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Defect Characterization of High-Power Diode Lasers? Facets and Cavities
Defect Characterization of High-Power Diode Lasers? Facets and Cavities
Defect Characterization of High-Power Diode Lasers? Facets and Cavities

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105233
ISBN  
9798291567548
DDC  
620
저자명  
Wang, Luyang.
서명/저자  
Defect Characterization of High-Power Diode Lasers? Facets and Cavities
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Michigan, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
137 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Pipe, Kevin P.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Michigan, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Diode lasers are widely used in various aspects of daily life, including medical devices, industrial manufacturing, and fiber-optic communication, owing to their high optical output, excellent beam quality, high efficiency, spectral coherence, and compact size. For high-power diode lasers, the three most critical performance metrics are maximum optical power output, efficiency, and device lifetime. However, all of these are fundamentally limited by degradation processes that occur within the chip during laser operation. These degradation processes are typically classified into three categories: rapid degradation, gradual degradation, and catastrophic optical damage (COD). Each of these modes is closely linked to the formation and evolution of defects, either on the front facet or within the laser cavity. Therefore, investigating the mechanisms behind defect formation and propagation is essential for understanding the degradation behavior of diode lasers and offers valuable insights for developing strategies to enhance device reliability and increase optical power without accelerating failure.In this dissertation, defect formation and evolution were monitored using non-destructive methods to characterize both facet and cavity defects in diode lasers. Given the well-established correlation between non-radiative defects and localized heating, thermal maps of the device's front facet can yield valuable information on the formation and progression of small point defect clusters at or near the facet during laser aging. To capture this information, a high-spatial-resolution CCD-based thermoreflectance technique was employed to profile the thermal behavior of the device facet throughout its lifetime. This technique offers a spatial resolution of approximately 0.5 \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A and a temperature resolution of about 0.2 K. Thermal maps collected over the device lifetime revealed that the average temperature rise (Δ\uD835\uDC47) of the active region increased from approximately 20 K to 45 K accompanied by the formation of several localized hot spots, including two highly concentrated regions that emerged just before and after catastrophic optical damage (COD). The occurrence of COD was indicated by a sudden loss of 68% of the original optical output power. These concentrated hot spots were found to correlate with localized loss of light emission. However, SEM imaging of the facet presented no observable morphological changes, suggesting that the associated defects are either too small to be resolved by SEM or are located beneath the facet surface.To image defect formation and evolution within the device cavity, an in situ and non-destructive NIR defect imaging technique was developed. This method utilizes broadband NIR emission originating from the core layers of the laser. Because its wavelength (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC41\uD835\uDC3C\uD835\uDC45 ≥910 nm) is longer than the absorption edge of GaAs (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC3A\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC34\uD835\uDC60 ≃870 nm), this emission enables defect imaging through the substrate, even when the substrate is opaque at the lasing wavelength (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC60\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5B\uD835\uDC54 ≃ 790 nm). The technique achieves a spatial resolution of approximately 1 \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A. Using this approach, the evolution of dark line defects (DLDs) during aging was observed in 7 out of 9 devices. Correlations were established between observed defect growth characteristics and changes in key device parameters such as optical output power and lasing wavelength. Results show that gradual degradation is associated with DLDs that slowly propagate from pre-existing dark spots present in the device interior at the fresh (unaged) state, rather than from new spots formed during aging. This finding suggests the potential for early-stage screening of fresh devices based on initial defect signatures to predict long-term reliability.A longitudinal spatial dependence of the dark line defect growth velocity was observed from cavity defect images, captured using the NIR defect imaging technique. The growth rate for dark line defect located 100 \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A from the facet is approximately 3 times higher than that for dark line defect located 1000 \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A from the facet. This observation, along with the known non-uniform distribution of photon and carrier densities along the laser cavity, driven by the longitudinal spatial hole burning (LSHB) effect, motivated an investigation into the underlying mechanism responsible for the position dependent DLD growth. A photon-accelerated defect growth mechanism is proposed. In contrast to the widely accepted recombination enhanced dislocation glide (REDG) mechanism, where carrier capture is the primary driver of defect propagation, the proposed mechanism highlights photon absorption as the dominant contributor to defect motion in diode laser devices. This does not exclude the role of carrier capture; rather, it suggests that both processes are active, with photon-induced energy deposition playing a leading role under the observed conditions. Nonlinear regression fitting, performed using the measured DLD growth rates and the simulated photon and carrier density profiles, confirms that photon absorption accounts for more than 65% of the contribution to DLD propagation near the facet and more than 50 % at 1000 \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A from the facet, providing strong support for the proposed photon-accelerated growth mechanism.
일반주제명  
Engineering
일반주제명  
Electrical engineering
일반주제명  
Mechanical engineering
키워드  
Diode laser
키워드  
Laser degradation
키워드  
Defect imaging
키워드  
Thermoreflectance microscopy
키워드  
Dislocation motions
기타저자  
University of Michigan Mechanical Engineering
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■020    ▼a9798291567548
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32271919
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)umichrackham006386
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a620
■1001  ▼aWang,  Luyang.
■24510▼aDefect  Characterization  of  High-Power  Diode  Lasers?  Facets  and  Cavities
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Michigan▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a137  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Pipe,  Kevin  P.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Michigan,  2025.
■520    ▼aDiode  lasers  are  widely  used  in  various  aspects  of  daily  life,  including  medical  devices,  industrial  manufacturing,  and  fiber-optic  communication,  owing  to  their  high  optical  output,  excellent  beam  quality,  high  efficiency,  spectral  coherence,  and  compact  size.  For  high-power  diode  lasers,  the  three  most  critical  performance  metrics  are  maximum  optical  power  output,  efficiency,  and  device  lifetime.  However,  all  of  these  are  fundamentally  limited  by  degradation  processes  that  occur  within  the  chip  during  laser  operation.  These  degradation  processes  are  typically  classified  into  three  categories:  rapid  degradation,  gradual  degradation,  and  catastrophic  optical  damage  (COD).  Each  of  these  modes  is  closely  linked  to  the  formation  and  evolution  of  defects,  either  on  the  front  facet  or  within  the  laser  cavity.  Therefore,  investigating  the  mechanisms  behind  defect  formation  and  propagation  is  essential  for  understanding  the  degradation  behavior  of  diode  lasers  and  offers  valuable  insights  for  developing  strategies  to  enhance  device  reliability  and  increase  optical  power  without  accelerating  failure.In  this  dissertation,  defect  formation  and  evolution  were  monitored  using  non-destructive  methods  to  characterize  both  facet  and  cavity  defects  in  diode  lasers.  Given  the  well-established  correlation  between  non-radiative  defects  and  localized  heating,  thermal  maps  of  the  device's  front  facet  can  yield  valuable  information  on  the  formation  and  progression  of  small  point  defect  clusters  at  or  near  the  facet  during  laser  aging.  To  capture  this  information,  a  high-spatial-resolution  CCD-based  thermoreflectance  technique  was  employed  to  profile  the  thermal  behavior  of  the  device  facet  throughout  its  lifetime.  This  technique  offers  a  spatial  resolution  of  approximately  0.5  \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A  and  a  temperature  resolution  of  about  0.2  K.  Thermal  maps  collected  over  the  device  lifetime  revealed  that  the  average  temperature  rise  (Δ\uD835\uDC47)  of  the  active  region  increased  from  approximately  20  K  to  45  K  accompanied  by  the  formation  of  several  localized  hot  spots,  including  two  highly  concentrated  regions  that  emerged  just  before  and  after  catastrophic  optical  damage  (COD).  The  occurrence  of  COD  was  indicated  by  a  sudden  loss  of  68%  of  the  original  optical  output  power.  These  concentrated  hot  spots  were  found  to  correlate  with  localized  loss  of  light  emission.  However,  SEM  imaging  of  the  facet  presented  no  observable  morphological  changes,  suggesting  that  the  associated  defects  are  either  too  small  to  be  resolved  by  SEM  or  are  located  beneath  the  facet  surface.To  image  defect  formation  and  evolution  within  the  device  cavity,  an  in  situ  and  non-destructive  NIR  defect  imaging  technique  was  developed.  This  method  utilizes  broadband  NIR  emission  originating  from  the  core  layers  of  the  laser.  Because  its  wavelength  (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC41\uD835\uDC3C\uD835\uDC45  ≥910  nm)  is  longer  than  the  absorption  edge  of  GaAs  (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC3A\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC34\uD835\uDC60  ≃870  nm),  this  emission  enables  defect  imaging  through  the  substrate,  even  when  the  substrate  is  opaque  at  the  lasing  wavelength  (\uD835\uDF06\uD835\uDC59\uD835\uDC4E\uD835\uDC60\uD835\uDC56\uD835\uDC5B\uD835\uDC54  ≃  790  nm).  The  technique  achieves  a  spatial  resolution  of  approximately  1  \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A.  Using  this  approach,  the  evolution  of  dark  line  defects  (DLDs)  during  aging  was  observed  in  7  out  of  9  devices.  Correlations  were  established  between  observed  defect  growth  characteristics  and  changes  in  key  device  parameters  such  as  optical  output  power  and  lasing  wavelength.  Results  show  that  gradual  degradation  is  associated  with  DLDs  that  slowly  propagate  from  pre-existing  dark  spots  present  in  the  device  interior  at  the  fresh  (unaged)  state,  rather  than  from  new  spots  formed  during  aging.  This  finding  suggests  the  potential  for  early-stage  screening  of  fresh  devices  based  on  initial  defect  signatures  to  predict  long-term  reliability.A  longitudinal  spatial  dependence  of  the  dark  line  defect  growth  velocity  was  observed  from  cavity  defect  images,  captured  using  the  NIR  defect  imaging  technique.  The  growth  rate  for  dark  line  defect  located  100  \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A  from  the  facet  is  approximately  3  times  higher  than  that  for  dark  line  defect  located  1000  \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A  from  the  facet.  This  observation,  along  with  the  known  non-uniform  distribution  of  photon  and  carrier  densities  along  the  laser  cavity,  driven  by  the  longitudinal  spatial  hole  burning  (LSHB)  effect,  motivated  an  investigation  into  the  underlying  mechanism  responsible  for  the  position  dependent  DLD  growth.  A  photon-accelerated  defect  growth  mechanism  is  proposed.  In  contrast  to  the  widely  accepted  recombination  enhanced  dislocation  glide  (REDG)  mechanism,  where  carrier  capture  is  the  primary  driver  of  defect  propagation,  the  proposed  mechanism  highlights  photon  absorption  as  the  dominant  contributor  to  defect  motion  in  diode  laser  devices.  This  does  not  exclude  the  role  of  carrier  capture;  rather,  it  suggests  that  both  processes  are  active,  with  photon-induced  energy  deposition  playing  a  leading  role  under  the  observed  conditions.  Nonlinear  regression  fitting,  performed  using  the  measured  DLD  growth  rates  and  the  simulated  photon  and  carrier  density  profiles,  confirms  that  photon  absorption  accounts  for  more  than  65%  of  the  contribution  to  DLD  propagation  near  the  facet  and  more  than  50  %  at  1000  \uD835\uDF07\uD835\uDC5A  from  the  facet,  providing  strong  support  for  the  proposed  photon-accelerated  growth  mechanism.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0127.
■650  4▼aEngineering
■650  4▼aElectrical  engineering
■650  4▼aMechanical  engineering
■653    ▼aDiode  laser
■653    ▼aLaser  degradation
■653    ▼aDefect  imaging
■653    ▼aThermoreflectance  microscopy
■653    ▼aDislocation  motions
■690    ▼a0537
■690    ▼a0548
■690    ▼a0544
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Michigan▼bMechanical  Engineering.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-03B.
■790    ▼a0127
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359900▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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