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Tides, Winds, and Reactive Halogens a Study of Multiphase Chemistry in the Marine Boundary Layer
Tides, Winds, and Reactive Halogens a Study of Multiphase Chemistry in the Marine Boundary...
Tides, Winds, and Reactive Halogens a Study of Multiphase Chemistry in the Marine Boundary Layer

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104658
ISBN  
9798288823404
DDC  
551.5
저자명  
Rund, Philip.
서명/저자  
Tides, Winds, and Reactive Halogens a Study of Multiphase Chemistry in the Marine Boundary Layer
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Washington, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
115 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Thornton, Joel.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Reactive halogens in the atmosphere (inorganic compounds containing chlorine, bromine, and/or iodine) have the ability to catalytically destroy ozone (O3) as well as react with NOx (= NO + NO2) , influencing concentrations and ratios of important tropospheric pollutants. They can also react with and change the ratio of OH and HO2 ( = HOx), altering the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. Furthermore, heterogeneous reactions involving halogenated species can change the chemical composition of particulates, especially for sea-salt aerosols (SSAs). Reactive bromine (Bry) specifically is known to have a chemical mechanism unique from that of chlorine and iodine, and is more efficient in the catalytic destruction of ozone on a per-molecule basis compared to chlorine. There are generally fewer in-situ observations of Bry species because they are globally expected to be present at much lower concentrations compared to reactive chlorine. In this work we present a new transverse Ion-Molecule reaction Region, the so-called "t-IMR", for use with a Time-of-Flight Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (ToF-CIMS). The t-IMR samples ambient air at a laminar high volume flow (at a rate of 10 L/min), and demonstrates a reduction in artificial signals/background from wall effects by multiple orders of magnitude across compound volatilities compared to previous low-pressure designs. The t-IMR utilizes an applied electric potential to accelerate ions and subsequent clusters across the IMR cavity, the strength of which is optimized to retain both high instrument sensitivity and total ion flux to the mass spectrometer. The t-IMR CIMS is calibrated directly to obtain sensitivity values for Br2 and (experimentally) for HOBr, the results of which confirm the use of theoretical ion cluster binding enthalpies to generate sensitivities for other Bry components. A dynamic water-vapor-dependent sensitivity for Br2 is also developed and applied. Five reactive bromine components are observed at the Tudor Hill Marine Atmospheric Observatory (THMAO) located in Bermuda as part of the Bermuda boundary Layer Experiment on the Atmospheric Chemistry of Halogens (BLEACH) campaign, including Br2, BrCl, BrO, HOBr, and for the first time to our knowledge, BrONO2. Local air masses originating from over the ocean, as well as those influenced by anthropogenic activity and pollution from the island of Bermuda, provide multiple environments in which to investigate Bry concentrations and partitioning. HOBr and BrONO2 are observed above detection limits almost exclusively during the day, evidencing the currently understood formation mechanisms for both which require active photochemistry and the presence of BrO. BrONO2 shows a clear dependence on NO2 concentrations, and a diurnal profile shape that qualitatively aligns with previous modeling studies. Comparison with the GEOS-Chem model output (with reactive halogen chemistry and SSA debromination mechanisms included) shows that the detailed atmospheric chemistry model over-predicts levels of the five observed Bry constituents, most of which by an order of magnitude or higher. The model is in much better agreement with observed bulk particulate sodium, bromine, and chlorine concentrations, suggesting that the SSA mass concentrations in the model are likely not the source of the discrepancy, but rather partitioning among reactive bromine. The relationship of total measured reactive bromine (Bry* = 2Br2 + BrCl + BrO + HOBr + BrONO2) with local wind speed, tide height, and other measurements at THMAO is examined. The magnitude of the most recent low tide height and wind speed are found to be independently significant predictors of Bry* concentrations. This implies a local coastal source of reactive bromine at THMAO in addition to that expected from SSAs.
일반주제명  
Atmospheric chemistry
일반주제명  
Atmospheric sciences
키워드  
Bromine
키워드  
Halogens
키워드  
Marine boundary layer
키워드  
Tides
기타저자  
University of Washington Atmospheric and Climate Science
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aRund,  Philip.
■24510▼aTides,  Winds,  and  Reactive  Halogens  a  Study  of  Multiphase  Chemistry  in  the  Marine  Boundary  Layer
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Washington▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a115  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Thornton,  Joel.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Washington,  2025.
■520    ▼aReactive  halogens  in  the  atmosphere  (inorganic  compounds  containing  chlorine,  bromine,  and/or  iodine)  have  the  ability  to  catalytically  destroy  ozone  (O3)  as  well  as  react  with  NOx  (=  NO  +  NO2)  ,  influencing  concentrations  and  ratios  of  important  tropospheric  pollutants.  They  can  also  react  with  and  change  the  ratio  of  OH  and  HO2  (  =  HOx),  altering  the  oxidative  capacity  of  the  atmosphere.  Furthermore,  heterogeneous  reactions  involving  halogenated  species  can  change  the  chemical  composition  of  particulates,  especially  for  sea-salt  aerosols  (SSAs).  Reactive  bromine  (Bry)  specifically  is  known  to  have  a  chemical  mechanism  unique  from  that  of  chlorine  and  iodine,  and  is  more  efficient  in  the  catalytic  destruction  of  ozone  on  a  per-molecule  basis  compared  to  chlorine.  There  are  generally  fewer  in-situ  observations  of  Bry  species  because  they  are  globally  expected  to  be  present  at  much  lower  concentrations  compared  to  reactive  chlorine.  In  this  work  we  present  a  new  transverse  Ion-Molecule  reaction  Region,  the  so-called  "t-IMR",  for  use  with  a  Time-of-Flight  Chemical  Ionization  Mass  Spectrometer  (ToF-CIMS).  The  t-IMR  samples  ambient  air  at  a  laminar  high  volume  flow  (at  a  rate  of  10  L/min),  and  demonstrates  a  reduction  in  artificial  signals/background  from  wall  effects  by  multiple  orders  of  magnitude  across  compound  volatilities  compared  to  previous  low-pressure  designs.  The  t-IMR  utilizes  an  applied  electric  potential  to  accelerate  ions  and  subsequent  clusters  across  the  IMR  cavity,  the  strength  of  which  is  optimized  to  retain  both  high  instrument  sensitivity  and  total  ion  flux  to  the  mass  spectrometer.  The  t-IMR  CIMS  is  calibrated  directly  to  obtain  sensitivity  values  for  Br2  and  (experimentally)  for  HOBr,  the  results  of  which  confirm  the  use  of  theoretical  ion  cluster  binding  enthalpies  to  generate  sensitivities  for  other  Bry  components.  A  dynamic  water-vapor-dependent  sensitivity  for  Br2  is  also  developed  and  applied.  Five  reactive  bromine  components  are  observed  at  the  Tudor  Hill  Marine  Atmospheric  Observatory  (THMAO)  located  in  Bermuda  as  part  of  the  Bermuda  boundary  Layer  Experiment  on  the  Atmospheric  Chemistry  of  Halogens  (BLEACH)  campaign,  including  Br2,  BrCl,  BrO,  HOBr,  and  for  the  first  time  to  our  knowledge,  BrONO2.  Local  air  masses  originating  from  over  the  ocean,  as  well  as  those  influenced  by  anthropogenic  activity  and  pollution  from  the  island  of  Bermuda,  provide  multiple  environments  in  which  to  investigate  Bry  concentrations  and  partitioning.  HOBr  and  BrONO2  are  observed  above  detection  limits  almost  exclusively  during  the  day,  evidencing  the  currently  understood  formation  mechanisms  for  both  which  require  active  photochemistry  and  the  presence  of  BrO.  BrONO2  shows  a  clear  dependence  on  NO2  concentrations,  and  a  diurnal  profile  shape  that  qualitatively  aligns  with  previous  modeling  studies.  Comparison  with  the  GEOS-Chem  model  output  (with  reactive  halogen  chemistry  and  SSA  debromination  mechanisms  included)  shows  that  the  detailed  atmospheric  chemistry  model  over-predicts  levels  of  the  five  observed  Bry  constituents,  most  of  which  by  an  order  of  magnitude  or  higher.  The  model  is  in  much  better  agreement  with  observed  bulk  particulate  sodium,  bromine,  and  chlorine  concentrations,  suggesting  that  the  SSA  mass  concentrations  in  the  model  are  likely  not  the  source  of  the  discrepancy,  but  rather  partitioning  among  reactive  bromine.  The  relationship  of  total  measured  reactive  bromine  (Bry*  =  2Br2  +  BrCl  +  BrO  +  HOBr  +  BrONO2)  with  local  wind  speed,  tide  height,  and  other  measurements  at  THMAO  is  examined.  The  magnitude  of  the  most  recent  low  tide  height  and  wind  speed  are  found  to  be  independently  significant  predictors  of  Bry*  concentrations.  This  implies  a  local  coastal  source  of  reactive  bromine  at  THMAO  in  addition  to  that  expected  from  SSAs.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0250.
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  chemistry
■650  4▼aAtmospheric  sciences
■653    ▼aBromine
■653    ▼aHalogens
■653    ▼aMarine  boundary  layer
■653    ▼aTides
■690    ▼a0371
■690    ▼a0725
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Washington▼bAtmospheric  and  Climate  Science.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0250
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358416▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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