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Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103641
ISBN  
9798314874028
DDC  
537
저자명  
Whittaker, Collin B.
서명/저자  
Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Michigan, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
247 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Jorns, Benjamin A.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Electrospray array thrusters are a promising technology to provide in space propulsion for small scale spacecraft because of their unique ionization mechanism and potential for high thrust density. However, to achieve sufficient thrust, these systems must aggregate thousands of individual electrospray emitters together, which due to nonuniformity among the emitters can dramatically decrease system performance. To address these challenges, this dissertation conducts studies on the modeling, manufacturing, and design of porous electrospray array thrusters under uncertainty.The dissertation begins by building tools for conducting electrospray design. A semiempirical model for multi-site emission in porous conical type electrospray emitters is first formulated. The model abstracts the formation of multiple emission sites as a population of individual menisci whose onset into Taylor cones and subsequent ion emissions are computed from physical scaling laws. The model is able to reconstruct the emission behavior of a single electrospray. It suggests that multiple emission sites form as the operating voltage of the source is increased because there exist menisci of various sizes on the emitter-which activate at different voltages-and that the field on the emitter is a function of position-such that different locations also activate at different voltages. This model serves as the primary predictive tool for device performance in later analyses.Because a principal source of emitter to emitter variability is inconsistency in emitter geometry from finite fabrication tolerances, a method for measuring emitter geometry at array scale is next developed. The method leverages surface profilometry to resolve a topographic map of individual emitters, such that a model encapsulating their macroscopic features can then be fit procedurally to the data. 543 individual emitters of a thruster are analyzed in this way, and the tolerances in various features are directly computed as statistics over the population. It is found that while emitter cone angle and basal radius tend to be tightly toleranced during manufacturing, their tip radius and height are not. The low variance of the former is attributed to these features being directly enforced by the geometry of the cutting tool used to fabricate them, while the high variance in the latter is predicated on wear mechanisms that are not expressly controlled during the manufacturing process, causing random variations in the tip radius. This method is utilized to quantify uncertainty in emitter geometry when predicting performance at array scale.The semi-empirical model for single emitters contains ad hoc calibration coefficients which represent approximations to higher order physics and must be trained empirically from data. Consequently, a porous electrospray array thruster is designed, manufactured, and tested. The thruster is constructed at heightened scale relative to existing systems-order 10000 emitters instead of order 1000 emitters-to illustrate practical challenges in scaling to elevated power, including to introduce enhanced support superstructure to the extractor electrode and lubricoolants to the emitter machining operation. Experiments characterize the emission properties of the source as a function of voltage-achieving a peak power of 11.2 W-and are combined with direct measurements of thrust and efficiency to provide training data for the model.A Bayesian parameter estimation to infer the calibration coefficients of the single emitter model from the array emission data is formulated, including to propagate the effects of multiple sources of uncertainty, including variance in emitter geometry for the 10 W class thruster. The trained model reconstructs the array emissions and indicates that the positively inflected current vs. voltage curve is the result of emitters activating at different voltages due to variations in tip radius. Examining the comparative effect of different sources of uncertainty, it is observed that uncertainty in emitter geometry is the dominant error mode at lower voltages, while uncertainty in operating temperature dominates at higher voltages. A robust optimization study is performed for 20 possible emitter and extractor chip designs at 101 different possible operating voltages using the model. Since the model predictions are probabilistic in nature, the objectives take the form of statistical properties over the predictions. In particular, maximizing the lifetime of the thruster shows that to achieve long lifetime with high confidence it is necessary to protrude the emitters through the extractor apertures and to increase the aperture radius. The predictions demonstrate that incorporating margin against interception in this way comes at the sacrifice of other performance in the device, chiefly thrust. Analysis thus concludes by examining the increase in effective operational life associated with adopting resilient array architectures that fuse individually failed emitters out of the thruster circuit. In aggregate, the dissertation constitutes the most comprehensive study of uncertainty and reliability in porous electrospray array systems to date. These issues constitute a major roadblock to adoption of these otherwise high-performance devices, and so the new understanding in the physics, methods of design, and optimal emitter architectures developed here are timely and important contributions to the field. 
일반주제명  
Electromagnetics
일반주제명  
Aerospace engineering
일반주제명  
Plasma physics
키워드  
Electric propulsion
키워드  
Electrospray
키워드  
Probabilistic modeling
키워드  
Bayesian inference
기타저자  
University of Michigan Aerospace Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-11B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aWhittaker,  Collin  B.
■24510▼aDesigning  Porous  Electrospray  Array  Thrusters  Under  Uncertainty
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Michigan▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a247  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-11,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Jorns,  Benjamin  A.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Michigan,  2025.
■520    ▼aElectrospray  array  thrusters  are  a  promising  technology  to  provide  in  space  propulsion  for  small  scale  spacecraft  because  of  their  unique  ionization  mechanism  and  potential  for  high  thrust  density.  However,  to  achieve  sufficient  thrust,  these  systems  must  aggregate  thousands  of  individual  electrospray  emitters  together,  which  due  to  nonuniformity  among  the  emitters  can  dramatically  decrease  system  performance.  To  address  these  challenges,  this  dissertation  conducts  studies  on  the  modeling,  manufacturing,  and  design  of  porous  electrospray  array  thrusters  under  uncertainty.The  dissertation  begins  by  building  tools  for  conducting  electrospray  design.  A  semiempirical  model  for  multi-site  emission  in  porous  conical  type  electrospray  emitters  is  first  formulated.  The  model  abstracts  the  formation  of  multiple  emission  sites  as  a  population  of  individual  menisci  whose  onset  into  Taylor  cones  and  subsequent  ion  emissions  are  computed  from  physical  scaling  laws.  The  model  is  able  to  reconstruct  the  emission  behavior  of  a  single  electrospray.  It  suggests  that  multiple  emission  sites  form  as  the  operating  voltage  of  the  source  is  increased  because  there  exist  menisci  of  various  sizes  on  the  emitter-which  activate  at  different  voltages-and  that  the  field  on  the  emitter  is  a  function  of  position-such  that  different  locations  also  activate  at  different  voltages.  This  model  serves  as  the  primary  predictive  tool  for  device  performance  in  later  analyses.Because  a  principal  source  of  emitter  to  emitter  variability  is  inconsistency  in  emitter  geometry  from  finite  fabrication  tolerances,  a  method  for  measuring  emitter  geometry  at  array  scale  is  next  developed.  The  method  leverages  surface  profilometry  to  resolve  a  topographic  map  of  individual  emitters,  such  that  a  model  encapsulating  their  macroscopic  features  can  then  be  fit  procedurally  to  the  data.  543  individual  emitters  of  a  thruster  are  analyzed  in  this  way,  and  the  tolerances  in  various  features  are  directly  computed  as  statistics  over  the  population.  It  is  found  that  while  emitter  cone  angle  and  basal  radius  tend  to  be  tightly  toleranced  during  manufacturing,  their  tip  radius  and  height  are  not.  The  low  variance  of  the  former  is  attributed  to  these  features  being  directly  enforced  by  the  geometry  of  the  cutting  tool  used  to  fabricate  them,  while  the  high  variance  in  the  latter  is  predicated  on  wear  mechanisms  that  are  not  expressly  controlled  during  the  manufacturing  process,  causing  random  variations  in  the  tip  radius.  This  method  is  utilized  to  quantify  uncertainty  in  emitter  geometry  when  predicting  performance  at  array  scale.The  semi-empirical  model  for  single  emitters  contains  ad  hoc  calibration  coefficients  which  represent  approximations  to  higher  order  physics  and  must  be  trained  empirically  from  data.  Consequently,  a  porous  electrospray  array  thruster  is  designed,  manufactured,  and  tested.  The  thruster  is  constructed  at  heightened  scale  relative  to  existing  systems-order  10000  emitters  instead  of  order  1000  emitters-to  illustrate  practical  challenges  in  scaling  to  elevated  power,  including  to  introduce  enhanced  support  superstructure  to  the  extractor  electrode  and  lubricoolants  to  the  emitter  machining  operation.  Experiments  characterize  the  emission  properties  of  the  source  as  a  function  of  voltage-achieving  a  peak  power  of  11.2  W-and  are  combined  with  direct  measurements  of  thrust  and  efficiency  to  provide  training  data  for  the  model.A  Bayesian  parameter  estimation  to  infer  the  calibration  coefficients  of  the  single  emitter  model  from  the  array  emission  data  is  formulated,  including  to  propagate  the  effects  of  multiple  sources  of  uncertainty,  including  variance  in  emitter  geometry  for  the  10  W  class  thruster.  The  trained  model  reconstructs  the  array  emissions  and  indicates  that  the  positively  inflected  current  vs.  voltage  curve  is  the  result  of  emitters  activating  at  different  voltages  due  to  variations  in  tip  radius.  Examining  the  comparative  effect  of  different  sources  of  uncertainty,  it  is  observed  that  uncertainty  in  emitter  geometry  is  the  dominant  error  mode  at  lower  voltages,  while  uncertainty  in  operating  temperature  dominates  at  higher  voltages. A  robust  optimization  study  is  performed  for  20  possible  emitter  and  extractor  chip  designs  at  101  different  possible  operating  voltages  using  the  model.  Since  the  model  predictions  are  probabilistic  in  nature,  the  objectives  take  the  form  of  statistical  properties  over  the  predictions.  In  particular,  maximizing  the  lifetime  of  the  thruster  shows  that  to  achieve  long  lifetime  with  high  confidence  it  is  necessary  to  protrude  the  emitters  through  the  extractor  apertures  and  to  increase  the  aperture  radius.  The  predictions  demonstrate  that  incorporating  margin  against  interception  in  this  way  comes  at  the  sacrifice  of  other  performance  in  the  device,  chiefly  thrust.  Analysis  thus  concludes  by  examining  the  increase  in  effective  operational  life  associated  with  adopting  resilient  array  architectures  that  fuse  individually  failed  emitters  out  of  the  thruster  circuit. In  aggregate,  the  dissertation  constitutes  the  most  comprehensive  study  of  uncertainty  and  reliability  in  porous  electrospray  array  systems  to  date.  These  issues  constitute  a  major  roadblock  to  adoption  of  these  otherwise  high-performance  devices,  and  so  the  new  understanding  in  the  physics,  methods  of  design,  and  optimal  emitter  architectures  developed  here  are  timely  and  important  contributions  to  the  field. 
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0127.
■650  4▼aElectromagnetics
■650  4▼aAerospace  engineering
■650  4▼aPlasma  physics
■653    ▼aElectric  propulsion
■653    ▼aElectrospray
■653    ▼aProbabilistic  modeling
■653    ▼aBayesian  inference
■690    ▼a0538
■690    ▼a0759
■690    ▼a0607
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Michigan▼bAerospace  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-11B.
■790    ▼a0127
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358081▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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