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Helium Retention Induced by In-Operando Lithium Evaporation
Helium Retention Induced by In-Operando Lithium Evaporation
Helium Retention Induced by In-Operando Lithium Evaporation

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105703
ISBN  
9798263308063
DDC  
539.76
저자명  
Shone, Andrew John.
서명/저자  
Helium Retention Induced by In-Operando Lithium Evaporation
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
185 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Andruczyk, Daniel.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Removal of helium ash is critical to the operation of fusion power plants (FPPs). High energy helium ions (3.5 MeV), called alpha particles, are created from the fusion of deuterium and tritium atoms in fusion devices. Alpha particles redistribute their energy back into the plasma to help heat the plasma and sustain fusion conditions. When alpha particles transfer their energy to the plasma, they thermalize, resulting in the formation of low-energy helium ions known as helium ash. A build-up of helium ash in the plasma (5% helium concentration) can deteriorate plasma performance and prevent fusion reactions from occurring. Current methods for removal of helium ash employ intricate divertor designs and large cryopump stations which add complexity and cost to the construction and operation of FPPs. Finding lower cost, higher efficiency methods for helium ash removal is necessary to create economically viable fusion energy. The Center for Plasma Material Interactions (CPMI) at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) focuses on the design, development, and testing of plasma facing components (PFCs) for fusion devices. The Hybrid Illinois Device for Research and Applications (HIDRA) at CPMI is a tokamak-stellarator fusion research device used as testbed for PFC research. HIDRA has the ability to emulate some of the plasma conditions experienced in an FPP. In particular, HIDRA's plasma temperature (5-25 eV), particle flux (Γ=10.
초록/해제  
요약22 m-2s-1), and long pulse lengths (≤10000s) can match the fluence and some of the PMI behavior observed in the FPP divertor, the region of a fusion device's wall which experiences the highest heat and particle fluxes, during steady state operation. Steady state heat fluxes are expected to be in the range of 5-10 MW/m2 and traditional solid PFCs (tungsten) will need to be replaced frequently because of damage induced by the plasma and neutron fluxes. Due to the numerous issues with solid PFCs, flowing liquid-metal divertor concepts using lithium have emerged as potential candidates for next-generation PFCs. Understanding lithium's interaction with plasmas is vital to developing lithium PFCs and this topic is the focus of fusion research efforts at UIUC. In-operando lithium evaporations into HIDRA helium plasmas were carried out utilizing the HIDRA Material Analysis Test-stand (HIDRA-MAT) and resulted in an 85% reduction of helium recycling from the walls. The reduction of helium in HIDRA, despite constant helium gas flow, suggested the helium was being actively retained. Helium retention was studied across three experimental campaigns in HIDRA (Zeus shots, Lithium Evaporation EXperiment, and Helium Retention Mechanism Experiment in a Stellarator). International research collaborations with the Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER) in the Netherlands and the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) in China have been conducted and also observed helium retention behavior. The work presented in this thesis will introduce data and analysis from experimental campaigns that culminate in results showing an unprecedented reduction of low-energy (25 eV) helium particles in a toroidal device through in-operando lithium evaporation. The helium retention phenomenon has been repeated several times, measured by multiple types of independent diagnostics, and observed in three fusion research devices (HIDRA, Magnum-PSI, and EAST) around the world. The leading hypothesis for helium retention is the formation of helium nanobubbles in a lithium layer during co-deposition of helium and lithium atoms at the wall. The helium becomes trapped on the cold wall (80 oC) when the evaporated lithium cools. 24 hours after in-operando evaporation, a section of the HIDRA wall was heated, and desorption of helium was observed at the melting point of lithium (Tmelt = 180.5 oC) confirming helium was being retained on the wall. The helium retention results are novel and impactful on FPP PFC design regarding the removal of helium ash in the divertor. The data provides a foundation for future research to investigate the interactions between helium and lithium while providing evidence for further utilizations of lithium in fusion devices. Future research will focus on investigating the existence, size, and stability of the helium nanobubbles as well as performing helium plasma exposures on the lithium loop experiment at UIUC. Helium pumping in a lithium divertor would further justify the use case for lithium PFCs in FPPs and bring the world one step closer to fusion power.
일반주제명  
Nuclear engineering
일반주제명  
Plasma physics
일반주제명  
Nuclear physics
일반주제명  
Physics
키워드  
Helium retention
키워드  
Lithium
키워드  
Fusion
키워드  
Plasma-material interactions
키워드  
Fusion power plants
기타저자  
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Nuclear Plasma & Rad Engr
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aShone,  Andrew  John.
■24510▼aHelium  Retention  Induced  by  In-Operando  Lithium  Evaporation
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Andruczyk,  Daniel.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign,  2024.
■520    ▼aRemoval  of  helium  ash  is  critical  to  the  operation  of  fusion  power  plants  (FPPs).  High  energy  helium  ions  (3.5  MeV),  called  alpha  particles,  are  created  from  the  fusion  of  deuterium  and  tritium  atoms  in  fusion  devices.  Alpha  particles  redistribute  their  energy  back  into  the  plasma  to  help  heat  the  plasma  and  sustain  fusion  conditions.  When  alpha  particles  transfer  their  energy  to  the  plasma,  they  thermalize,  resulting  in  the  formation  of  low-energy  helium  ions  known  as  helium  ash.  A  build-up  of  helium  ash  in  the  plasma  (5%  helium  concentration)  can  deteriorate  plasma  performance  and  prevent  fusion  reactions  from  occurring.  Current  methods  for  removal  of  helium  ash  employ  intricate  divertor  designs  and  large  cryopump  stations  which  add  complexity  and  cost  to  the  construction  and  operation  of  FPPs.  Finding  lower  cost,  higher  efficiency  methods  for  helium  ash  removal  is  necessary  to  create  economically  viable  fusion  energy.                        The  Center  for  Plasma  Material  Interactions  (CPMI)  at  the  University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  (UIUC)  focuses  on  the  design,  development,  and  testing  of  plasma  facing  components  (PFCs)  for  fusion  devices.  The  Hybrid  Illinois  Device  for  Research  and  Applications  (HIDRA)  at  CPMI  is  a  tokamak-stellarator  fusion  research  device  used  as  testbed  for  PFC  research.  HIDRA  has  the  ability  to  emulate  some  of  the  plasma  conditions  experienced  in  an  FPP.  In  particular,  HIDRA's  plasma  temperature  (5-25  eV),  particle  flux  (Γ=10.
■520    ▼a22  m-2s-1),  and  long  pulse  lengths  (≤10000s)  can  match  the  fluence  and  some  of  the  PMI  behavior  observed  in  the  FPP  divertor,  the  region  of  a  fusion  device's  wall  which  experiences  the  highest  heat  and  particle  fluxes,  during  steady  state  operation.  Steady  state  heat  fluxes  are  expected  to  be  in  the  range  of  5-10  MW/m2  and  traditional  solid  PFCs  (tungsten)  will  need  to  be  replaced  frequently  because  of  damage  induced  by  the  plasma  and  neutron  fluxes.  Due  to  the  numerous  issues  with  solid  PFCs,  flowing  liquid-metal  divertor  concepts  using  lithium  have  emerged  as  potential  candidates  for  next-generation  PFCs.  Understanding  lithium's  interaction  with  plasmas  is  vital  to  developing  lithium  PFCs  and  this  topic  is  the  focus  of  fusion  research  efforts  at  UIUC.                        In-operando  lithium  evaporations  into  HIDRA  helium  plasmas  were  carried  out  utilizing  the  HIDRA  Material  Analysis  Test-stand  (HIDRA-MAT)  and  resulted  in  an  85%  reduction  of  helium  recycling  from  the  walls.  The  reduction  of  helium  in  HIDRA,  despite  constant  helium  gas  flow,  suggested  the  helium  was  being  actively  retained.  Helium  retention  was  studied  across  three  experimental  campaigns  in  HIDRA  (Zeus  shots,  Lithium  Evaporation  EXperiment,  and  Helium  Retention  Mechanism  Experiment  in  a  Stellarator).  International  research  collaborations  with  the  Dutch  Institute  for  Fundamental  Energy  Research  (DIFFER)  in  the  Netherlands  and  the  Experimental  Advanced  Superconducting  Tokamak  (EAST)  in  China  have  been  conducted  and  also  observed  helium  retention  behavior.                        The  work  presented  in  this  thesis  will  introduce  data  and  analysis  from  experimental  campaigns  that  culminate  in  results  showing  an  unprecedented  reduction  of  low-energy  (25  eV)  helium  particles  in  a  toroidal  device  through  in-operando  lithium  evaporation.  The  helium  retention  phenomenon  has  been  repeated  several  times,  measured  by  multiple  types  of  independent  diagnostics,  and  observed  in  three  fusion  research  devices  (HIDRA,  Magnum-PSI,  and  EAST)  around  the  world.  The  leading  hypothesis  for  helium  retention  is  the  formation  of  helium  nanobubbles  in  a  lithium  layer  during  co-deposition  of  helium  and  lithium  atoms  at  the  wall.  The  helium  becomes  trapped  on  the  cold  wall  (80  oC)  when  the  evaporated  lithium  cools.  24  hours  after  in-operando  evaporation,  a  section  of  the  HIDRA  wall  was  heated,  and  desorption  of  helium  was  observed  at  the  melting  point  of  lithium  (Tmelt  =  180.5  oC)  confirming  helium  was  being  retained  on  the  wall.                        The  helium  retention  results  are  novel  and  impactful  on  FPP  PFC  design  regarding  the  removal  of  helium  ash  in  the  divertor.  The  data  provides  a  foundation  for  future  research  to  investigate  the  interactions  between  helium  and  lithium  while  providing  evidence  for  further  utilizations  of  lithium  in  fusion  devices.  Future  research  will  focus  on  investigating  the  existence,  size,  and  stability  of  the  helium  nanobubbles  as  well  as  performing  helium  plasma  exposures  on  the  lithium  loop  experiment  at  UIUC.  Helium  pumping  in  a  lithium  divertor  would  further  justify  the  use  case  for  lithium  PFCs  in  FPPs  and  bring  the  world  one  step  closer  to  fusion  power.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0090.
■650  4▼aNuclear  engineering
■650  4▼aPlasma  physics
■650  4▼aNuclear  physics
■650  4▼aPhysics
■653    ▼aHelium  retention
■653    ▼aLithium
■653    ▼aFusion
■653    ▼aPlasma-material  interactions
■653    ▼aFusion  power  plants
■690    ▼a0759
■690    ▼a0552
■690    ▼a0756
■690    ▼a0605
■71020▼aUniversity  of  Illinois  at  Urbana-Champaign▼bNuclear,  Plasma,  &  Rad  Engr.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-05B.
■790    ▼a0090
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17361079▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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