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Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202105130
- ISBN
- 9798291587805
- DDC
- 636
- 서명/저자
- Carry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 271 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Laporta, Jimena.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약As Earth's climate warms, the United States experiences an average of 96 high-heat impact days, ranging from 6 days in Alaska and up to 270 days in Florida. Understanding the myriad of effects environmental heat stress has on pregnant, dry cows and their offspring is vital for the continued improvement and sustainability of the dairy industry. In this context, it is crucial to expand our knowledge of direct and indirect thermal stress exposure and adaptations to propose solutions and explore mechanical and nutritional interventions for mitigation. This dissertation focuses on the use of evaporative cooling for heat abatement in dry, pregnant cows in a subtropical climate. Additionally, the study presented in the Appendix was an adjacent project to this dissertation that explores a nutritional intervention aimed at mitigating some of the negative effects of heat stress on both dam and offspring in a continental climate.The primary objectives of this dissertation are to characterize the long-term, carry-over effects of maternal (F0) late gestation heat stress on (1) the daughters' (F1) whole-body and mammary gland growth and development at two key timepoints: peri-puberty and during the first gestation, and on (2) the multigenerational (F1 and F2) and transgenerational (F3) phenotypic effects on hair coat characteristics and skin morphology. The over-arching hypothesis of this dissertation is that exposure to high temperatures and elevated relative humidity in the F0 (maternal) generation will induce long-term negative carry-over effects on mammary gland and skin development of the first generation (F1) of heifers. During the peri-pubertal and first gestational period, we expect to observe reduced body growth, impaired mammary gland macrostructural growth, decreased mammary gland parenchyma (including ultrasound size/area and microstructural epithelial structures), with less proliferative cells, and ultimately leading to a less productive mammary gland in the in utero heat stressed heifers at maturity. Moreover, we hypothesize that in utero heat stressed heifers will exhibit elevated thermoregulatory indices (respiration rates, rectal and skin temperatures, as well as sweating rates) alongside altered hair and skin characteristics, ultimately impairing effective thermotolerance in the postnatal offspring. We except that these modifications in the hair and skin properties of the first generation will be evidenced in the second (F2) and third generations (F3), indicating a transgenerational inheritance of hair coat properties and skin morphology in dairy cattle.Chapter 1 is a literature review focusing on how heat stress is assessed and managed on farm, the thermoregulatory methods utilized by cattle, and the role of hair and skin in the thermoregulation process. This chapter also discusses in utero heat stress exposure and its role in fetal programming, with a focus on how prenatal heat stress affects both the thermoregulatory responses and the hair and skin characteristics of the offspring. Lastly, this chapter examines mammary gland development during different life stages and through different generations. Previous work and current knowledge on the transgenerational evidence in the mammary gland and skin morphology is presented.To address Objective #1 of this dissertation, Chapter 2 and 3 illustrate the whole-body growth, mammary growth, and mammary tissue microstructural development during the peri-puberty phase and during the first gestational period of heifers that were previously exposed to in utero heat stress or in utero cooling during a subtropical summer. More specifically, in Chapter 2, during the peri-puberty period, whole-body growth and mammary macrostructure was evaluated from 3-12 months of age. At 12 months of age, after an estrus synchronization protocol, blood, mammary biopsies, and ovarian ultrasounds were collected. This chapter reports that the in utero heat stressed calves were larger and taller and had higher estrogen concentrations produced from larger follicle sizes. Interestingly, while tissue microstructure was not impacted the percentages of proliferating cells and estrogen receptor alpha positive cells were severely impacted by in utero heat stress exposure. Chapter 3 reports that in utero heat stressed heifers during their first gestation period were no longer smaller or lighter than their cooled counterparts. However, from the mammary tissue viewpoint, in utero heat stressed heifers have smaller alveoli (i.e., milk producing structures), which may explain in part, the observed reduction in first lactation milk production. In this chapter, with 3D images and deep learning algorithms, we assessed mammary gland volume, eccentricity, and surface area as the gland grew through the first gestational period.As the literature showcasing the negative carry-over effects of late gestation heat stress on the offspring is growing, there are minimal studies in livestock documenting transgenerational inheritance following a maternal heat stress event. Within this dissertation the multigenerational and transgenerational influences of in utero heat stress on hair coat and skin morphology are reported (Objective #2) in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. In particular, Chapter 4 reports in utero heat stressed heifers have elevated thermoregulatory indices during the pre-weaning period, matched with altered hair and skin at birth, weaning, and at 1 year of age. This was the first study to document not only the immediate effects of in utero heat stress on the hair coat length and diameter, and skin morphology, but also the first study to document how those characteristics change through the life-time of the animal. Chapter 5 describes hair and skin alterations in the second generation of heifers, which were oocytes in the developing ovaries of the in utero fetal daughters, and therefore experienced the indirect effects of the heat stress in the intrauterine environment. We demonstrated that the second generation is impacted by the late gestation heat stress, exhibiting shorter, thicker hair coats, thinner skin layers, and more numerous but smaller sebaceous glands. Altogether, these alterations may provide evidence of a programmed thermotolerance in hot weather for the second generation of heifers. Chapter 6 investigates the hair and skin properties of the third generation of heifers, that were "unexposed" to the great-granddams original heat stress or cooling treatments. The heifers arising from the heat stressed lineage had smaller and fewer sebaceous glands, and sweat glands that did not span as large of a portion of the skin, relative to the heifers arising from the cooled lineage. Overall, this suggests a transgenerational programming of postnatal adaptivity may occur, as the skin and hair play important roles in the thermoregulatory ability of the animal.The research presented in this dissertation significantly contributes to the understanding of how late gestation in utero heat stress impacts the mammary gland growth and development and the skin and hair characteristics of heifers even 1 - 2 years after the initial in utero exposure. The results found in early-life, peri-puberty, and first gestation underscores the importance of providing heat stress abatement to dry, pregnant cows to avoid generational effects that may limit adaptations to the postnatal environment and future performance by hindering the synthetic and storage capacity of the mammary gland and impeding effective thermoregulation.
- 일반주제명
- Animal sciences
- 일반주제명
- Statistics
- 키워드
- Skin morphology
- 키워드
- Mammary growth
- 기타저자
- The University of Wisconsin - Madison Animal and Dairy Sciences
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-03B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■020 ▼a9798291587805
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■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a636
■1001 ▼aDavidson, Brittney Danielle.
■24510▼aCarry-Over Effects of Fetal Hyperthermia on Post-Weaning Mammary Gland Development and Transgenerational Skin Adaptations for Thermoregulation
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bThe University of Wisconsin - Madison▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a271 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-03, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Laporta, Jimena.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2025.
■520 ▼aAs Earth's climate warms, the United States experiences an average of 96 high-heat impact days, ranging from 6 days in Alaska and up to 270 days in Florida. Understanding the myriad of effects environmental heat stress has on pregnant, dry cows and their offspring is vital for the continued improvement and sustainability of the dairy industry. In this context, it is crucial to expand our knowledge of direct and indirect thermal stress exposure and adaptations to propose solutions and explore mechanical and nutritional interventions for mitigation. This dissertation focuses on the use of evaporative cooling for heat abatement in dry, pregnant cows in a subtropical climate. Additionally, the study presented in the Appendix was an adjacent project to this dissertation that explores a nutritional intervention aimed at mitigating some of the negative effects of heat stress on both dam and offspring in a continental climate.The primary objectives of this dissertation are to characterize the long-term, carry-over effects of maternal (F0) late gestation heat stress on (1) the daughters' (F1) whole-body and mammary gland growth and development at two key timepoints: peri-puberty and during the first gestation, and on (2) the multigenerational (F1 and F2) and transgenerational (F3) phenotypic effects on hair coat characteristics and skin morphology. The over-arching hypothesis of this dissertation is that exposure to high temperatures and elevated relative humidity in the F0 (maternal) generation will induce long-term negative carry-over effects on mammary gland and skin development of the first generation (F1) of heifers. During the peri-pubertal and first gestational period, we expect to observe reduced body growth, impaired mammary gland macrostructural growth, decreased mammary gland parenchyma (including ultrasound size/area and microstructural epithelial structures), with less proliferative cells, and ultimately leading to a less productive mammary gland in the in utero heat stressed heifers at maturity. Moreover, we hypothesize that in utero heat stressed heifers will exhibit elevated thermoregulatory indices (respiration rates, rectal and skin temperatures, as well as sweating rates) alongside altered hair and skin characteristics, ultimately impairing effective thermotolerance in the postnatal offspring. We except that these modifications in the hair and skin properties of the first generation will be evidenced in the second (F2) and third generations (F3), indicating a transgenerational inheritance of hair coat properties and skin morphology in dairy cattle.Chapter 1 is a literature review focusing on how heat stress is assessed and managed on farm, the thermoregulatory methods utilized by cattle, and the role of hair and skin in the thermoregulation process. This chapter also discusses in utero heat stress exposure and its role in fetal programming, with a focus on how prenatal heat stress affects both the thermoregulatory responses and the hair and skin characteristics of the offspring. Lastly, this chapter examines mammary gland development during different life stages and through different generations. Previous work and current knowledge on the transgenerational evidence in the mammary gland and skin morphology is presented.To address Objective #1 of this dissertation, Chapter 2 and 3 illustrate the whole-body growth, mammary growth, and mammary tissue microstructural development during the peri-puberty phase and during the first gestational period of heifers that were previously exposed to in utero heat stress or in utero cooling during a subtropical summer. More specifically, in Chapter 2, during the peri-puberty period, whole-body growth and mammary macrostructure was evaluated from 3-12 months of age. At 12 months of age, after an estrus synchronization protocol, blood, mammary biopsies, and ovarian ultrasounds were collected. This chapter reports that the in utero heat stressed calves were larger and taller and had higher estrogen concentrations produced from larger follicle sizes. Interestingly, while tissue microstructure was not impacted the percentages of proliferating cells and estrogen receptor alpha positive cells were severely impacted by in utero heat stress exposure. Chapter 3 reports that in utero heat stressed heifers during their first gestation period were no longer smaller or lighter than their cooled counterparts. However, from the mammary tissue viewpoint, in utero heat stressed heifers have smaller alveoli (i.e., milk producing structures), which may explain in part, the observed reduction in first lactation milk production. In this chapter, with 3D images and deep learning algorithms, we assessed mammary gland volume, eccentricity, and surface area as the gland grew through the first gestational period.As the literature showcasing the negative carry-over effects of late gestation heat stress on the offspring is growing, there are minimal studies in livestock documenting transgenerational inheritance following a maternal heat stress event. Within this dissertation the multigenerational and transgenerational influences of in utero heat stress on hair coat and skin morphology are reported (Objective #2) in Chapters 4, 5, and 6. In particular, Chapter 4 reports in utero heat stressed heifers have elevated thermoregulatory indices during the pre-weaning period, matched with altered hair and skin at birth, weaning, and at 1 year of age. This was the first study to document not only the immediate effects of in utero heat stress on the hair coat length and diameter, and skin morphology, but also the first study to document how those characteristics change through the life-time of the animal. Chapter 5 describes hair and skin alterations in the second generation of heifers, which were oocytes in the developing ovaries of the in utero fetal daughters, and therefore experienced the indirect effects of the heat stress in the intrauterine environment. We demonstrated that the second generation is impacted by the late gestation heat stress, exhibiting shorter, thicker hair coats, thinner skin layers, and more numerous but smaller sebaceous glands. Altogether, these alterations may provide evidence of a programmed thermotolerance in hot weather for the second generation of heifers. Chapter 6 investigates the hair and skin properties of the third generation of heifers, that were "unexposed" to the great-granddams original heat stress or cooling treatments. The heifers arising from the heat stressed lineage had smaller and fewer sebaceous glands, and sweat glands that did not span as large of a portion of the skin, relative to the heifers arising from the cooled lineage. Overall, this suggests a transgenerational programming of postnatal adaptivity may occur, as the skin and hair play important roles in the thermoregulatory ability of the animal.The research presented in this dissertation significantly contributes to the understanding of how late gestation in utero heat stress impacts the mammary gland growth and development and the skin and hair characteristics of heifers even 1 - 2 years after the initial in utero exposure. The results found in early-life, peri-puberty, and first gestation underscores the importance of providing heat stress abatement to dry, pregnant cows to avoid generational effects that may limit adaptations to the postnatal environment and future performance by hindering the synthetic and storage capacity of the mammary gland and impeding effective thermoregulation.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0262.
■650 4▼aAnimal sciences
■650 4▼aStatistics
■653 ▼aEnvironmental heat stress
■653 ▼aMammary gland growth
■653 ▼aSkin morphology
■653 ▼aMammary growth
■690 ▼a0475
■690 ▼a0463
■71020▼aThe University of Wisconsin - Madison▼bAnimal and Dairy Sciences.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-03B.
■790 ▼a0262
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359512▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


