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Transition-Metal-Free Reverse Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts for Sustainable Liquid-Fuel Production
Transition-Metal-Free Reverse Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts for Sustainable Liquid-Fuel Produc...
Transition-Metal-Free Reverse Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts for Sustainable Liquid-Fuel Production

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260209102931
ISBN  
9798290652290
DDC  
629.13309
저자명  
Li, Chastity S.
서명/저자  
Transition-Metal-Free Reverse Water-Gas-Shift Catalysts for Sustainable Liquid-Fuel Production
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2023
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023
형태사항  
449 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Kanan, Matthew.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2023.
초록/해제  
요약Renewable hydrocarbon liquid fuels are needed to displace fossil-based liquid fuels from hard to abate sectors such as aviation and heavy shipping. The most advanced existing renewable liquid fuel options rely on biomass pathways that are limited by photosynthetic efficiency and compete with food production for arable land. There is a critical need for scalable synthetic methods that produce liquid fuels from H₂O and CO₂ emissions. Existing synthetic pathways for liquid fuel generation start with syngas, a gas mixture containing H₂ and CO, which can be converted to short chain alcohols via gas fermentation or to various length hydrocarbons through Fischer-Tropsch. There are various upscaling methods that can turn these products into fuels suitable for hard-to-abate sectors. However, syngas is currently produced from coal or natural gas via steam reforming. Reverse water-gas shift (RWGS), which thermochemically converts CO₂ and H₂ into CO and H₂O, provides the critical link between renewable power and liquid fuels by generating syngas from CO₂ and electrochemically derived H₂.Current RWGS technologies use Ni-based catalysts that must be operated at very high ( 900 °C) temperatures to minimize the production of methane through the competing Sabatier reaction. Operating at these high temperatures requires specialized and expensive reactor materials and complicates heat integration with downstream syngas-to-liquids conversions. My work has developed transition metal-free, alkali carbonate-based RWGS catalysts for renewable liquid fuel generation at intermediate temperatures ≤750 °C. These catalysts consist of an alkali carbonate salt dispersed on a mesoporous support material. Because it lacks a transition metal, the catalyst has very little affinity for the RWGS product CO, which precludes its further reduction to methane.The catalysts were evaluated in a custom-built flow reactor suitable for operating at temperatures up to 525 °C and pressures up to 10 bar. Experimental results demonstrate high, equilibrium-limited conversion of CO₂ to CO with nearly 100% selectivity. The catalysts were also stable in the presence of 50 ppm H₂S impurity for more than 40 hours, which poisons typical transition metal-based catalysts. Based on these results, a larger set of dispersed carbonate catalysts were evaluated in high-throughput-experimentation over an expanded range of temperatures up to 750 °C and pressures up to 30 bar. The catalysts were stable over the course of 200+ hours of continuous operation at industrially relevant space velocities 24,000 h⁻¹. Stable catalyst performance in the presence of methane and propane was also demonstrated, which is important for integration with Fischer-Tropsch syngas-to-liquids processing because recycle-loops are expected to have significant short hydrocarbon content. Additional screening was used to explore broader catalyst loading and preparation techniques.Dispersed carbonate catalysts are highly active, selective, and low-cost RWGS catalysts. Their robust performance in the presence of common gas impurities makes them suitable for combination with downstream liquid fuel production pathways involving recycle loops. Catalyst preparation is very simple, and the scalable manufacture of these catalysts has been validated by industrial collaborators. This catalyst technology has the potential to simplify and accelerate the deployment of syngas-based renewable liquid fuel production to meet the ongoing demand for liquid fuels.The work presented in this dissertation provides an overview of the evaluation and development of these catalysts. In the first chapter, an overview of existing sustainable liquid fuel is provided and the pros and cons of each method is discussed. It explains why dispersed carbonate are a good target for catalysts of RWGS based on some of the previous work done with them.Chapter 2 discusses the significant development in terms of hardware and software required to make a lab-scale flow reactor in order to evaluate these catalysts. The reactor was designed to access industrially relevant conditions while maintaining strict safe operating procedures as well as software controls. Discussion about why certain decisions were made and a brief tutorial is provided to assist future users in operating the system.Chapter 3 discusses the preliminary but promising results obtained from evaluating the dispersed carbonate catalysts in the lab-scale reactor. Key results are discussed and catalyst performance is benchmarked against a transition-metal based catalyst which was highly-active for RWGS. The stable behavior of the dispersed-carbonate catalyst in the presence of H2S impurity is a key result that differentiates it from transition-metal based ones. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses ongoing work to validate the performance of the catalyst for industrial application. The use of high-throughput experimentation is highlighted to provide a large volume of results and allow for rapid screening of potential catalyst formulations. The performance of catalysts prepared at the lab scale is compared against that of catalysts prepared by commercial catalyst manufacturers. Additional metrics for study are identified for the goal of a pilot-scale validation experiment.
일반주제명  
Aviation
일반주제명  
Energy efficiency
일반주제명  
Biomass
일반주제명  
Gases
일반주제명  
Synthesis gas
일반주제명  
Fixed bed reactors
일반주제명  
Carbon
일반주제명  
Conversion
일반주제명  
Oils & fats
일반주제명  
Alternative energy
일반주제명  
Chemistry
키워드  
Renewable hydrocarbon liquid fuels
키워드  
Reverse water-gas shift
키워드  
Carbonate catalysts
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.

MARC

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■0820  ▼a629.13309
■1001  ▼aLi,  Chastity  S.
■24510▼aTransition-Metal-Free  Reverse  Water-Gas-Shift  Catalysts  for  Sustainable  Liquid-Fuel  Production
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2023
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2023
■300    ▼a449  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Kanan,  Matthew.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2023.
■520    ▼aRenewable  hydrocarbon  liquid  fuels  are  needed  to  displace  fossil-based  liquid  fuels  from  hard  to  abate  sectors  such  as  aviation  and  heavy  shipping.  The  most  advanced  existing  renewable  liquid  fuel  options  rely  on  biomass  pathways  that  are  limited  by  photosynthetic  efficiency  and  compete  with  food  production  for  arable  land.  There  is  a  critical  need  for  scalable  synthetic  methods  that  produce  liquid  fuels  from  H₂O  and  CO₂  emissions.  Existing  synthetic  pathways  for  liquid  fuel  generation  start  with  syngas,  a  gas  mixture  containing  H₂  and  CO,  which  can  be  converted  to  short  chain  alcohols  via  gas  fermentation  or  to  various  length  hydrocarbons  through  Fischer-Tropsch.  There  are  various  upscaling  methods  that  can  turn  these  products  into  fuels  suitable  for  hard-to-abate  sectors.  However,  syngas  is  currently  produced  from  coal  or  natural  gas  via  steam  reforming.  Reverse  water-gas  shift  (RWGS),  which  thermochemically  converts  CO₂  and  H₂  into  CO  and  H₂O,  provides  the  critical  link  between  renewable  power  and  liquid  fuels  by  generating  syngas  from  CO₂  and  electrochemically  derived  H₂.Current  RWGS  technologies  use  Ni-based  catalysts  that  must  be  operated  at  very  high  (  900  °C)  temperatures  to  minimize  the  production  of  methane  through  the  competing  Sabatier  reaction.  Operating  at  these  high  temperatures  requires  specialized  and  expensive  reactor  materials  and  complicates  heat  integration  with  downstream  syngas-to-liquids  conversions.  My  work  has  developed  transition  metal-free,  alkali  carbonate-based  RWGS  catalysts  for  renewable  liquid  fuel  generation  at  intermediate  temperatures  ≤750  °C.  These  catalysts  consist  of  an  alkali  carbonate  salt  dispersed  on  a  mesoporous  support  material.  Because  it  lacks  a  transition  metal,  the  catalyst  has  very  little  affinity  for  the  RWGS  product  CO,  which  precludes  its  further  reduction  to  methane.The  catalysts  were  evaluated  in  a  custom-built  flow  reactor  suitable  for  operating  at  temperatures  up  to  525  °C  and  pressures  up  to  10  bar.  Experimental  results  demonstrate  high,  equilibrium-limited  conversion  of  CO₂  to  CO  with  nearly  100%  selectivity.  The  catalysts  were  also  stable  in  the  presence  of  50  ppm  H₂S  impurity  for  more  than  40  hours,  which  poisons  typical  transition  metal-based  catalysts.  Based  on  these  results,  a  larger  set  of  dispersed  carbonate  catalysts  were  evaluated  in  high-throughput-experimentation  over  an  expanded  range  of  temperatures  up  to  750  °C  and  pressures  up  to  30  bar.  The  catalysts  were  stable  over  the  course  of  200+  hours  of  continuous  operation  at  industrially  relevant  space  velocities    24,000  h⁻¹.  Stable  catalyst  performance  in  the  presence  of  methane  and  propane  was  also  demonstrated,  which  is  important  for  integration  with  Fischer-Tropsch  syngas-to-liquids  processing  because  recycle-loops  are  expected  to  have  significant  short  hydrocarbon  content.  Additional  screening  was  used  to  explore  broader  catalyst  loading  and  preparation  techniques.Dispersed  carbonate  catalysts  are  highly  active,  selective,  and  low-cost  RWGS  catalysts.  Their  robust  performance  in  the  presence  of  common  gas  impurities  makes  them  suitable  for  combination  with  downstream  liquid  fuel  production  pathways  involving  recycle  loops.  Catalyst  preparation  is  very  simple,  and  the  scalable  manufacture  of  these  catalysts  has  been  validated  by  industrial  collaborators.  This  catalyst  technology  has  the  potential  to  simplify  and  accelerate  the  deployment  of  syngas-based  renewable  liquid  fuel  production  to  meet  the  ongoing  demand  for  liquid  fuels.The  work  presented  in  this  dissertation  provides  an  overview  of  the  evaluation  and  development  of  these  catalysts.  In  the  first  chapter,  an  overview  of  existing  sustainable  liquid  fuel  is  provided  and  the  pros  and  cons  of  each  method  is  discussed.  It  explains  why  dispersed  carbonate  are  a  good  target  for  catalysts  of  RWGS  based  on  some  of  the  previous  work  done  with  them.Chapter  2  discusses  the  significant  development  in  terms  of  hardware  and  software  required  to  make  a  lab-scale  flow  reactor  in  order  to  evaluate  these  catalysts.  The  reactor  was  designed  to  access  industrially  relevant  conditions  while  maintaining  strict  safe  operating  procedures  as  well  as  software  controls.  Discussion  about  why  certain  decisions  were  made  and  a  brief  tutorial  is  provided  to  assist  future  users  in  operating  the  system.Chapter  3  discusses  the  preliminary  but  promising  results  obtained  from  evaluating  the  dispersed  carbonate  catalysts  in  the  lab-scale  reactor.  Key  results  are  discussed  and  catalyst  performance  is  benchmarked  against  a  transition-metal  based  catalyst  which  was  highly-active  for  RWGS.  The  stable  behavior  of  the  dispersed-carbonate  catalyst  in  the  presence  of  H2S  impurity  is  a  key  result  that  differentiates  it  from  transition-metal  based  ones. Finally,  Chapter  4  discusses  ongoing  work  to  validate  the  performance  of  the  catalyst  for  industrial  application.  The  use  of  high-throughput  experimentation  is  highlighted  to  provide  a  large  volume  of  results  and  allow  for  rapid  screening  of  potential  catalyst  formulations.  The  performance  of  catalysts  prepared  at  the  lab  scale  is  compared  against  that  of  catalysts  prepared  by  commercial  catalyst  manufacturers.  Additional  metrics  for  study  are  identified  for  the  goal  of  a  pilot-scale  validation  experiment.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aAviation
■650  4▼aEnergy  efficiency
■650  4▼aBiomass
■650  4▼aGases
■650  4▼aSynthesis  gas
■650  4▼aFixed  bed  reactors
■650  4▼aCarbon
■650  4▼aConversion
■650  4▼aOils  &  fats
■650  4▼aAlternative  energy
■650  4▼aChemistry
■653    ▼aRenewable  hydrocarbon  liquid  fuels
■653    ▼aReverse  water-gas  shift
■653    ▼aCarbonate  catalysts
■690    ▼a0363
■690    ▼a0485
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2023
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17366035▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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