct them, and there is little guidance on how to interpret the numeric parameter estimates within a nonprofit organization's desired impact context. In addition, leaders might have multiple possible interventions at their disposal whose impact has been estimated using different inference strategies. A formal model to compare alternatives and estimate their impact on complex stakeholder systems can help guide the decision making process and empower nonprofit leaders with valuable insights to better address societal needs.This dissertation expands the toolkit available to nonprofit decision makers by providing a formal framework for approaching decision making under uncertainty in the context of societal change. I take a decision-analytic approach, aiming to provide clarity of action to decision makers in specific contexts and incorporating their subjective beliefs and understandings of a system's dynamics. My work combines two existing tools commonly used in the nonprofit sector and in decision analysis, respectively: theories of change and influence diagrams. I will show how they can be used in synergy to empower decision makers with flexible yet insightful models, to leverage existing evidence to efficiently update beliefs, and to provide insights for decision makers in private foundations that advance their missions through the services of other organizations. Although I occasionally use hypothetical organizations to exemplify the framework, I take a mission-agnostic perspective and provide tools that can be generally applied in the sector. I assume that organizations have a well-defined objective and have identified potential interventions (or service providers in the case of foundations) to advance that objective. The models and framework provided can help a decision maker compare alternatives in a structured process.In Chapter 3, I present a formal mathematical model for expressing beliefs about mechanisms of action and comparing alternative theories of change to achieve the desired impact. Using a hypothetical organization as an example, I show how to construct a probabilistic graphical model from theories of change and how to add decisions to obtain an influence diagram. Then, I demonstrate how to use the influence diagram to express beliefs about the impact of decisions and choose between alternative strategies. This chapter has a nontechnical audience in mind, aiming to provide NPO leaders with the intuition to guide their decision making process and interpret evidence-informed influence diagram models. The example concludes with a preferred alternative and an estimate of the impact that could be achieved by the organization.In Chapter 4, I show how non-cooperative game theory models of stakeholders interacting can be used to reduce uncertainty in producer-consumer markets by characterizing equilibrium outcomes as a function of other variables. This tool complements the influence diagrams from the previous chapter, but assumes a more technical audience.Chapter 5 addresses the problem of using existing experimental results to learn about uncertainty in theories of change. I formulate a statistical model to derive evidence-informed influence diagrams consistent with the potential outcomes framework and with no loss of information when constructed from development economics results, even in the absence of full access to the empirical data, under standard distribution assumptions. These influence diagrams allow decision makers to express an evidence-informed understanding of the effect of different interventions on the outcomes using a full posterior distribution, allowing for a richer space of welfare functions and risk attitudes in the decision making process. The approach is illustrated by applying Neyman's average treatment effect estimator to randomized trial results, and it could be generalized to other estimation strategies. This is the most technical chapter and assumes a strong statistical background.Finally, Chapter 6 takes the perspective of a private foundation advancing their mission indirectly through the services of operating nonprofit organizations. I construct a formal mathematical model for a multi-period grant-allocation market from the perspective of a private foundation, using decision analysis and game theory to provide actionable insights to private foundations of different sizes and objectives on recommended strategies to maximize their impact through the grant-making process. In particular, I show that general-purpose grants are preferred over project-specific funding in many cases; smaller private foundations may benefit more from continued support grants than exploratory grants; there is a positive value of information in learning from innovative approaches which should be funded by larger foundations; and smaller foundations benefit from using external sources of information rather than having complex grant application processes.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0212.
■650 4▼aMathematical models
■650 4▼aFoundations
■650 4▼aDecision making
■650 4▼aEmpowerment
■650 4▼aSocial change
■650 4▼aGame theory
■650 4▼aGrants
■650 4▼aEnergy consumption
■650 4▼aNonprofit organizations
■650 4▼aSocial structure
■653 ▼aNonprofit organizations
■653 ▼aStakeholder systems
■653 ▼aSocietal change
■690 ▼a0700
■690 ▼a0703
■690 ▼a0454
■71020▼aStanford University.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-02A.
■790 ▼a0212
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359222▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


