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Applying Causal Inference to Topics in Labor and Development Economics
Applying Causal Inference to Topics in Labor and Development Economics
Applying Causal Inference to Topics in Labor and Development Economics

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202102953
ISBN  
9798288861901
DDC  
000
저자명  
Wang, Samuel Zicheng.
서명/저자  
Applying Causal Inference to Topics in Labor and Development Economics
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
166 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Faber, Benjamin.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The central theme of this dissertation is applying causal inference methods to the analysis of issues of policy importance in labor and development economics, using knowledge in econometrics and quantitative economics learned throughout the PhD. Recent advances in causal inference---rigorously studying how changes in certain factors affect the outcome---have greatly enriched econometrics and economics. In this work I apply several methods to study policy questions that affect businesses, workers, and consumers worldwide across a variety of contexts to demonstrate their applications to real-world economics issues.Chapter 1 of this dissertation applies a shift-share instrumental variables (SSIV) approach to study the effect of labor demand shocks on local consumer prices in Mexico. Policymakers have been interested in how local labor demand shocks affect welfare. While many studies have examined the effects of local shocks on nominal income, much less attention has been paid to prices, the denominator of real income. Using data on the universe of CPI price quotes, workers, and firms in Mexico, I study the effects of local labor demand shocks on local consumer prices. To base the estimation on plausibly exogenous variation, I propose an Instrumental Variables strategy that leverages national industry-level changes in labor demand in combination with pre-existing employment shares. I find that a 1 percentage point increase in the growth rate of local labor demand leads to a 0.061 percentage point increase in services inflation, but a 0.099 percentage point decrease in goods inflation. The effects are concentrated in products that exhibit larger geographic price variation and are more subject to local markups. The decrease in product prices is consistent with increased product entry as firms introduce new varieties in locations with increasing market size, while services are more exposed to increases in local wages. To guide the interpretation of empirical results, I develop a general equilibrium model that features variable markups and endogenous firm entry. Comparative statics show that an increase in market size driven by local labor demand shocks leads to relatively lower markups and prices on continuing varieties. The overall effect on non-housing inflation is close to zero as lower inflation in tradables cancels out higher inflation in services, but poorer households see their price indices fall more than richer households, who spend more on services.Chapter 2 of this dissertation, joint with Uyanga Bambaa, Edward Miguel, and Michael Walker, estimates the gender wage gap and examines the underlying factors that cause the gap in Kenya. The gender wage gap remains persistent across the world, especially in low- and middle-income countries. We estimate the magnitude of the gender wage gap and contributors to it in Kenya utilizing a rich dataset from the Kenya Life Panel Survey (KLPS) covering 5,878 adults. The data measure typically unobservable individual characteristics that could potentially determine wages, such as cognition, personality traits, job task indices, and economic preferences, allowing for estimation of the gender wage gap among prime-age adult workers in Kenya controlling for extensive covariates. We use both regression and causal machine learning methods to estimate the gender wage gap. We find that women earn 78 log points less than men (54%) without adjustments, and 41 log points less (34%) after controlling for education, experience, demographics, occupation, cognition, personality, preferences, and job task indices. The latter four account for 18% of the residual gap unexplained by education and occupation. The large gender wage gap after accounting for a rich set of potential confounders potentially suggests the role of discrimination and social norms in hindering women's access to opportunities in the labor market.Chapter 3 of this dissertation, joint with Matthew Grant and Meredith Startz, combines causal inference with structural modeling in a setting where rigorous identification is challenging to yield insights on the gains from firm consolidation among small retailers in Nigeria. We ask: Why are consumer goods in low-income countries often sold in a physical market area with many small firms side-by-side, rather than by a large, integrated retailer as is more common in high-income countries? To what extent does this matter for prices? We begin by documenting a set of novel empirical patterns about markets in Lagos, Nigeria, using original survey data among 1,500 firms. We show that wholesale/retail firms incur large fixed costs when sourcing goods for resale from distant suppliers; as a result, they often source from very nearby suppliers within their own market. We also document that labor and supervision costs are increasing in the number of employees, consistent with span of control or agency problems. We build a structural model in which these countervailing economies and diseconomies of scale lead to a large number of co-located, independent wholesalers and retailers who transact with one another but maintain boundaries between firms as the equilibrium market structure. Compared to standard models accounting for the firm size distribution in developing countries, this leads to substantively different conclusions about the welfare costs of small firms. Quantifying this comparison is still in progress, but the qualitative insight is that small firms that co-locate and source within a market capture some of the gains from scale in sourcing while aligning labor incentives. In essence, there is less gain to be had from turning micro-entrepreneurs in the retail sector in a Nigerian market into cashiers in a large firm than might be expected.
키워드  
Causal inference
키워드  
Development economics
키워드  
Econometrics
키워드  
Labor demand
키워드  
Shift-share instrumental variables
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aWang,  Samuel  Zicheng.
■24510▼aApplying  Causal  Inference  to  Topics  in  Labor  and  Development  Economics
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a166  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Faber,  Benjamin.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  central  theme  of  this  dissertation  is  applying  causal  inference  methods  to  the  analysis  of  issues  of  policy  importance  in  labor  and  development  economics,  using  knowledge  in  econometrics  and  quantitative  economics  learned  throughout  the  PhD.  Recent  advances  in  causal  inference---rigorously  studying  how  changes  in  certain  factors  affect  the  outcome---have  greatly  enriched  econometrics  and  economics.  In  this  work  I  apply  several  methods  to  study  policy  questions  that  affect  businesses,  workers,  and  consumers  worldwide  across  a  variety  of  contexts  to  demonstrate  their  applications  to  real-world  economics  issues.Chapter  1  of  this  dissertation  applies  a  shift-share  instrumental  variables  (SSIV)  approach  to  study  the  effect  of  labor  demand  shocks  on  local  consumer  prices  in  Mexico.  Policymakers  have  been  interested  in  how  local  labor  demand  shocks  affect  welfare.  While  many  studies  have  examined  the  effects  of  local  shocks  on  nominal  income,  much  less  attention  has  been  paid  to  prices,  the  denominator  of  real  income.  Using  data  on  the  universe  of  CPI  price  quotes,  workers,  and  firms  in  Mexico,  I  study  the  effects  of  local  labor  demand  shocks  on  local  consumer  prices.  To  base  the  estimation  on  plausibly  exogenous  variation,  I  propose  an  Instrumental  Variables  strategy  that  leverages  national  industry-level  changes  in  labor  demand  in  combination  with  pre-existing  employment  shares.  I  find  that  a  1  percentage  point  increase  in  the  growth  rate  of  local  labor  demand  leads  to  a  0.061  percentage  point  increase  in  services  inflation,  but  a  0.099  percentage  point  decrease  in  goods  inflation.  The  effects  are  concentrated  in  products  that  exhibit  larger  geographic  price  variation  and  are  more  subject  to  local  markups.  The  decrease  in  product  prices  is  consistent  with  increased  product  entry  as  firms  introduce  new  varieties  in  locations  with  increasing  market  size,  while  services  are  more  exposed  to  increases  in  local  wages.  To  guide  the  interpretation  of  empirical  results,  I  develop  a  general  equilibrium  model  that  features  variable  markups  and  endogenous  firm  entry.  Comparative  statics  show  that  an  increase  in  market  size  driven  by  local  labor  demand  shocks  leads  to  relatively  lower  markups  and  prices  on  continuing  varieties.  The  overall  effect  on  non-housing  inflation  is  close  to  zero  as  lower  inflation  in  tradables  cancels  out  higher  inflation  in  services,  but  poorer  households  see  their  price  indices  fall  more  than  richer  households,  who  spend  more  on  services.Chapter  2  of  this  dissertation,  joint  with  Uyanga  Bambaa,  Edward  Miguel,  and  Michael  Walker,  estimates  the  gender  wage  gap  and  examines  the  underlying  factors  that  cause  the  gap  in  Kenya.  The  gender  wage  gap  remains  persistent  across  the  world,  especially  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries.  We  estimate  the  magnitude  of  the  gender  wage  gap  and  contributors  to  it  in  Kenya  utilizing  a  rich  dataset  from  the  Kenya  Life  Panel  Survey  (KLPS)  covering  5,878  adults.  The  data  measure  typically  unobservable  individual  characteristics  that  could  potentially  determine  wages,  such  as  cognition,  personality  traits,  job  task  indices,  and  economic  preferences,  allowing  for  estimation  of  the  gender  wage  gap  among  prime-age  adult  workers  in  Kenya  controlling  for  extensive  covariates.  We  use  both  regression  and  causal  machine  learning  methods  to  estimate  the  gender  wage  gap.  We  find  that  women  earn  78  log  points  less  than  men  (54%)  without  adjustments,  and  41  log  points  less  (34%)  after  controlling  for  education,  experience,  demographics,  occupation,  cognition,  personality,  preferences,  and  job  task  indices.  The  latter  four  account  for  18%  of  the  residual  gap  unexplained  by  education  and  occupation.  The  large  gender  wage  gap  after  accounting  for  a  rich  set  of  potential  confounders  potentially  suggests  the  role  of  discrimination  and  social  norms  in  hindering  women's  access  to  opportunities  in  the  labor  market.Chapter  3  of  this  dissertation,  joint  with  Matthew  Grant  and  Meredith  Startz,  combines  causal  inference  with  structural  modeling  in  a  setting  where  rigorous  identification  is  challenging  to  yield  insights  on  the  gains  from  firm  consolidation  among  small  retailers  in  Nigeria.  We  ask:  Why  are  consumer  goods  in  low-income  countries  often  sold  in  a  physical  market  area  with  many  small  firms  side-by-side,  rather  than  by  a  large,  integrated  retailer  as  is  more  common  in  high-income  countries?  To  what  extent  does  this  matter  for  prices?  We  begin  by  documenting  a  set  of  novel  empirical  patterns  about  markets  in  Lagos,  Nigeria,  using  original  survey  data  among  1,500  firms.  We  show  that  wholesale/retail  firms  incur  large  fixed  costs  when  sourcing  goods  for  resale  from  distant  suppliers;  as  a  result,  they  often  source  from  very  nearby  suppliers  within  their  own  market.  We  also  document  that  labor  and  supervision  costs  are  increasing  in  the  number  of  employees,  consistent  with  span  of  control  or  agency  problems.  We  build  a  structural  model  in  which  these  countervailing  economies  and  diseconomies  of  scale  lead  to  a  large  number  of  co-located,  independent  wholesalers  and  retailers  who  transact  with  one  another  but  maintain  boundaries  between  firms  as  the  equilibrium  market  structure.  Compared  to  standard  models  accounting  for  the  firm  size  distribution  in  developing  countries,  this  leads  to  substantively  different  conclusions  about  the  welfare  costs  of  small  firms.  Quantifying  this  comparison  is  still  in  progress,  but  the  qualitative  insight  is  that  small  firms  that  co-locate  and  source  within  a  market  capture  some  of  the  gains  from  scale  in  sourcing  while  aligning  labor  incentives.  In  essence,  there  is  less  gain  to  be  had  from  turning  micro-entrepreneurs  in  the  retail  sector  in  a  Nigerian  market  into  cashiers  in  a  large  firm  than  might  be  expected.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■653    ▼aCausal  inference
■653    ▼aDevelopment  economics
■653    ▼aEconometrics
■653    ▼aLabor  demand
■653    ▼aShift-share  instrumental  variables
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0510
■690    ▼a0454
■690    ▼a0629
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356566▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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