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Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202103641
- ISBN
- 9798314874028
- DDC
- 537
- 서명/저자
- Designing Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of Michigan, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 247 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Jorns, Benjamin A.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Electrospray array thrusters are a promising technology to provide in space propulsion for small scale spacecraft because of their unique ionization mechanism and potential for high thrust density. However, to achieve sufficient thrust, these systems must aggregate thousands of individual electrospray emitters together, which due to nonuniformity among the emitters can dramatically decrease system performance. To address these challenges, this dissertation conducts studies on the modeling, manufacturing, and design of porous electrospray array thrusters under uncertainty.The dissertation begins by building tools for conducting electrospray design. A semiempirical model for multi-site emission in porous conical type electrospray emitters is first formulated. The model abstracts the formation of multiple emission sites as a population of individual menisci whose onset into Taylor cones and subsequent ion emissions are computed from physical scaling laws. The model is able to reconstruct the emission behavior of a single electrospray. It suggests that multiple emission sites form as the operating voltage of the source is increased because there exist menisci of various sizes on the emitter-which activate at different voltages-and that the field on the emitter is a function of position-such that different locations also activate at different voltages. This model serves as the primary predictive tool for device performance in later analyses.Because a principal source of emitter to emitter variability is inconsistency in emitter geometry from finite fabrication tolerances, a method for measuring emitter geometry at array scale is next developed. The method leverages surface profilometry to resolve a topographic map of individual emitters, such that a model encapsulating their macroscopic features can then be fit procedurally to the data. 543 individual emitters of a thruster are analyzed in this way, and the tolerances in various features are directly computed as statistics over the population. It is found that while emitter cone angle and basal radius tend to be tightly toleranced during manufacturing, their tip radius and height are not. The low variance of the former is attributed to these features being directly enforced by the geometry of the cutting tool used to fabricate them, while the high variance in the latter is predicated on wear mechanisms that are not expressly controlled during the manufacturing process, causing random variations in the tip radius. This method is utilized to quantify uncertainty in emitter geometry when predicting performance at array scale.The semi-empirical model for single emitters contains ad hoc calibration coefficients which represent approximations to higher order physics and must be trained empirically from data. Consequently, a porous electrospray array thruster is designed, manufactured, and tested. The thruster is constructed at heightened scale relative to existing systems-order 10000 emitters instead of order 1000 emitters-to illustrate practical challenges in scaling to elevated power, including to introduce enhanced support superstructure to the extractor electrode and lubricoolants to the emitter machining operation. Experiments characterize the emission properties of the source as a function of voltage-achieving a peak power of 11.2 W-and are combined with direct measurements of thrust and efficiency to provide training data for the model.A Bayesian parameter estimation to infer the calibration coefficients of the single emitter model from the array emission data is formulated, including to propagate the effects of multiple sources of uncertainty, including variance in emitter geometry for the 10 W class thruster. The trained model reconstructs the array emissions and indicates that the positively inflected current vs. voltage curve is the result of emitters activating at different voltages due to variations in tip radius. Examining the comparative effect of different sources of uncertainty, it is observed that uncertainty in emitter geometry is the dominant error mode at lower voltages, while uncertainty in operating temperature dominates at higher voltages. A robust optimization study is performed for 20 possible emitter and extractor chip designs at 101 different possible operating voltages using the model. Since the model predictions are probabilistic in nature, the objectives take the form of statistical properties over the predictions. In particular, maximizing the lifetime of the thruster shows that to achieve long lifetime with high confidence it is necessary to protrude the emitters through the extractor apertures and to increase the aperture radius. The predictions demonstrate that incorporating margin against interception in this way comes at the sacrifice of other performance in the device, chiefly thrust. Analysis thus concludes by examining the increase in effective operational life associated with adopting resilient array architectures that fuse individually failed emitters out of the thruster circuit. In aggregate, the dissertation constitutes the most comprehensive study of uncertainty and reliability in porous electrospray array systems to date. These issues constitute a major roadblock to adoption of these otherwise high-performance devices, and so the new understanding in the physics, methods of design, and optimal emitter architectures developed here are timely and important contributions to the field.
- 일반주제명
- Electromagnetics
- 일반주제명
- Aerospace engineering
- 일반주제명
- Plasma physics
- 키워드
- Electrospray
- 기타저자
- University of Michigan Aerospace Engineering
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-11B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■020 ▼a9798314874028
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■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)umichrackham006007
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a537
■1001 ▼aWhittaker, Collin B.
■24510▼aDesigning Porous Electrospray Array Thrusters Under Uncertainty
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of Michigan▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a247 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-11, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Jorns, Benjamin A.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
■520 ▼aElectrospray array thrusters are a promising technology to provide in space propulsion for small scale spacecraft because of their unique ionization mechanism and potential for high thrust density. However, to achieve sufficient thrust, these systems must aggregate thousands of individual electrospray emitters together, which due to nonuniformity among the emitters can dramatically decrease system performance. To address these challenges, this dissertation conducts studies on the modeling, manufacturing, and design of porous electrospray array thrusters under uncertainty.The dissertation begins by building tools for conducting electrospray design. A semiempirical model for multi-site emission in porous conical type electrospray emitters is first formulated. The model abstracts the formation of multiple emission sites as a population of individual menisci whose onset into Taylor cones and subsequent ion emissions are computed from physical scaling laws. The model is able to reconstruct the emission behavior of a single electrospray. It suggests that multiple emission sites form as the operating voltage of the source is increased because there exist menisci of various sizes on the emitter-which activate at different voltages-and that the field on the emitter is a function of position-such that different locations also activate at different voltages. This model serves as the primary predictive tool for device performance in later analyses.Because a principal source of emitter to emitter variability is inconsistency in emitter geometry from finite fabrication tolerances, a method for measuring emitter geometry at array scale is next developed. The method leverages surface profilometry to resolve a topographic map of individual emitters, such that a model encapsulating their macroscopic features can then be fit procedurally to the data. 543 individual emitters of a thruster are analyzed in this way, and the tolerances in various features are directly computed as statistics over the population. It is found that while emitter cone angle and basal radius tend to be tightly toleranced during manufacturing, their tip radius and height are not. The low variance of the former is attributed to these features being directly enforced by the geometry of the cutting tool used to fabricate them, while the high variance in the latter is predicated on wear mechanisms that are not expressly controlled during the manufacturing process, causing random variations in the tip radius. This method is utilized to quantify uncertainty in emitter geometry when predicting performance at array scale.The semi-empirical model for single emitters contains ad hoc calibration coefficients which represent approximations to higher order physics and must be trained empirically from data. Consequently, a porous electrospray array thruster is designed, manufactured, and tested. The thruster is constructed at heightened scale relative to existing systems-order 10000 emitters instead of order 1000 emitters-to illustrate practical challenges in scaling to elevated power, including to introduce enhanced support superstructure to the extractor electrode and lubricoolants to the emitter machining operation. Experiments characterize the emission properties of the source as a function of voltage-achieving a peak power of 11.2 W-and are combined with direct measurements of thrust and efficiency to provide training data for the model.A Bayesian parameter estimation to infer the calibration coefficients of the single emitter model from the array emission data is formulated, including to propagate the effects of multiple sources of uncertainty, including variance in emitter geometry for the 10 W class thruster. The trained model reconstructs the array emissions and indicates that the positively inflected current vs. voltage curve is the result of emitters activating at different voltages due to variations in tip radius. Examining the comparative effect of different sources of uncertainty, it is observed that uncertainty in emitter geometry is the dominant error mode at lower voltages, while uncertainty in operating temperature dominates at higher voltages. A robust optimization study is performed for 20 possible emitter and extractor chip designs at 101 different possible operating voltages using the model. Since the model predictions are probabilistic in nature, the objectives take the form of statistical properties over the predictions. In particular, maximizing the lifetime of the thruster shows that to achieve long lifetime with high confidence it is necessary to protrude the emitters through the extractor apertures and to increase the aperture radius. The predictions demonstrate that incorporating margin against interception in this way comes at the sacrifice of other performance in the device, chiefly thrust. Analysis thus concludes by examining the increase in effective operational life associated with adopting resilient array architectures that fuse individually failed emitters out of the thruster circuit. In aggregate, the dissertation constitutes the most comprehensive study of uncertainty and reliability in porous electrospray array systems to date. These issues constitute a major roadblock to adoption of these otherwise high-performance devices, and so the new understanding in the physics, methods of design, and optimal emitter architectures developed here are timely and important contributions to the field.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0127.
■650 4▼aElectromagnetics
■650 4▼aAerospace engineering
■650 4▼aPlasma physics
■653 ▼aElectric propulsion
■653 ▼aElectrospray
■653 ▼aProbabilistic modeling
■653 ▼aBayesian inference
■690 ▼a0538
■690 ▼a0759
■690 ▼a0607
■71020▼aUniversity of Michigan▼bAerospace Engineering.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g86-11B.
■790 ▼a0127
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358081▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


