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Machine Learning Approaches For Predicting Biological Function and Molecular Design
Machine Learning Approaches For Predicting Biological Function and Molecular Design
Machine Learning Approaches For Predicting Biological Function and Molecular Design

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103138
ISBN  
9798311957991
DDC  
541.39
저자명  
Nigam, Akshatkumar.
서명/저자  
Machine Learning Approaches For Predicting Biological Function and Molecular Design
발행사항  
[Sl] : Stanford University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
292 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Bassik, Michael;Kundaje, Anshul.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Drug discovery represents one of the most intellectually demanding and resource-intensive challenges in modern science. On average, it costs approximately $1.1 billion to develop a single drug, and this process can span over a decade. These staggering figures reflect the complexity of identifying, validating, and optimizing compounds that can e↵ectively target specific biological mechanisms without causing unacceptable side e↵ects. Compounding these challenges, the success rate of drugs making it through clinical trials is less than 10%, underscoring the ineciency and unpredictability of the traditional drug development pipeline.Despite significant advancements in computational tools and experimental techniques, the process of discovering small molecules and biologics remains constrained by the scale of chemical and biological complexity involved. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop innovative computational frameworks that can improve the accuracy, scalability, and eciency of key steps in drug discovery. This doctoral research addresses these challenges through three major areas: the prediction and design of transcriptional repressors, the application of ultra-large virtual screening (ULVS) for small molecule discovery, and the creation of robust benchmarks for generative molecular design models. Together, these e↵orts aim to redefine the boundaries of computational drug discovery by integrating machine learning with experimental validation.1.1 Predicting and Designing Transcriptional RepressorsTranscriptional repressors play a pivotal role in regulating gene expression by silencing specific genes in response to biological signals. They are critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis and have profound implications in diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and neurodegeneration. However, the design of novel transcriptional repressors and the understanding of how specific mutations a↵ect their function remain significant challenges.This research focuses on harnessing deep mutational scanning (DMS) data to predict and design transcriptional repressors with enhanced functionality. DMS provides an exhaustive mapping of mutational e↵ects across protein domains, o↵ering a treasure trove of information for data-driven approaches. To capitalize on this, I developed the Transcriptional E↵ector Network (TENet)[424], a state-of-the-art deep learning model that integrates sequence-based embeddings, amino acid descriptors, and structural features. TENet achieves high predictive accuracy and generalizability across diverse protein domains, enabling not only the prediction of repressor activity but also the rational design of novel repressor variants. This work bridges computational modeling and experimental validation, providing insights into the design principles of transcriptional e↵ectors.1.2 Ultra-Large Virtual Screening for Small Molecule DiscoverySmall molecules account for the majority of FDA-approved drugs and remain a cornerstone of therapeutic innovation. However, the chemical space of potential small molecules is vast, estimated to be between 1060and 10100compounds, far exceeding the number of molecules that can be synthesized or experimentally screened. Virtual screening, a computational technique to identify promising candidates from large libraries of compounds, o↵ers a solution to this bottleneck. However, traditional virtual screening approaches are limited in scale and often lack the computational eciency to screen billions of compounds.To address this, I contributed to the development of VirtualFlow 2.0[126], a next-generation platform for ultra-large virtual screening (ULVS). VirtualFlow 2.0 introduces adaptive screening algorithms that prioritize high-confidence compounds during docking simulations, significantly improving eciency without compromising accuracy. Additionally, the platform is designed to be infrastructure-agnostic, enabling seamless deployment on academic clusters, cloud computing services, and other high-performance computing environments. Through VirtualFlow 2.0, I applied ULVS to identify novel small molecules targeting challenging proteins, including PARP1, a critical oncogene implicated in several cancers. These e↵orts demonstrate the power of ULVS to democratize access to large-scale computational drug discovery and accelerate the identification of promising therapeutic candidates.1.3 Benchmarking Generative Models for Molecular DesignThe rise of generative models in molecular design has opened new possibilities for exploring chemical space and optimizing compounds for specific properties. Generative models, powered by advances in machine learning, can propose novel molecules with desired characteristics, o↵ering a complementary approach to traditional drug discovery methods. However, the evaluation of generative models has often relied on oversimplified benchmarks that do not reflect the complexities of real-world drug discovery tasks.To address this gap, I co-developed Tartarus, [301] a comprehensive benchmarking platform for generative molecular models. Tartarus introduces datasets and metrics that better capture the practical challenges faced in molecular design, such as synthetic accessibility, property optimization, and multi-objective trade-o↵s. One of the key contributions of this work is the application of Tartarus to hybrid quantum-classical generative models. By leveraging quantum computing's ability to explore high-dimensional parameter spaces, I demonstrated the potential of these models to generate promising compounds, including novel KRAS inhibitors. [422] This work underscores the importance of realistic and rigorous benchmarks in driving progress in molecular generative modeling.1.4 Broader Implications and Future DirectionsA key theme across this research is the integration of computational predictions with experimental validation. Computational approaches, while powerful, are only as impactful as their ability to guide meaningful experiments. In my work on transcriptional repressors, predictions from TENet were experimentally validated through deep mutational scanning and functional assays. Similarly, compounds identified through VirtualFlow 2.0 underwent synthesis and biological testing, providing critical feedback for refining computational models.This iterative cycle of prediction, validation, and refinement exemplifies a modern approach to drug discovery, where computation and experimentation work hand in hand. By bridging these domains, this research has contributed to the development of more reliable and interpretable models that can accelerate the translation of computational insights into tangible therapeutic advancements.
일반주제명  
Chemical reactions
일반주제명  
Neural networks
일반주제명  
Benchmarks
일반주제명  
Bioinformatics
기타저자  
Stanford University.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aNigam,  Akshatkumar.
■24510▼aMachine  Learning  Approaches  For  Predicting  Biological  Function  and  Molecular  Design
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bStanford  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a292  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Bassik,  Michael;Kundaje,  Anshul.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Stanford  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aDrug  discovery  represents  one  of  the  most  intellectually  demanding  and  resource-intensive  challenges  in  modern  science.  On  average,  it  costs  approximately  $1.1  billion  to  develop  a  single  drug,  and  this  process  can  span  over  a  decade.  These  staggering  figures  reflect  the  complexity  of  identifying,  validating,  and  optimizing  compounds  that  can  e↵ectively  target  specific  biological  mechanisms  without  causing  unacceptable  side  e↵ects.  Compounding  these  challenges,  the  success  rate  of  drugs  making  it  through  clinical  trials  is  less  than  10%,  underscoring  the  ineciency  and  unpredictability  of  the  traditional  drug  development  pipeline.Despite  significant  advancements  in  computational  tools  and  experimental  techniques,  the  process  of  discovering  small  molecules  and  biologics  remains  constrained  by  the  scale  of  chemical  and  biological  complexity  involved.  As  a  result,  there  is  an  urgent  need  to  develop  innovative  computational  frameworks  that  can  improve  the  accuracy,  scalability,  and  eciency  of  key  steps  in  drug  discovery.  This  doctoral  research  addresses  these  challenges  through  three  major  areas:  the  prediction  and  design  of  transcriptional  repressors,  the  application  of  ultra-large  virtual  screening  (ULVS)  for  small  molecule  discovery,  and  the  creation  of  robust  benchmarks  for  generative  molecular  design  models.  Together,  these  e↵orts  aim  to  redefine  the  boundaries  of  computational  drug  discovery  by  integrating  machine  learning  with  experimental  validation.1.1  Predicting  and  Designing  Transcriptional  RepressorsTranscriptional  repressors  play  a  pivotal  role  in  regulating  gene  expression  by  silencing  specific  genes  in  response  to  biological  signals.  They  are  critical  in  maintaining  cellular  homeostasis  and  have  profound  implications  in  diseases  such  as  cancer,  autoimmune  disorders,  and  neurodegeneration.  However,  the  design  of  novel  transcriptional  repressors  and  the  understanding  of  how  specific  mutations  a↵ect  their  function  remain  significant  challenges.This  research  focuses  on  harnessing  deep  mutational  scanning  (DMS)  data  to  predict  and  design  transcriptional  repressors  with  enhanced  functionality.  DMS  provides  an  exhaustive  mapping  of  mutational  e↵ects  across  protein  domains,  o↵ering  a  treasure  trove  of  information  for  data-driven  approaches.  To  capitalize  on  this,  I  developed  the  Transcriptional  E↵ector  Network  (TENet)[424],  a  state-of-the-art  deep  learning  model  that  integrates  sequence-based  embeddings,  amino  acid  descriptors,  and  structural  features.  TENet  achieves  high  predictive  accuracy  and  generalizability  across  diverse  protein  domains,  enabling  not  only  the  prediction  of  repressor  activity  but  also  the  rational  design  of  novel  repressor  variants.  This  work  bridges  computational  modeling  and  experimental  validation,  providing  insights  into  the  design  principles  of  transcriptional  e↵ectors.1.2  Ultra-Large  Virtual  Screening  for  Small  Molecule  DiscoverySmall  molecules  account  for  the  majority  of  FDA-approved  drugs  and  remain  a  cornerstone  of  therapeutic  innovation.  However,  the  chemical  space  of  potential  small  molecules  is  vast,  estimated  to  be  between  1060and  10100compounds,  far  exceeding  the  number  of  molecules  that  can  be  synthesized  or  experimentally  screened.  Virtual  screening,  a  computational  technique  to  identify  promising  candidates  from  large  libraries  of  compounds,  o↵ers  a  solution  to  this  bottleneck.  However,  traditional  virtual  screening  approaches  are  limited  in  scale  and  often  lack  the  computational  eciency  to  screen  billions  of  compounds.To  address  this,  I  contributed  to  the  development  of  VirtualFlow  2.0[126],  a  next-generation  platform  for  ultra-large  virtual  screening  (ULVS).  VirtualFlow  2.0  introduces  adaptive  screening  algorithms  that  prioritize  high-confidence  compounds  during  docking  simulations,  significantly  improving  eciency  without  compromising  accuracy.  Additionally,  the  platform  is  designed  to  be  infrastructure-agnostic,  enabling  seamless  deployment  on  academic  clusters,  cloud  computing  services,  and  other  high-performance  computing  environments.  Through  VirtualFlow  2.0,  I  applied  ULVS  to  identify  novel  small  molecules  targeting  challenging  proteins,  including  PARP1,  a  critical  oncogene  implicated  in  several  cancers.  These  e↵orts  demonstrate  the  power  of  ULVS  to  democratize  access  to  large-scale  computational  drug  discovery  and  accelerate  the  identification  of  promising  therapeutic  candidates.1.3  Benchmarking  Generative  Models  for  Molecular  DesignThe  rise  of  generative  models  in  molecular  design  has  opened  new  possibilities  for  exploring  chemical  space  and  optimizing  compounds  for  specific  properties.  Generative  models,  powered  by  advances  in  machine  learning,  can  propose  novel  molecules  with  desired  characteristics,  o↵ering  a  complementary  approach  to  traditional  drug  discovery  methods.  However,  the  evaluation  of  generative  models  has  often  relied  on  oversimplified  benchmarks  that  do  not  reflect  the  complexities  of  real-world  drug  discovery  tasks.To  address  this  gap,  I  co-developed  Tartarus,  [301]  a  comprehensive  benchmarking  platform  for  generative  molecular  models.  Tartarus  introduces  datasets  and  metrics  that  better  capture  the  practical  challenges  faced  in  molecular  design,  such  as  synthetic  accessibility,  property  optimization,  and  multi-objective  trade-o↵s.  One  of  the  key  contributions  of  this  work  is  the  application  of  Tartarus  to  hybrid  quantum-classical  generative  models.  By  leveraging  quantum  computing's  ability  to  explore  high-dimensional  parameter  spaces,  I  demonstrated  the  potential  of  these  models  to  generate  promising  compounds,  including  novel  KRAS  inhibitors.  [422]  This  work  underscores  the  importance  of  realistic  and  rigorous  benchmarks  in  driving  progress  in  molecular  generative  modeling.1.4  Broader  Implications  and  Future  DirectionsA  key  theme  across  this  research  is  the  integration  of  computational  predictions  with  experimental  validation.  Computational  approaches,  while  powerful,  are  only  as  impactful  as  their  ability  to  guide  meaningful  experiments.  In  my  work  on  transcriptional  repressors,  predictions  from  TENet  were  experimentally  validated  through  deep  mutational  scanning  and  functional  assays.  Similarly,  compounds  identified  through  VirtualFlow  2.0  underwent  synthesis  and  biological  testing,  providing  critical  feedback  for  refining  computational  models.This  iterative  cycle  of  prediction,  validation,  and  refinement  exemplifies  a  modern  approach  to  drug  discovery,  where  computation  and  experimentation  work  hand  in  hand.  By  bridging  these  domains,  this  research  has  contributed  to  the  development  of  more  reliable  and  interpretable  models  that  can  accelerate  the  translation  of  computational  insights  into  tangible  therapeutic  advancements.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0212.
■650  4▼aChemical  reactions
■650  4▼aNeural  networks
■650  4▼aBenchmarks
■650  4▼aBioinformatics
■690    ▼a0715
■71020▼aStanford  University.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0212
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357142▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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