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Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals During Periods of Development: The Effects of Phthalates on the Structure of the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus and Associated Cognitive Behaviors
Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals During Periods of Development: The Effects of P...
Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals During Periods of Development: The Effects of Phthalates on the Structure of the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus and Associated Cognitive Behaviors

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103636
ISBN  
9798314841945
DDC  
616
저자명  
Sellinger, Elli Patricia.
서명/저자  
Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals During Periods of Development: The Effects of Phthalates on the Structure of the Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus and Associated Cognitive Behaviors
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023
형태사항  
113 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Juraska, Janice M.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2023.
초록/해제  
요약The literature examining humans suggests a link between developmental phthalate exposure and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes (Ejaredar et al., 2015; Engel et al., 2021), however the causative nature of this relationship necessitates the use of animal models. Unfortunately, a large majority of the existing literature studying the effects of phthalates on neurodevelopment in rodents employs high doses of single phthalates, demonstrating the potential for phthalates to exert severe effects on the brain but failing to the acknowledge this exposure is not representative of that seen in humans. This dissertation therefore aims to add clarity to the effects of phthalates on the development of two cognitive regions, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the hippocampus, using a mixture and doses relevant to human exposure.Phthalates are a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals used to add flexibility to PVC plastics common in food packaging and food processing equipment as well as in medical equipment (IV tubing), to preserve fragrance in personal care products, and improve consistency in cosmetics. One of phthalates' many mechanisms of action is disrupted gonadal hormone signaling, so the negative effects of phthalates on the reproductive system have been well studied (Mariana et al., 2016). However, gonadal hormones are also implicated in processes of neurodevelopment occurring during the perinatal period (Forger, 2006; Nunez et al., 2000) and during adolescence (Koss et al., 2015, Drzewiecki et al., 2016), therefore providing potential for disruption by phthalate exposure.Chapter 1 first provides background on phthalates and potential mechanisms of action in the body. Then it reviews correlational studies performed in humans as well as studies performed in rodent models that show the effects developmental phthalate exposure can have on brain structure and related cognitive functions. Furthermore, the development, structure, and function of the two regions of interest, the hippocampus and the mPFC, are described to provide context for how exposure to phthalates could result in lasting structural and functional changes to these areas.Chapter 2 focuses on effects of phthalate exposure during the adolescent period on the anatomy of the mPFC and its related cognitive behaviors. We show adolescent phthalate exposure does not alter adult gray matter volume or performance on a battery of tasks: (1) attentional set shift, an mPFC-dependent task assessing cognitive flexibility, (2) prepulse inhibition measuring sensorimotor gating, and (3) the elevated plus maze reflecting anxiety-like behavior. Therefore, these experiments suggest the adolescent mPFC is relatively resistant to phthalate action.Chapter 3 returns to a focus on perinatal phthalate exposure, examining the mechanism behind the lasting decrease in neuron number previously observed in the mPFC after perinatal exposure (Kougias et al., 2018b). We show phthalates increase levels of cell death prenatally on embryonic day (E)18 as well as on postnatal day (P)10. Furthermore, embryonic BrdU labeling quantified on P5 suggests a potential decrease in proliferation, however it is possible this finding is simply the result of decreased cell survival. Therefore, these experiments demonstrate the capacity for a low dose mixture of phthalates to alter levels of developmental cell death and possibly proliferation in the mPFC.Chapter 4 explores the effects of perinatal phthalate exposure on a second brain region, the hippocampus. The immediate effects of exposure on developmental cell death are examined as well as the lasting effects on the number of neurons in the adult hippocampus and associated cognitive behaviors using the Morris water maze and a social memory task. We first establish basal patterns of cell death in dorsal and ventral CA fields revealing apoptosis increases in CA3 on P2 and a rise in CA1 follows on P5 in both sexes. Surprisingly, the addition of phthalate exposure leads to a slight reduction in apoptosis in dorsal and ventral CA1 at several postnatal ages (P2, P5, and P10), again largely in both sexes. One sex-specific effect occurs on P10 where cell death is reduced only in female ventral CA1. However, these subtly altered patterns of cell death did not lead to a lasting change in adult hippocampal neuron number or alter hippocampal-dependent spatial or social memory. Therefore, these studies suggest that while hippocampal development may be altered by phthalate exposure, this structure has the capacity to compensate for these small effects.Together, these studies add to our understanding of how exposure to phthalates impacts the developing brain using a mixture and doses relevant to humans. Our examination of exposure during the adolescent period and lack of effects suggests the perinatal period is most susceptible to phthalate action. Furthermore, our comparison of phthalate-induced cell death in two distinct brain regions demonstrates the effects of phthalates on the developing brain are not globally uniform. Moreover, the lack of robust sex-specific effects of phthalate exposure suggests alternative mechanisms of action rather than gonadal hormone signaling should be investigated. With the widespread use of phthalates across multiple industries and the lack of a cost-effective, non-EDC alternative, persistent exposure to these compounds will likely continue. To better understand the risks of exposure and to inform policy around the continued use of phthalates in consumer products, additional research on how these toxicants impact the developing brain using human relevant mixtures and doses is imperative.
일반주제명  
Neurosciences
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Developmental biology
일반주제명  
Cognitive psychology
일반주제명  
Endocrinology
키워드  
Medial prefrontal cortex
키워드  
Dorsal hippocampus
키워드  
Ventral hippocampus
키워드  
Adolescence
키워드  
Perinatal period
기타저자  
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Neuroscience Program
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aExposure  to  Endocrine-Disrupting  Chemicals  During  Periods  of  Development:  The  Effects  of  Phthalates  on  the  Structure  of  the  Rat  Medial  Prefrontal  Cortex  and  Hippocampus  and  Associated  Cognitive  Behaviors
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2023
■300    ▼a113  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Juraska,  Janice  M.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign,  2023.
■520    ▼aThe  literature  examining  humans  suggests  a  link  between  developmental  phthalate  exposure  and  adverse  neurodevelopmental  outcomes  (Ejaredar  et  al.,  2015;  Engel  et  al.,  2021),  however  the  causative  nature  of  this  relationship  necessitates  the  use  of  animal  models.  Unfortunately,  a  large  majority  of  the  existing  literature  studying  the  effects  of  phthalates  on  neurodevelopment  in  rodents  employs  high  doses  of  single  phthalates,  demonstrating  the  potential  for  phthalates  to  exert  severe  effects  on  the  brain  but  failing  to  the  acknowledge  this  exposure  is  not  representative  of  that  seen  in  humans.  This  dissertation  therefore  aims  to  add  clarity  to  the  effects  of  phthalates  on  the  development  of  two  cognitive  regions,  the  medial  prefrontal  cortex  (mPFC)  and  the  hippocampus,  using  a  mixture  and  doses  relevant  to  human  exposure.Phthalates  are  a  class  of  endocrine-disrupting  chemicals  used  to  add  flexibility  to  PVC  plastics  common  in  food  packaging  and  food  processing  equipment  as  well  as  in  medical  equipment  (IV  tubing),  to  preserve  fragrance  in  personal  care  products,  and  improve  consistency  in  cosmetics.  One  of  phthalates'  many  mechanisms  of  action  is  disrupted  gonadal  hormone  signaling,  so  the  negative  effects  of  phthalates  on  the  reproductive  system  have  been  well  studied  (Mariana  et  al.,  2016).  However,  gonadal  hormones  are  also  implicated  in  processes  of  neurodevelopment  occurring  during  the  perinatal  period  (Forger,  2006;  Nunez  et  al.,  2000)  and  during  adolescence  (Koss  et  al.,  2015,  Drzewiecki  et  al.,  2016),  therefore  providing  potential  for  disruption  by  phthalate  exposure.Chapter  1  first  provides  background  on  phthalates  and  potential  mechanisms  of  action  in  the  body.  Then  it  reviews  correlational  studies  performed  in  humans  as  well  as  studies  performed  in  rodent  models  that  show  the  effects  developmental  phthalate  exposure  can  have  on  brain  structure  and  related  cognitive  functions.  Furthermore,  the  development,  structure,  and  function  of  the  two  regions  of  interest,  the  hippocampus  and  the  mPFC,  are  described  to  provide  context  for  how  exposure  to  phthalates  could  result  in  lasting  structural  and  functional  changes  to  these  areas.Chapter  2  focuses  on  effects  of  phthalate  exposure  during  the  adolescent  period  on  the  anatomy  of  the  mPFC  and  its  related  cognitive  behaviors.  We  show  adolescent  phthalate  exposure  does  not  alter  adult  gray  matter  volume  or  performance  on  a  battery  of  tasks:  (1)  attentional  set  shift,  an  mPFC-dependent  task  assessing  cognitive  flexibility,  (2)  prepulse  inhibition  measuring  sensorimotor  gating,  and  (3)  the  elevated  plus  maze  reflecting  anxiety-like  behavior.  Therefore,  these  experiments  suggest  the  adolescent  mPFC  is  relatively  resistant  to  phthalate  action.Chapter  3  returns  to  a  focus  on  perinatal  phthalate  exposure,  examining  the  mechanism  behind  the  lasting  decrease  in  neuron  number  previously  observed  in  the  mPFC  after  perinatal  exposure  (Kougias  et  al.,  2018b).  We  show  phthalates  increase  levels  of  cell  death  prenatally  on  embryonic  day  (E)18  as  well  as  on  postnatal  day  (P)10.  Furthermore,  embryonic  BrdU  labeling  quantified  on  P5  suggests  a  potential  decrease  in  proliferation,  however  it  is  possible  this  finding  is  simply  the  result  of  decreased  cell  survival.  Therefore,  these  experiments  demonstrate  the  capacity  for  a  low  dose  mixture  of  phthalates  to  alter  levels  of  developmental  cell  death  and  possibly  proliferation  in  the  mPFC.Chapter  4  explores  the  effects  of  perinatal  phthalate  exposure  on  a  second  brain  region,  the  hippocampus.  The  immediate  effects  of  exposure  on  developmental  cell  death  are  examined  as  well  as  the  lasting  effects  on  the  number  of  neurons  in  the  adult  hippocampus  and  associated  cognitive  behaviors  using  the  Morris  water  maze  and  a  social  memory  task.  We  first  establish  basal  patterns  of  cell  death  in  dorsal  and  ventral  CA  fields  revealing  apoptosis  increases  in  CA3  on  P2  and  a  rise  in  CA1  follows  on  P5  in  both  sexes.  Surprisingly,  the  addition  of  phthalate  exposure  leads  to  a  slight  reduction  in  apoptosis  in  dorsal  and  ventral  CA1  at  several  postnatal  ages  (P2,  P5,  and  P10),  again  largely  in  both  sexes.  One  sex-specific  effect  occurs  on  P10  where  cell  death  is  reduced  only  in  female  ventral  CA1.  However,  these  subtly  altered  patterns  of  cell  death  did  not  lead  to  a  lasting  change  in  adult  hippocampal  neuron  number  or  alter  hippocampal-dependent  spatial  or  social  memory.  Therefore,  these  studies  suggest  that  while  hippocampal  development  may  be  altered  by  phthalate  exposure,  this  structure  has  the  capacity  to  compensate  for  these  small  effects.Together,  these  studies  add  to  our  understanding  of  how  exposure  to  phthalates  impacts  the  developing  brain  using  a  mixture  and  doses  relevant  to  humans.  Our  examination  of  exposure  during  the  adolescent  period  and  lack  of  effects  suggests  the  perinatal  period  is  most  susceptible  to  phthalate  action.  Furthermore,  our  comparison  of  phthalate-induced  cell  death  in  two  distinct  brain  regions  demonstrates  the  effects  of  phthalates  on  the  developing  brain  are  not  globally  uniform.  Moreover,  the  lack  of  robust  sex-specific  effects  of  phthalate  exposure  suggests  alternative  mechanisms  of  action  rather  than  gonadal  hormone  signaling  should  be  investigated.  With  the  widespread  use  of  phthalates  across  multiple  industries  and  the  lack  of  a  cost-effective,  non-EDC  alternative,  persistent  exposure  to  these  compounds  will  likely  continue.  To  better  understand  the  risks  of  exposure  and  to  inform  policy  around  the  continued  use  of  phthalates  in  consumer  products,  additional  research  on  how  these  toxicants  impact  the  developing  brain  using  human  relevant  mixtures  and  doses  is  imperative.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0090.
■650  4▼aNeurosciences
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aDevelopmental  biology
■650  4▼aCognitive  psychology
■650  4▼aEndocrinology
■653    ▼aMedial  prefrontal  cortex
■653    ▼aDorsal  hippocampus
■653    ▼aVentral  hippocampus
■653    ▼aAdolescence
■653    ▼aPerinatal  period
■690    ▼a0317
■690    ▼a0633
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0758
■690    ▼a0409
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼bNeuroscience  Program.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-11B.
■790    ▼a0090
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358048▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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