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Dissecting the Function of Astrocytic Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules
Dissecting the Function of Astrocytic Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules
Dissecting the Function of Astrocytic Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104858
ISBN  
9798288816505
DDC  
591
저자명  
Golf, Samantha Rose.
서명/저자  
Dissecting the Function of Astrocytic Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecules
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023
형태사항  
120 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sudhof, Thomas.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2023.
초록/해제  
요약Information is transmitted through the nervous system via neuronal contacts called synapses. Significant effort has been invested in developing techniques to visualize synaptic connectivity and better understand the mechanisms underlying synapse formation and function. Studies identifying essential synaptic molecules have primarily focused on those expressed by neurons. However, most synapses are tripartite in nature, meaning the pre- and/or post-synaptic neurons are contacted by a third element: astrocytes. How astrocytes establish and maintain synaptic interactions has yet to be elucidated. Novel RNA sequencing techniques have revealed that astrocytes express several synaptic cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) conventionally understood to regulate neuron-neuron interactions. Among these CAMs are neuroligins (Nlgns), a family of canonically neuronal, postsynaptic molecules that form trans-synaptic complexes with pre-synaptic neurexins. Thus, Nlgns are poised as a candidate for regulating astrocyte-neuron interactions at tripartite synapses. Supporting this theory, a recent study reported that loss of astrocytic Nlgn2 diminishes astrocyte size and impairs excitatory synaptogenesis. However, this conflicts with earlier studies finding constitutive deletion of Nlgns does not affect synapse number. To clarify the potential role of Nlgns at synapses, we genetically deleted Nlgns 1-3 in astrocytes at early postnatal timepoints. We report no subsequent impairment of synaptic or glial protein expression via immunoblot analysis and no apparent change in synapse number as measured by confocal imaging of antibody labelling of synaptic proteins in the hippocampus CA1 or visual cortex layer IV. Further, deletion of Nlgns 1-3 did not affect electrophysiological measures of basal excitatory or inhibitory synaptic function in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, 3D volume reconstruction of control and Nlgn1-3 cKO astrocytes expressing membrane-bound mVenus revealed that astrocyte volume is unaffected by deletion of Nlgns1-3. Thus, Nlgns are neither fundamentally required for proper synaptogenesis nor astrocyte morphogenesis. To identify molecules required for synapse development and maintenance, monosynaptic rabies virus (RV) tracing methods have been developed. Replicationdeficient RV allows mapping of neurons precisely one synapse upstream from genetically targeted starter neurons. This tool has been widely implemented to quantify alterations in synapse number following deletion of candidate synaptic organizer molecules. However, the magnitude of synapse number loss as measured by monosynaptic RV tracing can exceed quantification using traditional immunohistochemistry techniques. As deletion of synaptic organizers can affect both the number and function of synapses, a possible source of this discrepancy could be that monosynaptic RV tracing is affected by synaptic activity. In fact, an earlier study reported that the degree of monosynaptic RV labelling can be bidirectionally modulated by controlling input neuron activity, with increased activation leading to elevated labelling and decreased activation resulting in diminished labelling. However, whether retrograde neuronal labelling by monosynaptic RV tracing solely requires the presence of structural synapses or if it is also dependent upon the type of synaptic transmission remained an open question. To address this, we eliminated evoked transmission by conditionally deleting synaptotagmins 1 and 7 and found that spontaneous release is sufficient for spread of monosynaptic RV. Loss of both evoked and spontaneous synaptic transmission via tetanus toxin expression, however, completely halted retrograde labelling. Together, our studies contribute to a better understanding of how astrocytes maintain tripartite synapses as well as the modern techniques used to label them, supporting future studies to further elucidate the diverse molecular and cellular underpinnings of the synapse.
일반주제명  
Neurons
일반주제명  
Antibodies
일반주제명  
Synapses
일반주제명  
Labeling
일반주제명  
Genetic engineering
일반주제명  
Rabies
일반주제명  
Brain
일반주제명  
Transgenic animals
일반주제명  
Viruses
일반주제명  
Potassium
일반주제명  
Morphogenesis
일반주제명  
Postpartum period
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Neurosciences
키워드  
Neuroligins
키워드  
Astrocyte-neuron interactions
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aGolf,  Samantha  Rose.
■24510▼aDissecting  the  Function  of  Astrocytic  Synaptic  Cell  Adhesion  Molecules
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2023
■300    ▼a120  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sudhof,  Thomas.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2023.
■520    ▼aInformation  is  transmitted  through  the  nervous  system  via  neuronal  contacts  called  synapses.  Significant  effort  has  been  invested  in  developing  techniques  to  visualize  synaptic  connectivity  and  better  understand  the  mechanisms  underlying  synapse  formation  and  function.  Studies  identifying  essential  synaptic  molecules  have  primarily  focused  on  those  expressed  by  neurons.  However,  most  synapses  are  tripartite  in  nature,  meaning  the  pre-  and/or  post-synaptic  neurons  are  contacted  by  a  third  element:  astrocytes.  How  astrocytes  establish  and  maintain  synaptic  interactions  has  yet  to  be  elucidated.  Novel  RNA  sequencing  techniques  have  revealed  that  astrocytes  express  several  synaptic  cell  adhesion  molecules  (CAMs)  conventionally  understood  to  regulate  neuron-neuron  interactions.  Among  these  CAMs  are  neuroligins  (Nlgns),  a  family  of  canonically  neuronal,  postsynaptic  molecules  that  form  trans-synaptic  complexes  with  pre-synaptic  neurexins.  Thus,  Nlgns  are  poised  as  a  candidate  for  regulating  astrocyte-neuron  interactions  at  tripartite  synapses.  Supporting  this  theory,  a  recent  study  reported  that  loss  of  astrocytic  Nlgn2  diminishes  astrocyte  size  and  impairs  excitatory  synaptogenesis.  However,  this  conflicts  with  earlier  studies  finding  constitutive  deletion  of  Nlgns  does  not  affect  synapse  number.  To  clarify  the  potential  role  of  Nlgns  at  synapses,  we  genetically  deleted  Nlgns  1-3  in  astrocytes  at  early  postnatal  timepoints.  We  report  no  subsequent  impairment  of  synaptic  or  glial  protein  expression  via  immunoblot  analysis  and  no  apparent  change  in  synapse  number  as  measured  by  confocal  imaging  of  antibody  labelling  of  synaptic  proteins  in  the  hippocampus  CA1  or  visual  cortex  layer  IV.  Further,  deletion  of  Nlgns  1-3  did  not  affect  electrophysiological  measures  of  basal  excitatory  or  inhibitory  synaptic  function  in  CA1  pyramidal  neurons.  Additionally,  3D  volume  reconstruction  of  control  and  Nlgn1-3  cKO  astrocytes  expressing  membrane-bound  mVenus  revealed  that  astrocyte  volume  is  unaffected  by  deletion  of  Nlgns1-3.  Thus,  Nlgns  are  neither  fundamentally  required  for  proper  synaptogenesis  nor  astrocyte  morphogenesis. To  identify  molecules  required  for  synapse  development  and  maintenance,  monosynaptic  rabies  virus  (RV)  tracing  methods  have  been  developed.  Replicationdeficient  RV  allows  mapping  of  neurons  precisely  one  synapse  upstream  from  genetically  targeted  starter  neurons.  This  tool  has  been  widely  implemented  to  quantify  alterations  in  synapse  number  following  deletion  of  candidate  synaptic  organizer  molecules.  However,  the  magnitude  of  synapse  number  loss  as  measured  by  monosynaptic  RV  tracing  can  exceed  quantification  using  traditional  immunohistochemistry  techniques.  As  deletion  of  synaptic  organizers  can  affect  both  the  number  and  function  of  synapses,  a  possible  source  of  this  discrepancy  could  be  that  monosynaptic  RV  tracing  is  affected  by  synaptic  activity.  In  fact,  an  earlier  study  reported  that  the  degree  of  monosynaptic  RV  labelling  can  be  bidirectionally  modulated  by  controlling  input  neuron  activity,  with  increased  activation  leading  to  elevated  labelling  and  decreased  activation  resulting  in  diminished  labelling.  However,  whether  retrograde  neuronal  labelling  by  monosynaptic  RV  tracing  solely  requires  the  presence  of  structural  synapses  or  if  it  is  also  dependent  upon  the  type  of  synaptic  transmission  remained  an  open  question.  To  address  this,  we  eliminated  evoked  transmission  by  conditionally  deleting  synaptotagmins  1  and  7  and  found  that  spontaneous  release  is  sufficient  for  spread  of  monosynaptic  RV.  Loss  of  both  evoked  and  spontaneous  synaptic  transmission  via  tetanus  toxin  expression,  however,  completely  halted  retrograde  labelling. Together,  our  studies  contribute  to  a  better  understanding  of  how  astrocytes  maintain  tripartite  synapses  as  well  as  the  modern  techniques  used  to  label  them,  supporting  future  studies  to  further  elucidate  the  diverse  molecular  and  cellular  underpinnings  of  the  synapse.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aNeurons
■650  4▼aAntibodies
■650  4▼aSynapses
■650  4▼aLabeling
■650  4▼aGenetic  engineering
■650  4▼aRabies
■650  4▼aBrain
■650  4▼aTransgenic  animals
■650  4▼aViruses
■650  4▼aPotassium
■650  4▼aMorphogenesis
■650  4▼aPostpartum  period
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aNeurosciences
■653    ▼aNeuroligins
■653    ▼aAstrocyte-neuron  interactions
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0317
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359264▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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