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Analysis of the Papillomavirus L2 Capsid Protein Structure and Protrusion
Analysis of the Papillomavirus L2 Capsid Protein Structure and Protrusion
Analysis of the Papillomavirus L2 Capsid Protein Structure and Protrusion

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103025
ISBN  
9798286427215
DDC  
576.6
저자명  
Buckley, Patrick.
서명/저자  
Analysis of the Papillomavirus L2 Capsid Protein Structure and Protrusion
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
213 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: DiMaio, Daniel.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Approximately 5% of human cancer worldwide is caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Although there are highly effective prophylactic vaccines, HPV remains a serious public health challenge due to low vaccine uptake and the inability of the vaccine to treat anyone already infected. Understanding how HPV enters and infects cells is important, as this work may lead to the development of new antivirals or therapeutics and may also reveal new aspects of cell and protein biology. HPVs are non-enveloped viruses, containing an ~8000 base pair double-stranded DNA genome encapsidated by 360 copies of L1 major capsid protein and up to 72 copies of L2 minor capsid protein. Previous work showed that a C-terminal cell-penetrating peptide allows most of the L2 protein to protrude through the endosomal membrane into the cytoplasm. This unique activity enables L2 to interact with cellular factors required for trafficking of the virus to the nucleus by exposing binding sites throughout the central and C-terminal region of L2 to the cytoplasmic compartment. Despite the unique function and importance of L2 during infection, the structure of L2 remains unknown. We predicted the structure of the L2 protein using various structural prediction software, including AlphaFold2. Modeling predicts that most of L2 is unstructured, but that it contains a central three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet conserved in highly divergent HPV types. We designed and tested HPV16 pseudoviruses containing mutations in the predicted β-sheet region. Mutations predicted to disrupt the β-sheet led to a dramatic reduction in infectivity, but nearby mutations predicted to preserve the β-sheet structure were tolerated. Mutational analysis of a predicted pair of interacting residues far apart on the linear sequence is consistent with these residues participating in a strong salt bridge interaction. We then replaced the entire β-sheet, or each individual β-strand, with an artificial computer-generated amino acid sequence predicted to recapitulate the β-sheet. These artificial β-sheet mutations were not tolerated, indicating that the amino acid sequence of the β-sheet is important. We also show that several HPV mutants with these defective artificial sequences are able to reach the Golgi apparatus during infection and accumulate in this compartment. In vitro binding experiments similarly suggest that binding of L2 to COPI, a cellular trafficking complex, through a binding site in the L2 central region is a dynamic process that is tightly regulated in the Golgi. Finally, we provide modeling and mutational evidence that the HPV16 β-sheet is pH sensitive, and propose that unfolding at low pH allows protrusion of this segment of L2 into the cytoplasm. Collectively, these results suggest the presence of a previously unknown structured region in L2 that is conserved across a diverse range of papillomaviruses and required for infection. This central structure in L2 appears to be important for trafficking in the Golgi and the results shown here are consistent with sequential protrusion of L2 from the C-terminus to N-terminus that gradually exposes different portions of L2 that act at different times during infection. Evidence that the central structure is remarkably stable at neutral pH but unfolds at low pH supports a model where the folded central structure prevents protrusion of this segment of L2 until the proper time during infection, where it then unfolds at low pH and enters the cytoplasm, acting to regulate Golgi trafficking and potentially downstream steps.
일반주제명  
Virology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
키워드  
Golgi
키워드  
Human Papillomavirus
키워드  
Infection
키워드  
L2
키워드  
Capsid protein
기타저자  
Yale University Microbiology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aBuckley,  Patrick.
■24510▼aAnalysis  of  the  Papillomavirus  L2  Capsid  Protein  Structure  and  Protrusion
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a213  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  DiMaio,  Daniel.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aApproximately  5%  of  human  cancer  worldwide  is  caused  by  Human  Papillomavirus  (HPV).  Although  there  are  highly  effective  prophylactic  vaccines,  HPV  remains  a  serious  public  health  challenge  due  to  low  vaccine  uptake  and  the  inability  of  the  vaccine  to  treat  anyone  already  infected.  Understanding  how  HPV  enters  and  infects  cells  is  important,  as  this  work  may  lead  to  the  development  of  new  antivirals  or  therapeutics  and  may  also  reveal  new  aspects  of  cell  and  protein  biology.  HPVs  are  non-enveloped  viruses,  containing  an  ~8000  base  pair  double-stranded  DNA  genome  encapsidated  by  360  copies  of  L1  major  capsid  protein  and  up  to  72  copies  of  L2  minor  capsid  protein.  Previous  work  showed  that  a  C-terminal  cell-penetrating  peptide  allows  most  of  the  L2  protein  to  protrude  through  the  endosomal  membrane  into  the  cytoplasm.  This  unique  activity  enables  L2  to  interact  with  cellular  factors  required  for  trafficking  of  the  virus  to  the  nucleus  by  exposing  binding  sites  throughout  the  central  and  C-terminal  region  of  L2  to  the  cytoplasmic  compartment.  Despite  the  unique  function  and  importance  of  L2  during  infection,  the  structure  of  L2  remains  unknown.  We  predicted  the  structure  of  the  L2  protein  using  various  structural  prediction  software,  including  AlphaFold2.  Modeling  predicts  that  most  of  L2  is  unstructured,  but  that  it  contains  a  central  three-stranded  antiparallel  β-sheet  conserved  in  highly  divergent  HPV  types.  We  designed  and  tested  HPV16  pseudoviruses  containing  mutations  in  the  predicted  β-sheet  region.  Mutations  predicted  to  disrupt  the  β-sheet  led  to  a  dramatic  reduction  in  infectivity,  but  nearby  mutations  predicted  to  preserve  the  β-sheet  structure  were  tolerated.  Mutational  analysis  of  a  predicted  pair  of  interacting  residues  far  apart  on  the  linear  sequence  is  consistent  with  these  residues  participating  in  a  strong  salt  bridge  interaction.  We  then  replaced  the  entire  β-sheet,  or  each  individual  β-strand,  with  an  artificial  computer-generated  amino  acid  sequence  predicted  to  recapitulate  the  β-sheet.  These  artificial  β-sheet  mutations  were  not  tolerated,  indicating  that  the  amino  acid  sequence  of  the  β-sheet  is  important.  We  also  show  that  several  HPV  mutants  with  these  defective  artificial  sequences  are  able  to  reach  the  Golgi  apparatus  during  infection  and  accumulate  in  this  compartment.  In  vitro  binding  experiments  similarly  suggest  that  binding  of  L2  to  COPI,  a  cellular  trafficking  complex,  through  a  binding  site  in  the  L2  central  region  is  a  dynamic  process  that  is  tightly  regulated  in  the  Golgi.  Finally,  we  provide  modeling  and  mutational  evidence  that  the  HPV16  β-sheet  is  pH  sensitive,  and  propose  that  unfolding  at  low  pH  allows  protrusion  of  this  segment  of  L2  into  the  cytoplasm.  Collectively,  these  results  suggest  the  presence  of  a  previously  unknown  structured  region  in  L2  that  is  conserved  across  a  diverse  range  of  papillomaviruses  and  required  for  infection.  This  central  structure  in  L2  appears  to  be  important  for  trafficking  in  the  Golgi  and  the  results  shown  here  are  consistent  with  sequential  protrusion  of  L2  from  the  C-terminus  to  N-terminus  that  gradually  exposes  different  portions  of  L2  that  act  at  different  times  during  infection.  Evidence  that  the  central  structure  is  remarkably  stable  at  neutral  pH  but  unfolds  at  low  pH  supports  a  model  where  the  folded  central  structure  prevents  protrusion  of  this  segment  of  L2  until  the  proper  time  during  infection,  where  it  then  unfolds  at  low  pH  and  enters  the  cytoplasm,  acting  to  regulate  Golgi  trafficking  and  potentially  downstream  steps.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■650  4▼aVirology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■653    ▼aGolgi
■653    ▼aHuman  Papillomavirus
■653    ▼aInfection
■653    ▼aL2
■653    ▼aCapsid  protein
■690    ▼a0720
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aYale  University▼bMicrobiology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356732▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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