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Behavioral Variation Drives Mixed-Species Grouping in an Asexual-Sexual Fish Species Complex
Behavioral Variation Drives Mixed-Species Grouping in an Asexual-Sexual Fish Species Compl...
Behavioral Variation Drives Mixed-Species Grouping in an Asexual-Sexual Fish Species Complex

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104647
ISBN  
9798290614441
DDC  
574.5
저자명  
Aguinaga, Jonathan.
서명/저자  
Behavioral Variation Drives Mixed-Species Grouping in an Asexual-Sexual Fish Species Complex
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
148 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Laskowski, Kate.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Predation threat is a major driver of behavior in many prey species. Animals can recognize their relative risk of predation based on cues in the environment, including visual and/or chemical cues released by a predator or from its prey. Predator naive fish often exhibit appropriate anti-predator responses when faced with these chemical cues. This suggests that the ability to recognize and appropriately respond to chemical cues is genetically conserved. When threat of predation is high, prey often respond by altering their behavior to reduce their probability of detection and/or capture. But not all species within a community exhibit the same type of behavioral responses. This suggests that species that form mixed-species groups may provide different types of social information when responding to risky conditions. The ability to collect and use social information produced by the actions of conspecifics and heterospecifics may be a critical driver to the formation and maintenance of mixed-species grouping. To explain why mixed-species groups are so common in nature, researchers often credit improved foraging and anti-predator behaviors as the main driver. But, I argue that improved social information produced by behavioral variation at the within- and between-species axes may mechanistically explain these improved group-level behaviors. Broadly, my dissertation evaluates whether two species of fish that naturally form mixed-species shoals in the wild exhibit similar or distinct behavioral responses to varying levels of ecological risk at the individual-level and at the shoal level using automated tracking pipelines and computer vision. Its generally assumed that small prey fish retain an innate ability to respond to chemical cues from a predator and damaged conspecifics. This is important to verify, especially in fish that have been reared in lab conditions without exposure to predation risk for multiple generations. Here, I test how a clonal fish, the Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), behaviorally responds to predation cues. I measured aggressive and social behaviors both under 'risk', where chemical cues from predatory fish and injured conspecifics were present, and control contexts (no risk cues present). I predicted that mollies would exhibit reduced aggression towards a simulated intruder and increased sociability under risk contexts as aggression might increase their visibility to a predator and shoaling should decrease their chance of capture through the dilution effect. As predicted, I found that Amazon mollies spent more time with a conspecific when risk cues were present, however they did not reduce their aggression. This highlights the general result of the 'safety in numbers' behavioral response that many small shoaling species exhibit, including these clonal fish, which suggests that mollies may view this response as a more effective anti-predator response compared to limiting their detectability by reducing aggressive conspecific interactions. In my second chapter, I explore whether individual Amazon and Atlantic mollies (which naturally form mixed-species shoals in the wild) exhibit distinct or similar behavioral responses under varying levels of ecologically relevant risk. Animals experience varying levels of risk throughout their lives, and how individuals trade off between risk and reward has critical ecological and evolutionary consequences. However, behavioral responses to risk can differ not only between species within a community, but also among individuals of the same species. Whether species-level differences in risk sensitivity promote distinct or similar responses to variable threat can help explain why certain species coexist in a community. In this chapter, I examine the individual behavioral responses of two closely related fish species: the unisexual Amazon (Poecilia formosa) and Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana) which form a unique asexual-sexual species complex and naturally co-occur in the wild. I repeatedly measure individual fish in repeated trials of an open-space novel foraging task while in the presence of low, medium, and high environmental risk. For each individual, I leverage high-resolution automated tracking to measure fine-scale behavioral differences, including swimming velocity, cover use, sociability, predator inspection behaviors and overall foraging success. I find that for some behaviors, whether Amazon and Atlantic mollies exhibit distinct responses depends on the level of environmental threat. In general, Amazon mollies are more active and exploratory, can find foraging opportunities more quickly, but investigate conspecifics and predators less often than Atlantics. These species also align in behavior, expressing similar amounts of cover use and inspection of novel stimuli under different risk contexts. Overall, these results suggest that these species may have different tolerances to risk. That the Amazon and Atlantic mollies exhibit both similar and distinct responses to risk could enable the asexual and gynogenetic Amazon to persist in nature by exploiting complementary ecological niches which may facilitate their continued coexistence in the wild. In my final chapter, I assess whether the behavioral responses exhibited in asocial contexts extend to social contexts. More specifically, I evaluate whether mixed-species shoals outperform single-species shoals regarding foraging performance, and if increased behavioral variation may contribute to this pattern. Mixed-species groups exhibit behavioral variation in two different axes: within- and between species. This increased behavioral variation may enhance the availability of social information to all group members about resource abundance or potential risks in the environment. That species differ in behavior suggests that social information regarding foraging opportunities may travel faster in mixed-species groups compared to single-species groups. Here, I use the Amazon (Poecilia formosa) and Atlantic (Poecilia mexicana) mollies, who naturally co-occur and form mixed-species shoals in the wild, to investigate to what extent species-level differences in risk-taking behavior influences group foraging performance for mixed-species shoals. Do mixed-species shoals outperform single-species shoals? To test this, I assay single- and mixed-species group compositions in a novel open-space foraging task under different levels of threat. I find that single-species Amazon shoals take more risks than Atlantic shoals, while mixed-species shoals often behave differently from both, but not always. In general, mixed-species shoals show higher movement speeds, more time inspecting a threat, and increased foraging performance. However, these improved feeding rates are not experienced equally by all group members. In trials involving mixed-species shoals, Amazon mollies tend to emerge as leaders and drive improved group foraging performance, often arriving at the patch faster than Atlantic mollies. These results suggest that both species mutually benefit by forming mixed-species shoals: the gynogenetic Amazon gains reproductive benefits by parasitizing sperm, while Atlantics gain valuable social information generated via the actions of risk-prone Amazon mollies, while both continue to retain 'safety in numbers' and reduced predation risk. Altogether, the within- and between-species behavioral variation may give mixed-species shoals an edge over single-species compositions. 
일반주제명  
Ecology
일반주제명  
Biology
일반주제명  
Behavioral sciences
키워드  
Animal behavior
키워드  
Heterospecifics
키워드  
Automated tracking
키워드  
Fish
키워드  
Mixed-species shoal
키워드  
Predation risk
기타저자  
University of California, Davis Population Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aAguinaga,  Jonathan.
■24510▼aBehavioral  Variation  Drives  Mixed-Species  Grouping  in  an  Asexual-Sexual  Fish  Species  Complex
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a148  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Laskowski,  Kate.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Davis,  2025.
■520    ▼aPredation  threat  is  a  major  driver  of  behavior  in  many  prey  species.  Animals  can  recognize  their  relative  risk  of  predation  based  on  cues  in  the  environment,  including  visual  and/or  chemical  cues  released  by  a  predator  or  from  its  prey.  Predator  naive  fish  often  exhibit  appropriate  anti-predator  responses  when  faced  with  these  chemical  cues.  This  suggests  that  the  ability  to  recognize  and  appropriately  respond  to  chemical  cues  is  genetically  conserved.  When  threat  of  predation  is  high,  prey  often  respond  by  altering  their  behavior  to  reduce  their  probability  of  detection  and/or  capture.  But  not  all  species  within  a  community  exhibit  the  same  type  of  behavioral  responses.  This  suggests  that  species  that  form  mixed-species  groups  may  provide  different  types  of  social  information  when  responding  to  risky  conditions.  The  ability  to  collect  and  use  social  information  produced  by  the  actions  of  conspecifics  and  heterospecifics  may  be  a  critical  driver  to  the  formation  and  maintenance  of  mixed-species  grouping.  To  explain  why  mixed-species  groups  are  so  common  in  nature,  researchers  often  credit  improved  foraging  and  anti-predator  behaviors  as  the  main  driver.  But,  I  argue  that  improved  social  information  produced  by  behavioral  variation  at  the  within-  and  between-species  axes  may  mechanistically  explain  these  improved  group-level  behaviors.  Broadly,  my  dissertation  evaluates  whether  two  species  of  fish  that  naturally  form  mixed-species  shoals  in  the  wild  exhibit  similar  or  distinct  behavioral  responses  to  varying  levels  of  ecological  risk  at  the  individual-level  and  at  the  shoal  level  using  automated  tracking  pipelines  and  computer  vision. Its  generally  assumed  that  small  prey  fish  retain  an  innate  ability  to  respond  to  chemical  cues  from  a  predator  and  damaged  conspecifics.  This  is  important  to  verify,  especially  in  fish  that  have  been  reared  in  lab  conditions  without  exposure  to  predation  risk  for  multiple  generations.  Here,  I  test  how  a  clonal  fish,  the  Amazon  molly  (Poecilia  formosa),  behaviorally responds  to  predation  cues.  I  measured  aggressive  and  social  behaviors  both  under  'risk',  where  chemical  cues  from  predatory  fish  and  injured  conspecifics  were  present,  and  control  contexts  (no  risk  cues  present).  I  predicted  that  mollies  would  exhibit  reduced  aggression  towards  a  simulated  intruder  and  increased  sociability  under  risk  contexts  as  aggression  might  increase  their  visibility  to  a  predator  and  shoaling  should  decrease  their  chance  of  capture  through  the  dilution  effect.  As  predicted,  I  found  that  Amazon  mollies  spent  more  time  with  a  conspecific  when  risk  cues  were  present,  however  they  did  not  reduce  their  aggression.  This  highlights  the  general  result  of  the  'safety  in  numbers'  behavioral  response  that  many  small  shoaling  species  exhibit,  including  these  clonal  fish,  which  suggests  that  mollies  may  view  this  response  as  a  more  effective  anti-predator  response  compared  to  limiting  their  detectability  by  reducing  aggressive  conspecific  interactions. In  my  second  chapter,  I  explore  whether  individual  Amazon  and  Atlantic  mollies  (which  naturally  form  mixed-species  shoals  in  the  wild)  exhibit  distinct  or  similar  behavioral  responses  under  varying  levels  of  ecologically  relevant  risk.  Animals  experience  varying  levels  of  risk  throughout  their  lives,  and  how  individuals  trade  off  between  risk  and  reward  has  critical  ecological  and  evolutionary  consequences.  However,  behavioral  responses  to  risk  can  differ  not  only  between  species  within  a  community,  but  also  among  individuals  of  the  same  species.  Whether  species-level  differences  in  risk  sensitivity  promote  distinct  or  similar  responses  to  variable  threat  can  help  explain  why  certain  species  coexist  in  a  community.  In  this  chapter,  I  examine  the  individual  behavioral  responses  of  two  closely  related  fish  species:  the  unisexual  Amazon  (Poecilia  formosa)  and  Atlantic  molly  (Poecilia  mexicana)  which  form  a  unique  asexual-sexual  species  complex  and  naturally  co-occur  in  the  wild.  I  repeatedly  measure  individual  fish  in  repeated  trials  of  an  open-space  novel  foraging  task  while  in  the  presence  of low,  medium,  and  high  environmental  risk.  For  each  individual,  I  leverage  high-resolution  automated  tracking  to  measure  fine-scale  behavioral  differences,  including  swimming  velocity,  cover  use,  sociability,  predator  inspection  behaviors  and  overall  foraging  success.  I  find  that  for  some  behaviors,  whether  Amazon  and  Atlantic  mollies  exhibit  distinct  responses  depends  on  the  level  of  environmental  threat.  In  general,  Amazon  mollies  are  more  active  and  exploratory,  can  find  foraging  opportunities  more  quickly,  but  investigate  conspecifics  and  predators  less  often  than  Atlantics.  These  species  also  align  in  behavior,  expressing  similar  amounts  of  cover  use  and  inspection  of  novel  stimuli  under  different  risk  contexts.  Overall,  these  results  suggest  that  these  species  may  have  different  tolerances  to  risk.  That  the  Amazon  and  Atlantic  mollies  exhibit  both  similar  and  distinct  responses  to  risk  could  enable  the  asexual  and  gynogenetic  Amazon  to  persist  in  nature  by  exploiting  complementary  ecological  niches  which  may  facilitate  their  continued  coexistence  in  the  wild. In  my  final  chapter,  I  assess  whether  the  behavioral  responses  exhibited  in  asocial  contexts  extend  to  social  contexts.  More  specifically,  I  evaluate  whether  mixed-species  shoals  outperform  single-species  shoals  regarding  foraging  performance,  and  if  increased  behavioral  variation  may  contribute  to  this  pattern.  Mixed-species  groups  exhibit  behavioral  variation  in  two  different  axes:  within-  and  between  species.  This  increased  behavioral  variation  may  enhance  the  availability  of  social  information  to  all  group  members  about  resource  abundance  or  potential  risks  in  the  environment.  That  species  differ  in  behavior  suggests  that  social  information  regarding  foraging  opportunities  may  travel  faster  in  mixed-species  groups  compared  to  single-species  groups.  Here,  I  use  the  Amazon  (Poecilia  formosa)  and  Atlantic  (Poecilia  mexicana)  mollies,  who  naturally  co-occur  and  form  mixed-species  shoals  in  the  wild,  to  investigate  to  what  extent  species-level  differences  in  risk-taking  behavior  influences  group  foraging  performance for  mixed-species  shoals.  Do  mixed-species  shoals  outperform  single-species  shoals?  To  test  this,  I  assay  single-  and  mixed-species  group  compositions  in  a  novel  open-space  foraging  task  under  different  levels  of  threat.  I  find  that  single-species  Amazon  shoals  take  more  risks  than  Atlantic  shoals,  while  mixed-species  shoals  often  behave  differently  from  both,  but  not  always.  In  general,  mixed-species  shoals  show  higher  movement  speeds,  more  time  inspecting  a  threat,  and  increased  foraging  performance.  However,  these  improved  feeding  rates  are  not  experienced  equally  by  all  group  members.  In  trials  involving  mixed-species  shoals,  Amazon  mollies  tend  to  emerge  as  leaders  and  drive  improved  group  foraging  performance,  often  arriving  at  the  patch  faster  than  Atlantic  mollies.  These  results  suggest  that  both  species  mutually  benefit  by  forming  mixed-species  shoals:  the  gynogenetic  Amazon  gains  reproductive  benefits  by  parasitizing  sperm,  while  Atlantics  gain  valuable  social  information  generated  via  the  actions  of  risk-prone  Amazon  mollies,  while  both  continue  to  retain  'safety  in  numbers'  and  reduced  predation  risk.  Altogether,  the  within-  and  between-species  behavioral  variation  may  give  mixed-species  shoals  an  edge  over  single-species  compositions. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0029.
■650  4▼aEcology
■650  4▼aBiology
■650  4▼aBehavioral  sciences
■653    ▼aAnimal  behavior
■653    ▼aHeterospecifics  
■653    ▼aAutomated  tracking
■653    ▼aFish
■653    ▼aMixed-species  shoal
■653    ▼aPredation  risk
■690    ▼a0329
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0602
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼bPopulation  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0029
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358346▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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