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(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Pregnancy: Transporter-Mediated Tissue Distribution and Drug Interactions
(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Pregnancy: Transporter-Mediated Tissue Distribution and D...
(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Pregnancy: Transporter-Mediated Tissue Distribution and Drug Interactions

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104701
ISBN  
9798288835834
DDC  
615
저자명  
Chen, Xin.
서명/저자  
(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Pregnancy: Transporter-Mediated Tissue Distribution and Drug Interactions
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Washington, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
127 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Unadkat, Jashvant D.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약As cannabis use during pregnancy increases, it is important to understand the mechanisms and extent of placental transfer of (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary intoxicating constitute of cannabis, along with its circulating major metabolites. In a nonhuman primate study, the fetal plasma exposure to THC is about 30% of the maternal exposure. Similarly, in a human study of daily cannabis smokers, the average THC umbilical vein-to-maternal serum concentration ratio at delivery was 0.26 ± 0.10 (n = 3). This reduced fetal exposure to THC in nonhuman primates and humans is likely attributed to the placenta's ability to limit fetal exposure to xenobiotics. However, the exact mechanisms behind this protection are not fully understood. Since many transporters on both the maternal and fetal side of the syncytiotrophoblast are expressed in the placenta, we hypothesized that the reduced fetal exposure to THC could be attributed to apical (maternal-facing) efflux transporters [i.e., P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP)], or basal (fetal-facing) uptake transporters [i.e., organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1), organic cation transporter (OCT3), and/or organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4)], or both. Therefore, we evaluated, in vitro and in vivo, whether THC and its major metabolites, 11-hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC (THC-COOH) are substrates of key placental efflux and uptake transporters at their pharmacologically relevant concentrations (Chapters 2, 3, and 4). Cannabinoid-drug interactions may occur if the cannabinoid, at its pharmacologically relevant plasma concentrations, is a significant inhibitor of the transporter involved in the drug's tissue distribution or clearance. Therefore, we also investigated if THC and its major metabolites, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH, are inhibitors of key placental/hepatic efflux and uptake transporters at their pharmacologically relevant concentrations (Chapters 2 and 4).To test the above hypotheses, we examined in Chapter 2, if THC and its major metabolites interact with key placental efflux transporters using cell lines that overexpress human P-gp or BCRP. At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, neither THC nor 11-OH-THC were substrates or inhibitors of P-gp or BCRP. THC-COOH, however, showed weak substrate and inhibitory activity for BCRP but not P-gp. Therefore, the placental efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP are unlikely to cause the reduced fetal-to-maternal exposure ratio of THC observed in humans or non-human primates. Moreover, THC and its metabolites are unlikely to produce cannabinoid-drug interactions at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. These findings contrast with earlier rodent studies which suggest that THC is a substrate of P-gp and Bcrp, suggesting species-specific differences in transport of THC.THC and its major metabolites are highly lipophilic with extensive nonspecific binding. Therefore, the above studies may be confounded by our inability to detect cannabinoid transport in the background of high non-specific binding. Others, using P-gp knock-out mice, have found that THC is a substrate of P-gp when it is administered orally. Therefore, in Chapter 3, we investigated maternal-fetal THC distribution and disposition in P-gp and/or Bcrp knockout pregnant mice. However, no significant changes in fetal-to-maternal area under the plasma concentration-time (AUC) ratios of THC or its metabolites were observed among all genotypes. Surprisingly, P-gp-deficient pregnant mice had significantly lower maternal brain/maternal plasma AUC ratios of THC compared to the wild type pregnant mice, suggesting an interaction of P-gp knock-out with other unknown transporters or brain fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) to which THC binds. Since the above studies indicated that placental efflux transporters cannot explain the reduced fetal exposure to THC observed in human and non-human primates, in Chapter 4, we investigated if placental basal uptake transporters (i.e., OATP2B1, OCT3, OAT4) could be responsible for these observations. Given that THC and its metabolites are cleared by the liver, we also investigated if THC and its metabolites were substrates or inhibitors of the hepatic uptake transporters [OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OAT4, sodium taurocholate cotransporter protein (NTCP)]. None of the cannabinoids interacted with these transporters, except for hepatic OCT1, which transported both THC and THC-COOH at their pharmacologically relevant concentrations. However, at these concentrations, they were not inhibitors of OCT1. Therefore, OATP2B1, OCT3, and OAT4 are also unlikely to be responsible for the reduced fetal exposure to THC. Also, this suggests that co-administration of OCT1 inhibitors with THC or THC-COOH could reduce the in vivo hepatic distribution of these cannabinoids provided OCT1 plays a significant role (vis-a-vis passive diffusion) in their distribution.In summary, our research indicates that the major placental efflux and uptake transporters, in humans or mice, are not responsible for limiting the observed fetal THC exposure in human and nonhuman primates, pointing to other placental transporters or alternative mechanisms. The identification of hepatic OCT1 as a transporter for THC and THC-COOH suggests possible OCT1-based drug interactions in their in vivo disposition. These findings lay the groundwork for future studies on cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, including during pregnancy, and highlight the importance of considering species differences when extrapolating from preclinical data to humans.
일반주제명  
Pharmacology
일반주제명  
Pharmaceutical sciences
일반주제명  
Obstetrics
키워드  
Cannabinoid
키워드  
Fetus
키워드  
Placenta
키워드  
Pregnancy
키워드  
Transporter
기타저자  
University of Washington Pharmaceutics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aChen,  Xin.
■24510▼a(-)-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol  and  Pregnancy:  Transporter-Mediated  Tissue  Distribution  and  Drug  Interactions
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Washington▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Unadkat,  Jashvant  D.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Washington,  2025.
■520    ▼aAs  cannabis  use  during  pregnancy  increases,  it  is  important  to  understand  the  mechanisms  and  extent  of  placental  transfer  of  (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol  (THC),  the  primary  intoxicating  constitute  of  cannabis,  along  with  its  circulating  major  metabolites.  In  a  nonhuman  primate  study,  the  fetal  plasma  exposure  to  THC  is  about  30%  of  the  maternal  exposure.  Similarly,  in  a  human  study  of  daily  cannabis  smokers,  the  average  THC  umbilical  vein-to-maternal  serum  concentration  ratio  at  delivery  was  0.26  ±  0.10  (n  =  3).  This  reduced  fetal  exposure  to  THC  in  nonhuman  primates  and  humans  is  likely  attributed  to  the  placenta's  ability  to  limit  fetal  exposure  to  xenobiotics.  However,  the  exact  mechanisms  behind  this  protection  are  not  fully  understood.  Since  many  transporters  on  both  the  maternal  and  fetal  side  of  the  syncytiotrophoblast  are  expressed  in  the  placenta,  we  hypothesized  that  the  reduced  fetal  exposure  to  THC  could  be  attributed  to  apical  (maternal-facing)  efflux  transporters  [i.e.,  P-glycoprotein  (P-gp)  and/or  breast  cancer  resistance  protein  (BCRP)],  or  basal  (fetal-facing)  uptake  transporters  [i.e.,  organic  anion  transporting  polypeptide  2B1  (OATP2B1),  organic  cation  transporter  (OCT3),  and/or  organic  anion  transporter  4  (OAT4)],  or  both.  Therefore,  we  evaluated,  in  vitro  and  in  vivo,  whether  THC  and  its  major  metabolites,  11-hydroxy-THC  (11-OH-THC),  11-nor-9-carboxy-THC  (THC-COOH)  are  substrates  of  key  placental  efflux  and  uptake  transporters  at  their  pharmacologically  relevant  concentrations  (Chapters  2,  3,  and  4).  Cannabinoid-drug  interactions  may  occur  if  the  cannabinoid,  at  its  pharmacologically  relevant  plasma  concentrations,  is  a  significant  inhibitor  of  the  transporter  involved  in  the  drug's  tissue  distribution  or  clearance.  Therefore,  we  also  investigated  if  THC  and  its  major  metabolites,  11-OH-THC  and  THC-COOH,  are  inhibitors  of  key  placental/hepatic  efflux  and  uptake  transporters  at  their  pharmacologically  relevant  concentrations  (Chapters  2  and  4).To  test  the  above  hypotheses,  we  examined  in  Chapter  2,  if  THC  and  its  major  metabolites  interact  with  key  placental  efflux  transporters  using  cell  lines  that  overexpress  human  P-gp  or  BCRP.  At  pharmacologically  relevant  concentrations,  neither  THC  nor  11-OH-THC  were  substrates  or  inhibitors  of  P-gp  or  BCRP.  THC-COOH,  however,  showed  weak  substrate  and  inhibitory  activity  for  BCRP  but  not  P-gp.  Therefore,  the  placental  efflux  transporters  P-gp  and  BCRP  are  unlikely  to  cause  the  reduced  fetal-to-maternal  exposure  ratio  of  THC  observed  in  humans  or  non-human  primates.  Moreover,  THC  and  its  metabolites  are  unlikely  to  produce  cannabinoid-drug  interactions  at  pharmacologically  relevant  concentrations.  These  findings  contrast  with  earlier  rodent  studies  which  suggest  that  THC  is  a  substrate  of  P-gp  and  Bcrp,  suggesting  species-specific  differences  in  transport  of  THC.THC  and  its  major  metabolites  are  highly  lipophilic  with  extensive  nonspecific  binding.  Therefore,  the  above  studies  may  be  confounded  by  our  inability  to  detect  cannabinoid  transport  in  the  background  of  high  non-specific  binding.  Others,  using  P-gp  knock-out  mice,  have  found  that  THC  is  a  substrate  of  P-gp  when  it  is  administered  orally.  Therefore,  in  Chapter  3,  we  investigated  maternal-fetal  THC  distribution  and  disposition  in  P-gp  and/or  Bcrp  knockout  pregnant  mice.  However,  no  significant  changes  in  fetal-to-maternal  area  under  the  plasma  concentration-time  (AUC)  ratios  of  THC  or  its  metabolites  were  observed  among  all  genotypes.  Surprisingly,  P-gp-deficient  pregnant  mice  had  significantly  lower  maternal  brain/maternal  plasma  AUC  ratios  of  THC  compared  to  the  wild  type  pregnant  mice,  suggesting  an  interaction  of  P-gp  knock-out  with  other  unknown  transporters  or  brain  fatty  acid  binding  proteins  (FABPs)  to  which  THC  binds.  Since  the  above  studies  indicated  that  placental  efflux  transporters  cannot  explain  the  reduced  fetal  exposure  to  THC  observed  in  human  and  non-human  primates,  in  Chapter  4,  we  investigated  if  placental  basal  uptake  transporters  (i.e.,  OATP2B1,  OCT3,  OAT4)  could  be  responsible  for  these  observations.  Given  that  THC  and  its  metabolites  are  cleared  by  the  liver,  we  also  investigated  if  THC  and  its  metabolites  were  substrates  or  inhibitors  of  the  hepatic  uptake  transporters  [OATP1B1,  OATP1B3,  OCT1,  OAT4,  sodium  taurocholate  cotransporter  protein  (NTCP)].  None  of  the  cannabinoids  interacted  with  these  transporters,  except  for  hepatic  OCT1,  which  transported  both  THC  and  THC-COOH  at  their  pharmacologically  relevant  concentrations.  However,  at  these  concentrations,  they  were  not  inhibitors  of  OCT1.  Therefore,  OATP2B1,  OCT3,  and  OAT4  are  also  unlikely  to  be  responsible  for  the  reduced  fetal  exposure  to  THC.  Also,  this  suggests  that  co-administration  of  OCT1  inhibitors  with  THC  or  THC-COOH  could  reduce  the  in  vivo  hepatic  distribution  of  these  cannabinoids  provided  OCT1  plays  a  significant  role  (vis-a-vis  passive  diffusion)  in  their  distribution.In  summary,  our  research  indicates  that  the  major  placental  efflux  and  uptake  transporters,  in  humans  or  mice,  are  not  responsible  for  limiting  the  observed  fetal  THC  exposure  in  human  and  nonhuman  primates,  pointing  to  other  placental  transporters  or  alternative  mechanisms.  The  identification  of  hepatic  OCT1  as  a  transporter  for  THC  and  THC-COOH  suggests  possible  OCT1-based  drug  interactions  in  their  in  vivo  disposition.  These  findings  lay  the  groundwork  for  future  studies  on  cannabinoid  pharmacokinetics,  including  during  pregnancy,  and  highlight  the  importance  of  considering  species  differences  when  extrapolating  from  preclinical  data  to  humans.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0250.
■650  4▼aPharmacology
■650  4▼aPharmaceutical  sciences
■650  4▼aObstetrics
■653    ▼aCannabinoid
■653    ▼aFetus
■653    ▼aPlacenta
■653    ▼aPregnancy
■653    ▼aTransporter
■690    ▼a0419
■690    ▼a0380
■690    ▼a0572
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Washington▼bPharmaceutics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0250
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358431▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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