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Identifying How Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells Become Primed for Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes
Identifying How Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells Become Primed for Expression of Type III Secr...
Identifying How Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells Become Primed for Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes

Detailed Information

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103031
ISBN  
9798286445493
DDC  
576
저자명  
Ramsey, Kristen Alicia.
서명/저자  
Identifying How Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cells Become Primed for Expression of Type III Secretion System Genes
발행사항  
[Sl] : Yale University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
211 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Kazmierczak, Barbara I.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause acute infections in individuals with epithelial damage or medically placed devices, leading to sepsis or death in immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals. Like many other Gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa uses a Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to intoxicate eukaryotic cells. This T3SS is essential for P. aeruginosa to establish an infection and avoid clearance by immune cells and is also linked to increased morbidity and mortality in infections. Despite this necessity, activation of the T3SS slows P. aeruginosa's cell growth and permits innate immune system detection and resulting inflammation. To balance these costs, P. aeruginosa cells heterogeneously express T3SS genes when uniformly exposed to T3SS-activating signals. Previous work shows that T3SS-ON cells largely originate from a subpopulation of cells that express higher levels of the T3SS transcriptional activator, ExsA. These ExsA+ cells are 'primed' to respond immediately to receiving T3SS activating signals by upregulating T3SS gene expression rapidly secreting T3SS effectors. However, the mechanistic basis by which T3SS-primed cells are generated is currently unknown.All T3SS genes are regulated by the transcriptional activator, ExsA. ExsA is in turn regulated through a complex partner-swapping network and positively autoregulates its own expression, as well as that of its anti-activator ExsD, ExsD's antiactivator ExsC, and ExsC's binding partner ExsE. These features create a bistable regulatory network for T3SS expression. There is one ExsA-independent promoter, PexsA, within the T3SS regulon, which is located upstream of ExsA and regulated by a Vfr-cyclic-AMP (cAMP) complex. I hypothesized that a cAMP signal could promote transcription from this promoter and suffice to drive P. aeruginosa cells into a stable primed state. Using flow cytometry, I tested this hypothesis at the single cell level and observed that exogenous cAMP was sufficient to increase the proportion of ExsA+, T3SS-primed cells. Further work using whole cell cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) revealed that a subpopulation of P. aeruginosa cells assembled T3SS needles naive of a T3SS-activating signal, with cAMP treatment increasing both the proportion of ExsA+ 'primed' cells and the number of cells assembling a T3SS needle.I further explored the role of endogenous cAMP in T3SS-priming, exploiting strain-specific differences in priming 'setpoint' to examine correlations between intracellular cAMP levels and the priming phenotype. I also investigated the influence of environmental and metabolic signals on T3SS-priming at the single cell level. By screening panels of single carbon sources, I identified 17 compounds that significantly altered the proportion of ExsA+ primed cells. These included previously unrecognized modulators of T3SS expression, as well as known inhibitors and inducers, which acted by altering the proportion of T3SS-primed cells.Lastly, I examined whether Type IV Pilus (T4P)-mediated surface sensing, which increases endogenous cAMP levels, would alter the setpoint of T3SS-priming. I observed that only mutations in PilA, the major T4P pilin subunit, and PilJ, the methyl-accepting chemotaxis T4P protein significantly decreased the proportion of T3SS-primed cells. The interaction of these two proteins is postulated to be necessary for adenylate cyclase activation by the Pil/Chp chemotaxis system. As exogenous cAMP could complement this phenotype in trans, endogenous cAMP is likely to be a bona fide signal for T3SS-priming.I propose that the T3SS activation is regulated at two steps. Sufficient ExsA must be made to cross the threshold that separates bistable off and on states of T3SS gene expression. On cells assemble T3SS needles before shutting down further gene expression via the ExsA/D and ExsC/E protein sequestration mechanism, creating a stable and heritable primed phenotype. These primed cells are poised to respond to T3SS-activating signals, which trigger ExsE secretion and a partner swapping cascade that liberates ExsA, by immediately upregulating T3SS gene expression and effector secretion. Signals such as cAMP play a key role in priming, by stimulating ExsA transcription from the PexsA promoter. My findings also suggest that ExsA expression and T3SS-priming respond to a variety of nutrient signals, and further elucidate the link between T3SS expression and T4P-mediated chemosensing, opening new avenues for future research.
일반주제명  
Microbiology
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
일반주제명  
Genetics
키워드  
Phenotypic heterogeneity
키워드  
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
키워드  
Metabolic signal
키워드  
Type III Secretion System
키워드  
Type IV Pilus
기타저자  
Yale University Microbiology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a576
■1001  ▼aRamsey,  Kristen  Alicia.
■24510▼aIdentifying  How  Pseudomonas  aeruginosa  Cells  Become  Primed  for  Expression  of  Type  III  Secretion  System  Genes
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bYale  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a211  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Kazmierczak,  Barbara  I.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Yale  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aPseudomonas  aeruginosa  is  an  opportunistic  pathogen  known  to  cause  acute  infections  in  individuals  with  epithelial  damage  or  medically  placed  devices,  leading  to  sepsis  or  death  in  immunocompetent  and  immunocompromised  individuals.  Like  many  other  Gram-negative  bacteria,  P.  aeruginosa  uses  a  Type  III  Secretion  System  (T3SS)  to  intoxicate  eukaryotic  cells.  This  T3SS  is  essential  for  P.  aeruginosa  to  establish  an  infection  and  avoid  clearance  by  immune  cells  and  is  also  linked  to  increased  morbidity  and  mortality  in  infections.  Despite  this  necessity,  activation  of  the  T3SS  slows  P.  aeruginosa's  cell  growth  and  permits  innate  immune  system  detection  and  resulting  inflammation.  To  balance  these  costs,  P.  aeruginosa  cells  heterogeneously  express  T3SS  genes  when  uniformly  exposed  to  T3SS-activating  signals.  Previous  work  shows  that  T3SS-ON  cells  largely  originate  from  a  subpopulation  of  cells  that  express  higher  levels  of  the  T3SS  transcriptional  activator,  ExsA.  These  ExsA+  cells  are  'primed'  to  respond  immediately  to  receiving  T3SS  activating  signals  by  upregulating  T3SS  gene  expression  rapidly  secreting  T3SS  effectors.  However,  the  mechanistic  basis  by  which  T3SS-primed  cells  are  generated  is  currently  unknown.All  T3SS  genes  are  regulated  by  the  transcriptional  activator,  ExsA.  ExsA  is  in  turn  regulated  through  a  complex  partner-swapping  network  and  positively  autoregulates  its  own  expression,  as  well  as  that  of  its  anti-activator  ExsD,  ExsD's  antiactivator  ExsC,  and  ExsC's  binding  partner  ExsE.  These  features  create  a  bistable  regulatory  network  for  T3SS  expression.  There  is  one  ExsA-independent  promoter,  PexsA,  within  the  T3SS  regulon,  which  is  located  upstream  of  ExsA  and  regulated  by  a  Vfr-cyclic-AMP  (cAMP)  complex.  I  hypothesized  that  a  cAMP  signal  could  promote  transcription  from  this  promoter  and  suffice  to  drive  P.  aeruginosa  cells  into  a  stable  primed  state.  Using  flow  cytometry,  I  tested  this  hypothesis  at  the  single  cell  level  and  observed  that  exogenous  cAMP  was  sufficient  to  increase  the  proportion  of  ExsA+,  T3SS-primed  cells.  Further  work  using  whole  cell  cryo-electron  tomography  (cryo-ET)  revealed  that  a  subpopulation  of  P.  aeruginosa  cells  assembled  T3SS  needles  naive  of  a  T3SS-activating  signal,  with  cAMP  treatment  increasing  both  the  proportion  of  ExsA+  'primed'  cells  and  the  number  of  cells  assembling  a  T3SS  needle.I  further  explored  the  role  of  endogenous  cAMP  in  T3SS-priming,  exploiting  strain-specific  differences  in  priming  'setpoint'  to  examine  correlations  between  intracellular  cAMP  levels  and  the  priming  phenotype.  I  also  investigated  the  influence  of  environmental  and  metabolic  signals  on  T3SS-priming  at  the  single  cell  level.  By  screening  panels  of  single  carbon  sources,  I  identified  17  compounds  that  significantly  altered  the  proportion  of  ExsA+  primed  cells.  These  included  previously  unrecognized  modulators  of  T3SS  expression,  as  well  as  known  inhibitors  and  inducers,  which  acted  by  altering  the  proportion  of  T3SS-primed  cells.Lastly,  I  examined  whether  Type  IV  Pilus  (T4P)-mediated  surface  sensing,  which  increases  endogenous  cAMP  levels,  would  alter  the  setpoint  of  T3SS-priming.  I  observed  that  only  mutations  in  PilA,  the  major  T4P  pilin  subunit,  and  PilJ,  the  methyl-accepting  chemotaxis  T4P  protein  significantly  decreased  the  proportion  of  T3SS-primed  cells.  The  interaction  of  these  two  proteins  is  postulated  to  be  necessary  for  adenylate  cyclase  activation  by  the  Pil/Chp  chemotaxis  system.  As  exogenous  cAMP  could  complement  this  phenotype  in  trans,  endogenous  cAMP  is  likely  to  be  a  bona  fide  signal  for  T3SS-priming.I  propose  that  the  T3SS  activation  is  regulated  at  two  steps.  Sufficient  ExsA  must  be  made  to  cross  the  threshold  that  separates  bistable  off  and  on  states  of  T3SS  gene  expression.  On  cells  assemble  T3SS  needles  before  shutting  down  further  gene  expression  via  the  ExsA/D  and  ExsC/E  protein  sequestration  mechanism,  creating  a  stable  and  heritable  primed  phenotype.  These  primed  cells  are  poised  to  respond  to  T3SS-activating  signals,  which  trigger  ExsE  secretion  and  a  partner  swapping  cascade  that  liberates  ExsA,  by  immediately  upregulating  T3SS  gene  expression  and  effector  secretion.  Signals  such  as  cAMP  play  a  key  role  in  priming,  by  stimulating  ExsA  transcription  from  the  PexsA  promoter.  My  findings  also  suggest  that  ExsA  expression  and  T3SS-priming  respond  to  a  variety  of  nutrient  signals,  and  further  elucidate  the  link  between  T3SS  expression  and  T4P-mediated  chemosensing,  opening  new  avenues  for  future  research.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0265.
■650  4▼aMicrobiology
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■650  4▼aGenetics
■653    ▼aPhenotypic  heterogeneity
■653    ▼aPseudomonas  aeruginosa
■653    ▼aMetabolic  signal
■653    ▼aType  III  Secretion  System
■653    ▼aType  IV  Pilus
■690    ▼a0410
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0369
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aYale  University▼bMicrobiology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0265
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17356766▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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