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Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Tra...
Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105130
ISBN  
9798291587805
DDC  
636
저자명  
Davidson, Brittney Danielle.
서명/저자  
Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
발행사항  
[Sl] : The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
271 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Laporta, Jimena.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약As Earth's climate warms, the United States experiences an average of 96 high-heat impact days, ranging from 6 days in Alaska and up to 270 days in Florida. Understanding the myriad of effects environmental heat stress has on pregnant, dry cows and their offspring is vital for the continued improvement and sustainability of the dairy industry. In this context, it is crucial to expand our knowledge of direct and indirect thermal stress exposure and adaptations to propose solutions and explore mechanical and nutritional interventions for mitigation. This dissertation focuses on the use of evaporative cooling for heat abatement in dry, pregnant cows in a subtropical climate. Additionally, the study presented in the Appendix was an adjacent project to this dissertation that explores a nutritional intervention aimed at mitigating some of the negative effects of heat stress on both dam and offspring in a continental climate.The primary objectives of this dissertation are to characterize the long-term, carry-over effects of maternal (F0) late gestation heat stress on (1) the daughters' (F1) whole-body and mammary gland growth and development at two key timepoints: peri-puberty and during the first gestation, and on (2) the multigenerational (F1 and F2) and transgenerational (F3) phenotypic effects on hair coat characteristics and skin morphology. The over-arching hypothesis of this dissertation is that exposure to high temperatures and elevated relative humidity in the F0 (maternal) generation will induce long-term negative carry-over effects on mammary gland and skin development of the first generation (F1) of heifers. During the peri-pubertal and first gestational period, we expect to observe reduced body growth, impaired mammary gland macrostructural growth, decreased mammary gland parenchyma (including ultrasound size/area and microstructural epithelial structures), with less proliferative cells, and ultimately leading to a less productive mammary gland in the in utero heat stressed heifers at maturity. Moreover, we hypothesize that in utero heat stressed heifers will exhibit elevated thermoregulatory indices (respiration rates, rectal and skin temperatures, as well as sweating rates) alongside altered hair and skin characteristics, ultimately impairing effective thermotolerance in the postnatal offspring. We except that these modifications in the hair and skin properties of the first generation will be evidenced in the second (F2) and third generations (F3), indicating a transgenerational inheritance of hair coat properties and skin morphology in dairy cattle.Chapter 1 is a literature review focusing on how heat stress is assessed and managed on farm, the thermoregulatory methods utilized by cattle, and the role of hair and skin in the thermoregulation process. This chapter also discusses in utero heat stress exposure and its role in fetal programming, with a focus on how prenatal heat stress affects both the thermoregulatory responses and the hair and skin characteristics of the offspring. Lastly, this chapter examines mammary gland development during different life stages and through different generations. Previous work and current knowledge on the transgenerational evidence in the mammary gland and skin morphology is presented.To address Objective #1 of this dissertation, Chapter 2 and 3 illustrate the whole-body growth, mammary growth, and mammary tissue microstructural development during the peri-puberty phase and during the first gestational period of heifers that were previously exposed to in utero heat stress or in utero cooling during a subtropical summer. More specifically, in Chapter 2, during the peri-puberty period, whole-body growth and mammary macrostructure was evaluated from 3-12 months of age. At 12 months of age, after an estrus synchronization protocol, blood, mammary biopsies, and ovarian ultrasounds were collected. This chapter reports that the in utero heat stressed calves were larger and taller and had higher estrogen concentrations produced from larger follicle sizes. Interestingly, while tissue microstructure was not impacted the percentages of proliferating cells and estrogen receptor alpha positive cells were severely impacted by in utero heat stress exposure. Chapter 3 reports that in utero heat stressed heifers during their first gestation period were no longer smaller or lighter than their cooled counterparts. However, from the mammary tissue viewpoint, in utero heat stressed heifers have smaller alveoli (i.e., milk producing structures), which may explain in part, the observed reduction in first lactation milk production. In this chapter, with 3D images and deep learning algorithms, we assessed mammary gland volume, eccentricity, and surface area as the gland grew through the first gestational period.As the literature showcasing the negative carry-over effects of late gestation heat stress on the offspring is growing, there are minimal studies in livestock documenting transgenerational inheritance following a maternal heat stress event. Within this dissertation the multigenerational and transgenerational influences of in utero heat stress on hair coat and skin morphology are reported (Objective #2) in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. In particular, Chapter 4 reports in utero heat stressed heifers have elevated thermoregulatory indices during the pre-weaning period, matched with altered hair and skin at birth, weaning, and at 1 year of age. This was the first study to document not only the immediate effects of in utero heat stress on the hair coat length and diameter, and skin morphology, but also the first study to document how those characteristics change through the life-time of the animal. Chapter 5 describes hair and skin alterations in the second generation of heifers, which were oocytes in the developing ovaries of the in utero fetal daughters, and therefore experienced the indirect effects of the heat stress in the intrauterine environment. We demonstrated that the second generation is impacted by the late gestation heat stress, exhibiting shorter, thicker hair coats, thinner skin layers, and more numerous but smaller sebaceous glands. Altogether, these alterations may provide evidence of a programmed thermotolerance in hot weather for the second generation of heifers. Chapter 6 investigates the hair and skin properties of the third generation of heifers, that were "unexposed" to the great-granddams original heat stress or cooling treatments. The heifers arising from the heat stressed lineage had smaller and fewer sebaceous glands, and sweat glands that did not span as large of a portion of the skin, relative to the heifers arising from the cooled lineage. Overall, this suggests a transgenerational programming of postnatal adaptivity may occur, as the skin and hair play important roles in the thermoregulatory ability of the animal.The research presented in this dissertation significantly contributes to the understanding of how late gestation in utero heat stress impacts the mammary gland growth and development and the skin and hair characteristics of heifers even 1 - 2 years after the initial in utero exposure. The results found in early-life, peri-puberty, and first gestation underscores the importance of providing heat stress abatement to dry, pregnant cows to avoid generational effects that may limit adaptations to the postnatal environment and future performance by hindering the synthetic and storage capacity of the mammary gland and impeding effective thermoregulation.
일반주제명  
Animal sciences
일반주제명  
Statistics
키워드  
Environmental heat stress
키워드  
Mammary gland growth
키워드  
Skin morphology
키워드  
Mammary growth
기타저자  
The University of Wisconsin - Madison Animal and Dairy Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-03B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aDavidson,  Brittney  Danielle.
■24510▼aCarry-Over  Effects  of  Fetal  Hyperthermia  on  Post-Weaning  Mammary  Gland  Development  and  Transgenerational  Skin  Adaptations  for  Thermoregulation
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a271  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-03,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Laporta,  Jimena.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison,  2025.
■520    ▼aAs  Earth's  climate  warms,  the  United  States  experiences  an  average  of  96  high-heat  impact  days,  ranging  from  6  days  in  Alaska  and  up  to  270  days  in  Florida.  Understanding  the  myriad  of  effects  environmental  heat  stress  has  on  pregnant,  dry  cows  and  their  offspring  is  vital  for  the  continued  improvement  and  sustainability  of  the  dairy  industry.  In  this  context,  it  is  crucial  to  expand  our  knowledge  of  direct  and  indirect  thermal  stress  exposure  and  adaptations  to  propose  solutions  and  explore  mechanical  and  nutritional  interventions  for  mitigation.  This  dissertation  focuses  on  the  use  of  evaporative  cooling  for  heat  abatement  in  dry,  pregnant  cows  in  a  subtropical  climate.  Additionally,  the  study  presented  in  the  Appendix  was  an  adjacent  project  to  this  dissertation  that  explores  a  nutritional  intervention  aimed  at  mitigating  some  of  the  negative  effects  of  heat  stress  on  both  dam  and  offspring  in  a  continental  climate.The  primary  objectives  of  this  dissertation  are  to  characterize  the  long-term,  carry-over  effects  of  maternal  (F0)  late  gestation  heat  stress  on  (1)  the  daughters'  (F1)  whole-body  and  mammary  gland  growth  and  development  at  two  key  timepoints:  peri-puberty  and  during  the  first  gestation,  and  on  (2)  the  multigenerational  (F1  and  F2)  and  transgenerational  (F3)  phenotypic  effects  on  hair  coat  characteristics  and  skin  morphology.  The  over-arching  hypothesis  of  this  dissertation  is  that  exposure  to  high  temperatures  and  elevated  relative  humidity  in  the  F0  (maternal)  generation  will  induce  long-term  negative  carry-over  effects  on  mammary  gland  and  skin  development  of  the  first  generation  (F1)  of  heifers.  During  the  peri-pubertal  and  first  gestational  period,  we  expect  to  observe  reduced  body  growth,  impaired  mammary  gland  macrostructural  growth,  decreased  mammary  gland  parenchyma  (including  ultrasound  size/area  and  microstructural  epithelial  structures),  with  less  proliferative  cells,  and  ultimately  leading  to  a  less  productive  mammary  gland  in  the  in  utero  heat  stressed  heifers  at  maturity.  Moreover,  we  hypothesize  that  in  utero  heat  stressed  heifers  will  exhibit  elevated  thermoregulatory  indices  (respiration  rates,  rectal  and  skin  temperatures,  as  well  as  sweating  rates)  alongside  altered  hair  and  skin  characteristics,  ultimately  impairing  effective  thermotolerance  in  the  postnatal  offspring.  We  except  that  these  modifications  in  the  hair  and  skin  properties  of  the  first  generation  will  be  evidenced  in  the  second  (F2)  and  third  generations  (F3),  indicating  a  transgenerational  inheritance  of  hair  coat  properties  and  skin  morphology  in  dairy  cattle.Chapter  1  is  a  literature  review  focusing  on  how  heat  stress  is  assessed  and  managed  on  farm,  the  thermoregulatory  methods  utilized  by  cattle,  and  the  role  of  hair  and  skin  in  the  thermoregulation  process.  This  chapter  also  discusses  in  utero  heat  stress  exposure  and  its  role  in  fetal  programming,  with  a  focus  on  how  prenatal  heat  stress  affects  both  the  thermoregulatory  responses  and  the  hair  and  skin  characteristics  of  the  offspring.  Lastly,  this  chapter  examines  mammary  gland  development  during  different  life  stages  and  through  different  generations.  Previous  work  and  current  knowledge  on  the  transgenerational  evidence  in  the  mammary  gland  and  skin  morphology  is  presented.To  address  Objective  #1  of  this  dissertation,  Chapter  2  and  3  illustrate  the  whole-body  growth,  mammary  growth,  and  mammary  tissue  microstructural  development  during  the  peri-puberty  phase  and  during  the  first  gestational  period  of  heifers  that  were  previously  exposed  to  in  utero  heat  stress  or  in  utero  cooling  during  a  subtropical  summer.  More  specifically,  in  Chapter  2,  during  the  peri-puberty  period,  whole-body  growth  and  mammary  macrostructure  was  evaluated  from  3-12  months  of  age.  At  12  months  of  age,  after  an  estrus  synchronization  protocol,  blood,  mammary  biopsies,  and  ovarian  ultrasounds  were  collected.  This  chapter  reports  that  the  in  utero  heat  stressed  calves  were  larger  and  taller  and  had  higher  estrogen  concentrations  produced  from  larger  follicle  sizes.  Interestingly,  while  tissue  microstructure  was  not  impacted  the  percentages  of  proliferating  cells  and  estrogen  receptor  alpha  positive  cells  were  severely  impacted  by  in  utero  heat  stress  exposure.  Chapter  3  reports  that  in  utero  heat  stressed  heifers  during  their  first  gestation  period  were  no  longer  smaller  or  lighter  than  their  cooled  counterparts.  However,  from  the  mammary  tissue  viewpoint,  in  utero  heat  stressed  heifers  have  smaller  alveoli  (i.e.,  milk  producing  structures),  which  may  explain  in  part,  the  observed  reduction  in  first  lactation  milk  production.  In  this  chapter,  with  3D  images  and  deep  learning  algorithms,  we  assessed  mammary  gland  volume,  eccentricity,  and  surface  area  as  the  gland  grew  through  the  first  gestational  period.As  the  literature  showcasing  the  negative  carry-over  effects  of  late  gestation  heat  stress  on  the  offspring  is  growing,  there  are  minimal  studies  in  livestock  documenting  transgenerational  inheritance  following  a  maternal  heat  stress  event.  Within  this  dissertation  the  multigenerational  and  transgenerational  influences  of  in  utero  heat  stress  on  hair  coat  and  skin  morphology  are  reported  (Objective  #2)  in  Chapters  4,  5,  and  6.  In  particular,  Chapter  4  reports  in  utero  heat  stressed  heifers  have  elevated  thermoregulatory  indices  during  the  pre-weaning  period,  matched  with  altered  hair  and  skin  at  birth,  weaning,  and  at  1  year  of  age.  This  was  the  first  study  to  document  not  only  the  immediate  effects  of  in  utero  heat  stress  on  the  hair  coat  length  and  diameter,  and  skin  morphology,  but  also  the  first  study  to  document  how  those  characteristics  change  through  the  life-time  of  the  animal.  Chapter  5  describes  hair  and  skin  alterations  in  the  second  generation  of  heifers,  which  were  oocytes  in  the  developing  ovaries  of  the  in  utero  fetal  daughters,  and  therefore  experienced  the  indirect  effects  of  the  heat  stress  in  the  intrauterine  environment.  We  demonstrated  that  the  second  generation  is  impacted  by  the  late  gestation  heat  stress,  exhibiting  shorter,  thicker  hair  coats,  thinner  skin  layers,  and  more  numerous  but  smaller  sebaceous  glands.  Altogether,  these  alterations  may  provide  evidence  of  a  programmed  thermotolerance  in  hot  weather  for  the  second  generation  of  heifers.  Chapter  6  investigates  the  hair  and  skin  properties  of  the  third  generation  of  heifers,  that  were  "unexposed"  to  the  great-granddams  original  heat  stress  or  cooling  treatments.  The  heifers  arising  from  the  heat  stressed  lineage  had  smaller  and  fewer  sebaceous  glands,  and  sweat  glands  that  did  not  span  as  large  of  a  portion  of  the  skin,  relative  to  the  heifers  arising  from  the  cooled  lineage.  Overall,  this  suggests  a  transgenerational  programming  of  postnatal  adaptivity  may  occur,  as  the  skin  and  hair  play  important  roles  in  the  thermoregulatory  ability  of  the  animal.The  research  presented  in  this  dissertation  significantly  contributes  to  the  understanding  of  how  late  gestation  in  utero  heat  stress  impacts  the  mammary  gland  growth  and  development  and  the  skin  and  hair  characteristics  of  heifers  even  1  -  2  years  after  the  initial  in  utero  exposure.  The  results  found  in  early-life,  peri-puberty,  and  first  gestation  underscores  the  importance  of  providing  heat  stress  abatement  to  dry,  pregnant  cows  to  avoid  generational  effects  that  may  limit  adaptations  to  the  postnatal  environment  and  future  performance  by  hindering  the  synthetic  and  storage  capacity  of  the  mammary  gland  and  impeding  effective  thermoregulation.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0262.
■650  4▼aAnimal  sciences
■650  4▼aStatistics
■653    ▼aEnvironmental  heat  stress
■653    ▼aMammary  gland  growth
■653    ▼aSkin  morphology
■653    ▼aMammary  growth
■690    ▼a0475
■690    ▼a0463
■71020▼aThe  University  of  Wisconsin  -  Madison▼bAnimal  and  Dairy  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-03B.
■790    ▼a0262
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359512▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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