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Women and Work: Essays on the Intersection of Government Programs and Women's Labor Supply
Women and Work: Essays on the Intersection of Government Programs and Women's Labor Supply
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260209102855
- ISBN
- 9798291569245
- DDC
- 390
- 저자명
- Bart, Lea.
- 서명/저자
- Women and Work: Essays on the Intersection of Government Programs and Womens Labor Supply
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of Michigan, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 160 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: A.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Mueller-Smith, Michael.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약This dissertation contains three essays studying how government policies to support working families distort the labor supply of women, and the consequences of those distortions on family resources and women's careers in the long-run. Chapter 1 studies how eligibility for unpaid, job-protected maternity leave through the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) affects women's employment and earnings after giving birth. I use restricted administrative data on births and quarterly earnings to compare post-birth labor market outcomes for working women who give birth just before versus just after becoming eligible for the FMLA, which requires 12 months of job tenure. Although approximate childbirth timing is determined by individual preferences, idiosyncrasies in conception and gestation make it difficult to time births to the month, enabling this identification strategy. I find that being covered by the FMLA's job-protected leave increases the likelihood women are working for their pre-birth employer in the year after giving birth by 6.1 pp. (9.9%), which corresponds to higher overall employment rates (3.4 pp.; 4.4%) and higher earnings ($2,400; 11.1%). The effects on earnings persist such that over the decade after giving birth, women who had job-protected leave through the FMLA before giving birth earn nearly $24,000 (9.8%) more than women who did not have these protections. Chapter 2 studies work requirements, a feature of U.S. cash assistance that aims to promote self-sufficiency through employment by imposing penalties that reduce or remove benefit income when participants violate the requirements. This paper quantifies the consequences of not meeting work requirements using novel administrative data covering the full caseload of Michigan's Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, combined with monthly enrollment records for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Medicaid, as well as quarterly Unemployment Insurance earnings records. We study a policy reform that increased the length of time that families were removed from TANF after violating work requirements to estimate causal responses of long-term safety net attachment and labor supply. We find that penalties result in persistent enrollment declines in SNAP and Medicaid for all household members, even those still eligible for programs. Moreover, when penalties are made more severe, far fewer families re-attach to TANF and formal employment declines due to a decreasing rate of job entry. On net, labor supply responses do not offset lost benefit income, and harsher penalties reduce cumulative financial resources by an additional 73% over the subsequent two years. Our findings indicate that sanctions reduce broader safety net attachment and increase economic instability for vulnerable families over the long term. Chapter 3 estimates the optimal tax and transfer system when the social planner's objective is to maximize utility of all individuals, including children. While existing research has estimated optimal transfer schedules, it has typically done so without considering children's utility as part of the planner's objective function. We simulate the optimal tax and transfer system for unmarried households accounting for children's consumption, adults' consumption, and adults' labor supply responses on the intensive and extensive margin. Our findings demonstrate that the level of children's consumption needs relative to adults is of first order importance for determining optimal transfers to single parent households. We find that within most income groups, current policy places minimal weight on redistribution from childless households to households with children. This is inconsistent with standard government assumptions regarding families' resource needs.
- 일반주제명
- Womens studies
- 키워드
- Gender
- 키워드
- Optimal taxation
- 키워드
- Cash assistance
- 기타저자
- University of Michigan Economics
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-03A.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■00520260209102855
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■007cr#unu||||||||
■020 ▼a9798291569245
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32271997
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)umichrackham006378
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a390
■1001 ▼aBart, Lea.
■24510▼aWomen and Work: Essays on the Intersection of Government Programs and Women's Labor Supply
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of Michigan▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a160 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: A.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Mueller-Smith, Michael.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
■520 ▼aThis dissertation contains three essays studying how government policies to support working families distort the labor supply of women, and the consequences of those distortions on family resources and women's careers in the long-run. Chapter 1 studies how eligibility for unpaid, job-protected maternity leave through the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) affects women's employment and earnings after giving birth. I use restricted administrative data on births and quarterly earnings to compare post-birth labor market outcomes for working women who give birth just before versus just after becoming eligible for the FMLA, which requires 12 months of job tenure. Although approximate childbirth timing is determined by individual preferences, idiosyncrasies in conception and gestation make it difficult to time births to the month, enabling this identification strategy. I find that being covered by the FMLA's job-protected leave increases the likelihood women are working for their pre-birth employer in the year after giving birth by 6.1 pp. (9.9%), which corresponds to higher overall employment rates (3.4 pp.; 4.4%) and higher earnings ($2,400; 11.1%). The effects on earnings persist such that over the decade after giving birth, women who had job-protected leave through the FMLA before giving birth earn nearly $24,000 (9.8%) more than women who did not have these protections. Chapter 2 studies work requirements, a feature of U.S. cash assistance that aims to promote self-sufficiency through employment by imposing penalties that reduce or remove benefit income when participants violate the requirements. This paper quantifies the consequences of not meeting work requirements using novel administrative data covering the full caseload of Michigan's Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, combined with monthly enrollment records for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and Medicaid, as well as quarterly Unemployment Insurance earnings records. We study a policy reform that increased the length of time that families were removed from TANF after violating work requirements to estimate causal responses of long-term safety net attachment and labor supply. We find that penalties result in persistent enrollment declines in SNAP and Medicaid for all household members, even those still eligible for programs. Moreover, when penalties are made more severe, far fewer families re-attach to TANF and formal employment declines due to a decreasing rate of job entry. On net, labor supply responses do not offset lost benefit income, and harsher penalties reduce cumulative financial resources by an additional 73% over the subsequent two years. Our findings indicate that sanctions reduce broader safety net attachment and increase economic instability for vulnerable families over the long term. Chapter 3 estimates the optimal tax and transfer system when the social planner's objective is to maximize utility of all individuals, including children. While existing research has estimated optimal transfer schedules, it has typically done so without considering children's utility as part of the planner's objective function. We simulate the optimal tax and transfer system for unmarried households accounting for children's consumption, adults' consumption, and adults' labor supply responses on the intensive and extensive margin. Our findings demonstrate that the level of children's consumption needs relative to adults is of first order importance for determining optimal transfers to single parent households. We find that within most income groups, current policy places minimal weight on redistribution from childless households to households with children. This is inconsistent with standard government assumptions regarding families' resource needs.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0127.
■650 4▼aWomens studies
■653 ▼aParental and maternity leave
■653 ▼aGender
■653 ▼aOptimal taxation
■653 ▼aFamily and medical leave act
■653 ▼aCash assistance
■653 ▼aWork requirements
■690 ▼a0501
■690 ▼a0510
■690 ▼a0453
■71020▼aUniversity of Michigan▼bEconomics.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-03A.
■790 ▼a0127
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17365918▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.
