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The Compositional Diversity of Small Planets Orbiting Low-Mass Stars
The Compositional Diversity of Small Planets Orbiting Low-Mass Stars
The Compositional Diversity of Small Planets Orbiting Low-Mass Stars

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104756
ISBN  
9798290651545
DDC  
600
저자명  
Greklek-McKeon, Michael C.
서명/저자  
The Compositional Diversity of Small Planets Orbiting Low-Mass Stars
발행사항  
[Sl] : California Institute of Technology, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
199 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Knutson, Heather.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--California Institute of Technology, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The Kepler and TESS missions have discovered thousands of exoplanets on close-in orbits. The most common planets discovered by these missions are between the size of Earth and Neptune, yet we have no examples of these planets in our solar system. Kepler revealed that these planets exhibit a bimodal radius distribution with peaks above and below approximately 1.8 Earth radii, suggesting distinct formation pathways or evolutionary histories that are not yet completely understood. Planets above and below this "radius valley" are commonly interpreted as planets with and without primordial hydrogen-rich atmospheres. The favorable planet-to-star size ratios of M dwarf stars offer exceptional opportunities to characterize these small planets. However, small planets around M dwarfs may have fundamentally different properties than those around Sun-like stars, including more water-rich compositions and higher atmospheric mass loss rates. We can shed light on the nature of these small M dwarf planets by measuring their masses, radii, and bulk compositions.This thesis presents results from the first systematic transit timing variation (TTV) survey of TESS-discovered M dwarf planets. Systems with multiple planets on near-resonant orbits experience gravitational perturbations that produce TTVs. For faint or active M dwarf stars, TTVs are sometimes the only method capable of measuring masses for sub-Neptune-sized planets. However, the precision of the TTVs measured by TESS is often not sufficient for this purpose, and high-precision follow-up is required in order to obtain dynamical mass measurements. To enable the studies described below, I conducted an international ground-based observing campaign to collect more more than 80 transits of near-resonant M dwarf planets from the Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory, which served as the backbone of this survey, and regularly achieved transit timing precisions an order of magnitude better than TESS. I also collected over 20 transits from the Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (LCOGT), and dozens of additional TTV observations from collaborators at other observatories. In this thesis, I present the results from 4 key systems observed by this survey. For each of these systems, I leveraged precise ground-based transit observations to provide improved measurements of the masses, densities, and corresponding bulk compositions of the near-resonant planet pairs.In the first study, I analyzed the Kepler-289 system, which contains two inner subNeptune sized planets and an outer gas giant near the 1:2:4 resonance chain. I combined Kepler photometry with new Palomar observations to extend the TTV baseline by 7.5 years and improve the mass constraints by more than a factor of two for all planets. I found that the inner planets have low densities requiring hydrogenrich envelopes, while the outer gas giant contains approximately 30 Earth masses of heavy elements. By comparing the planets' current locations to the mass budget available in the inner protoplanetary disk, I placed a lower limit on the formation location of the outer gas giant beyond 3 au, well beyond its present-day location.In the second study, I analyzed the TOI-1266 system, which contains two subNeptune-sized planets with a rare inverted architecture where the interior planet is larger than its exterior companion. I combined TESS photometry, ground-based transit observations, and radial velocity (RV) measurements in a joint TTV+RV dynamical model. My combined fit revealed that the inner planet likely has a nonzero eccentricity, suggesting that it may have an inflated hydrogen-rich envelope powered by tidal heating. Interior structure modeling indicates that the outer planet could host a water-rich envelope, and both planets are excellent candidates for atmospheric characterization with JWST.In the third study, I characterized the LP 791-18 system, which contains three planets with radii equal to 1.2, 1.0, and 2.5 times that of the Earth. I used new high-precision transit observations to improve the mass and eccentricity measurements for the Earth-sized planet LP 791-18 d. I confirmed with dynamical modeling that LP 791- 18 d may have a non-zero eccentricity forced by gravitational interactions with its larger neighbor, potentially resulting in significant tidal heating and volcanic activity. Contrary to a previous analysis, I showed that if LP 791-18 d has an Earth-like tidal dissipation efficiency, then the TTV observations are not sensitive to this forced eccentricity. I made predictions for the timing of upcoming JWST secondary eclipse observations that could reveal the planet's unknown tidal dissipation efficiency and potentially detect a volcanically outgassed atmosphere.In the fourth study, I confirmed a new Earth-sized planet in the binary M dwarf system TOI-2267, which has a projected separation of just 8 au. If this planet orbits the secondary star it may be large enough to host a volatile-rich envelope, making it a valuable target for studying atmospheric mass loss around active M dwarfs. The new planet's orbital period is extremely close to the other two confirmed planets in this system. I used dynamical modeling to show that either this new planet orbits a different star than the other two, or it must be located in an extremely high 8:9 first-order resonance with planet b. This can be tested with TTV observations, and if confirmed would make this the most compact exoplanet system discovered to date.
일반주제명  
Hydrogen
일반주제명  
Dwarf stars
일반주제명  
Astronomy
기타저자  
California Institute of Technology Geological and Planetary Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aGreklek-McKeon,  Michael  C.
■24510▼aThe  Compositional  Diversity  of  Small  Planets  Orbiting  Low-Mass  Stars
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bCalifornia  Institute  of  Technology▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a199  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Knutson,  Heather.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--California  Institute  of  Technology,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  Kepler  and  TESS  missions  have  discovered  thousands  of  exoplanets  on  close-in  orbits.  The  most  common  planets  discovered  by  these  missions  are  between  the  size  of  Earth  and  Neptune,  yet  we  have  no  examples  of  these  planets  in  our  solar  system.  Kepler  revealed  that  these  planets  exhibit  a  bimodal  radius  distribution  with  peaks  above  and  below  approximately  1.8  Earth  radii,  suggesting  distinct  formation  pathways  or  evolutionary  histories  that  are  not  yet  completely  understood.  Planets  above  and  below  this  "radius  valley"  are  commonly  interpreted  as  planets  with  and  without  primordial  hydrogen-rich  atmospheres.  The  favorable  planet-to-star  size  ratios  of  M  dwarf  stars  offer  exceptional  opportunities  to  characterize  these  small  planets.  However,  small  planets  around  M  dwarfs  may  have  fundamentally  different  properties  than  those  around  Sun-like  stars,  including  more  water-rich  compositions  and  higher  atmospheric  mass  loss  rates.  We  can  shed  light  on  the  nature  of  these  small  M  dwarf  planets  by  measuring  their  masses,  radii,  and  bulk  compositions.This  thesis  presents  results  from  the  first  systematic  transit  timing  variation  (TTV)  survey  of  TESS-discovered  M  dwarf  planets.  Systems  with  multiple  planets  on  near-resonant  orbits  experience  gravitational  perturbations  that  produce  TTVs.  For  faint  or  active  M  dwarf  stars,  TTVs  are  sometimes  the  only  method  capable  of  measuring  masses  for  sub-Neptune-sized  planets.  However,  the  precision  of  the  TTVs  measured  by  TESS  is  often  not  sufficient  for  this  purpose,  and  high-precision  follow-up  is  required  in  order  to  obtain  dynamical  mass  measurements.  To  enable  the  studies  described  below,  I  conducted  an  international  ground-based  observing  campaign  to  collect  more  more  than  80  transits  of  near-resonant  M  dwarf  planets  from  the  Hale  telescope  at  Palomar  Observatory,  which  served  as  the  backbone  of  this  survey,  and  regularly  achieved  transit  timing  precisions  an  order  of  magnitude  better  than  TESS.  I  also  collected  over  20  transits  from  the  Las  Cumbres  Observatory  Global  Telescope  Network  (LCOGT),  and  dozens  of  additional  TTV  observations  from  collaborators  at  other  observatories.  In  this  thesis,  I  present  the  results  from  4  key  systems  observed  by  this  survey.  For  each  of  these  systems,  I  leveraged  precise  ground-based  transit  observations  to  provide  improved  measurements  of  the  masses,  densities,  and  corresponding  bulk  compositions  of  the  near-resonant  planet  pairs.In  the  first  study,  I  analyzed  the  Kepler-289  system,  which  contains  two  inner  subNeptune  sized  planets  and  an  outer  gas  giant  near  the  1:2:4  resonance  chain.  I  combined  Kepler  photometry  with  new  Palomar  observations  to  extend  the  TTV  baseline  by  7.5  years  and  improve  the  mass  constraints  by  more  than  a  factor  of  two  for  all  planets.  I  found  that  the  inner  planets  have  low  densities  requiring  hydrogenrich  envelopes,  while  the  outer  gas  giant  contains  approximately  30  Earth  masses  of  heavy  elements.  By  comparing  the  planets'  current  locations  to  the  mass  budget  available  in  the  inner  protoplanetary  disk,  I  placed  a  lower  limit  on  the  formation  location  of  the  outer  gas  giant  beyond  3  au,  well  beyond  its  present-day  location.In  the  second  study,  I  analyzed  the  TOI-1266  system,  which  contains  two  subNeptune-sized  planets  with  a  rare  inverted  architecture  where  the  interior  planet  is  larger  than  its  exterior  companion.  I  combined  TESS  photometry,  ground-based  transit  observations,  and  radial  velocity  (RV)  measurements  in  a  joint  TTV+RV  dynamical  model.  My  combined  fit  revealed  that  the  inner  planet  likely  has  a  nonzero  eccentricity,  suggesting  that  it  may  have  an  inflated  hydrogen-rich  envelope  powered  by  tidal  heating.  Interior  structure  modeling  indicates  that  the  outer  planet  could  host  a  water-rich  envelope,  and  both  planets  are  excellent  candidates  for  atmospheric  characterization  with  JWST.In  the  third  study,  I  characterized  the  LP  791-18  system,  which  contains  three  planets  with  radii  equal  to  1.2,  1.0,  and  2.5  times  that  of  the  Earth.  I  used  new  high-precision  transit  observations  to  improve  the  mass  and  eccentricity  measurements  for  the  Earth-sized  planet  LP  791-18  d.  I  confirmed  with  dynamical  modeling  that  LP  791-  18  d  may  have  a  non-zero  eccentricity  forced  by  gravitational  interactions  with  its  larger  neighbor,  potentially  resulting  in  significant  tidal  heating  and  volcanic  activity.  Contrary  to  a  previous  analysis,  I  showed  that  if  LP  791-18  d  has  an  Earth-like  tidal  dissipation  efficiency,  then  the  TTV  observations  are  not  sensitive  to  this  forced  eccentricity.  I  made  predictions  for  the  timing  of  upcoming  JWST  secondary  eclipse  observations  that  could  reveal  the  planet's  unknown  tidal  dissipation  efficiency  and  potentially  detect  a  volcanically  outgassed  atmosphere.In  the  fourth  study,  I  confirmed  a  new  Earth-sized  planet  in  the  binary  M  dwarf  system  TOI-2267,  which  has  a  projected  separation  of  just  8  au.  If  this  planet  orbits  the  secondary  star  it  may  be  large  enough  to  host  a  volatile-rich  envelope,  making  it  a  valuable  target  for  studying  atmospheric  mass  loss  around  active  M  dwarfs.  The  new  planet's  orbital  period  is  extremely  close  to  the  other  two  confirmed  planets  in  this  system.  I  used  dynamical  modeling  to  show  that  either  this  new  planet  orbits  a  different  star  than  the  other  two,  or  it  must  be  located  in  an  extremely  high  8:9  first-order  resonance  with  planet  b.  This  can  be  tested  with  TTV  observations,  and  if  confirmed  would  make  this  the  most  compact  exoplanet  system  discovered  to  date.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0037.
■650  4▼aHydrogen
■650  4▼aDwarf  stars
■650  4▼aAstronomy
■690    ▼a0606
■71020▼aCalifornia  Institute  of  Technology▼bGeological  and  Planetary  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
■790    ▼a0037
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358820▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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