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Cadmium Exposure in the United States: Environmental Sources and Its Effect on Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
Cadmium Exposure in the United States: Environmental Sources and Its Effect on Chronic Low...
Cadmium Exposure in the United States: Environmental Sources and Its Effect on Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104758
ISBN  
9798290927725
DDC  
613
저자명  
Sobel, Marisa Helen.
서명/저자  
Cadmium Exposure in the United States: Environmental Sources and Its Effect on Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
발행사항  
[Sl] : Columbia University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
173 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Sanchez, Tiffany R.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Columbia University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The story of cadmium (Cd) is a story of public health. From its discovery by government mandated pharmaceutical protection, to its implications on occupational safety and the health of the worker, to its long-lasting impact as an industrial pollutant affecting both nature and general population human health. As long as we have known about cadmium, we have been learning about its toxicity. 208 years later, we are experiencing political turmoil, scientific skepticism of the masses, and a changing climate. Yet we continue to take on the charge of public health. This dissertation builds on the years of dedication of scientists, physicians, public health practitioners, and policy makers to not only understand the world we live in, but to play a part in the effort to make health viable and possible for all.One aspect of continued burden of disease is chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD). It consistently ranks as a leading cause of death globally, continues to be included in the ten leading causes of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) globally for adults older than 50, and is experienced disproportionately among historically marginalized communities. CLRD is a complex disease comprised of different lung conditions, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, without a cure. Identifying CLRD in early stages could improve long-term CLRD prognosis. As such, there is a great need to identify modifiable components of complex risk factors of CLRD.Metals such as Cd are components of well-established CLRD risk factors (i.e., tobacco, occupational exposures, and air pollution). There is a growing body of evidence supporting the role of chronic metal exposure on CLRD development but is it unclear how metals interact and the extent to which low-level metal exposure leads to CLRD-related mortality. Additionally, the scope of Cd exposure for the general population needs continued evaluation. Tobacco smoke is a major source of Cd exposure in the general population, however, sources of Cd exposure among nonsmokers is less clear, yet increasingly relevant to the US population. Currently there are unexplained differences in urinary Cd levels that persist by sociodemographic characteristics.The goal of this dissertation is to evaluate the Cd exposure profile and Cd-related CLRD risk in a multi-ethnic cohort of US adults. Data is leveraged from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a multicenter, longitudinal cohort study.Chapter 1 provides the foundation for this dissertation by giving a brief history of Cd, including describing major sources of exposure and relevant toxicological information, providing adequate background on CLRD, and lastly a description of potential mechanisms tying the two together.In Chapter 2, we characterized urinary Cd (uCd) levels across geographic regions and sociodemographic categories to better identify sources and contributors of elevated exposure. uCd levels differed significantly by age, sex, cigarette use, and race/ethnicity, but did not differ by study site or dietary factors. Chinese participants had higher uCd levels compared to other self-reported race/ethnicities, particularly among younger participants, females, never smoking or other tobacco product use, and those born outside of the United States. Smoking continues to have important implications for Cd burden among the general population. However, our results also highlight non-smoking Chinese women and Chinese participants born outside the US are a particularly vulnerable subgroup affected by higher long-term Cd exposure and body burden.In Chapter 3 we characterize the longitudinal relationship between uCd and both subclinical markers of CLRD (lung function and quantitative emphysema) and clinical CLRD events. In adjusted models, comparing the highest to lowest uCd quartiles, FEV1 was- 467 mL (95%CI: -629, -305 mL) lower at baseline, increased by 5.81 mL (95%CI 3.37, 8.24 mL) annually, and was -409 mL (95%CI: -569, -249 mL) lower at 10 years after baseline; quantitative emphysema, was -0.003% (95%: -0.22, 0.21) lower at baseline, increased by 0.13% (95%CI: 0.11%, 0.15%) annually, and was 0.50% (95%CI: 0.18, 0.82) higher at 10 years after baseline for a 10-year change. The HR (95%CI) comparing participants in the highest vs lowest quartile of uCd for a primary CLRD-related event was 2.88 (95%CI: 1.52, 5.43) and for CLRD-related mortality was 4.97 (95%CI: 1.32, 18.77). Associations were stronger among older adults, men, and smokers. Evidence from this chapter concludes that exposure to Cd may increase CLRD risk.Chapter 4 evaluates the relationship between urinary metals beyond Cd, and clinical CLRD events. In single metal analyses, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR 95% CI) for any CLRD-related event per interquartile range (IQR) increase in urinary metal was 1.52 (1.33, 1.73) for Cd, 1.16 (1.06, 1.27) for Co, 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) for Cu, and 1.18 (1.08, 1.30) for Zn. Associations persisted among never-smokers for Cu (1.18 [95%CI 1.07, 1.30]) and Zn (1.20 [95%CI 1.02, 1.43]). Results remained statistically significant when limiting analyses to primary CLRD events. The adjusted joint HR per IQR increase in a 15-metal mixture for any CLRD event was positive and statistically significant (1.54 [1.20, 1.97]) with the largest beta estimates for Cd, Co, Cu, and Zn. Though we caution the interpretation of the mixture analysis, we provide evidence that urinary excretion of multiple metals may increase clinical CLRD risk.And finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the overall findings and puts them into context of the greater public health domain. Key findings will be discussed alongside overall limitations, together with the questions generated from results and their implication for public health at large.
일반주제명  
Environmental health
일반주제명  
Public health
일반주제명  
American studies
키워드  
Cadmium
키워드  
Chronic lower respiratory disease
키워드  
Exposure
키워드  
Metals
키워드  
US population
기타저자  
Columbia University Environmental Health Sciences
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aCadmium  Exposure  in  the  United  States:  Environmental  Sources  and  Its  Effect  on  Chronic  Lower  Respiratory  Disease
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■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Sanchez,  Tiffany  R.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Columbia  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  story  of  cadmium  (Cd)  is  a  story  of  public  health.  From  its  discovery  by  government  mandated  pharmaceutical  protection,  to  its  implications  on  occupational  safety  and  the  health  of  the  worker,  to  its  long-lasting  impact  as  an  industrial  pollutant  affecting  both  nature  and  general  population  human  health.  As  long  as  we  have  known  about  cadmium,  we  have  been  learning  about  its  toxicity.  208  years  later,  we  are  experiencing  political  turmoil,  scientific  skepticism  of  the  masses,  and  a  changing  climate.  Yet  we  continue  to  take  on  the  charge  of  public  health.  This  dissertation  builds  on  the  years  of  dedication  of  scientists,  physicians,  public  health  practitioners,  and  policy  makers  to  not  only  understand  the  world  we  live  in,  but  to  play  a  part  in  the  effort  to  make  health  viable  and  possible  for  all.One  aspect  of  continued  burden  of  disease  is  chronic  lower  respiratory  disease  (CLRD).  It  consistently  ranks  as  a  leading  cause  of  death  globally,  continues  to  be  included  in  the  ten  leading  causes  of  disability-adjusted  life  years  (DALYs)  globally  for  adults  older  than  50,  and  is  experienced  disproportionately  among  historically  marginalized  communities.  CLRD  is  a  complex  disease  comprised  of  different  lung  conditions,  including  chronic  obstructive  pulmonary  disease  (COPD),  chronic  bronchitis,  emphysema,  asthma,  without  a  cure.  Identifying  CLRD  in  early  stages  could  improve  long-term  CLRD  prognosis.  As  such,  there  is  a  great  need  to  identify  modifiable  components  of  complex  risk  factors  of  CLRD.Metals  such  as  Cd  are  components  of  well-established  CLRD  risk  factors  (i.e.,  tobacco,  occupational  exposures,  and  air  pollution).  There  is  a  growing  body  of  evidence  supporting  the  role  of  chronic  metal  exposure  on  CLRD  development  but  is  it  unclear  how  metals  interact  and  the  extent  to  which  low-level  metal  exposure  leads  to  CLRD-related  mortality.  Additionally,  the  scope  of  Cd  exposure  for  the  general  population  needs  continued  evaluation.  Tobacco  smoke  is  a  major  source  of  Cd  exposure  in  the  general  population,  however,  sources  of  Cd  exposure  among  nonsmokers  is  less  clear,  yet  increasingly  relevant  to  the  US  population.  Currently  there  are  unexplained  differences  in  urinary  Cd  levels  that  persist  by  sociodemographic  characteristics.The  goal  of  this  dissertation  is  to  evaluate  the  Cd  exposure  profile  and  Cd-related  CLRD  risk  in  a  multi-ethnic  cohort  of  US  adults.  Data  is  leveraged  from  the  Multi-Ethnic  Study  of  Atherosclerosis  (MESA),  a  multicenter,  longitudinal  cohort  study.Chapter  1  provides  the  foundation  for  this  dissertation  by  giving  a  brief  history  of  Cd,  including  describing  major  sources  of  exposure  and  relevant  toxicological  information,  providing  adequate  background  on  CLRD,  and  lastly  a  description  of  potential  mechanisms  tying  the  two  together.In  Chapter  2,  we  characterized  urinary  Cd  (uCd)  levels  across  geographic  regions  and  sociodemographic  categories  to  better  identify  sources  and  contributors  of  elevated  exposure.  uCd  levels  differed  significantly  by  age,  sex,  cigarette  use,  and  race/ethnicity,  but  did  not  differ  by  study  site  or  dietary  factors.  Chinese  participants  had  higher  uCd  levels  compared  to  other  self-reported  race/ethnicities,  particularly  among  younger  participants,  females,  never  smoking  or  other  tobacco  product  use,  and  those  born  outside  of  the  United  States.  Smoking  continues  to  have  important  implications  for  Cd  burden  among  the  general  population.  However,  our  results  also  highlight  non-smoking  Chinese  women  and  Chinese  participants  born  outside  the  US  are  a  particularly  vulnerable  subgroup  affected  by  higher  long-term  Cd  exposure  and  body  burden.In  Chapter  3  we  characterize  the  longitudinal  relationship  between  uCd  and  both  subclinical  markers  of  CLRD  (lung  function  and  quantitative  emphysema)  and  clinical  CLRD  events.  In  adjusted  models,  comparing  the  highest  to  lowest  uCd  quartiles,  FEV1  was-  467  mL  (95%CI:  -629,  -305  mL)  lower  at  baseline,  increased  by  5.81  mL  (95%CI  3.37,  8.24  mL)  annually,  and  was  -409  mL  (95%CI:  -569,  -249  mL)  lower  at  10  years  after  baseline;  quantitative  emphysema,  was  -0.003%  (95%:  -0.22,  0.21)  lower  at  baseline,  increased  by  0.13%  (95%CI:  0.11%,  0.15%)  annually,  and  was  0.50%  (95%CI:  0.18,  0.82)  higher  at  10  years  after  baseline  for  a  10-year  change.  The  HR  (95%CI)  comparing  participants  in  the  highest  vs  lowest  quartile  of  uCd  for  a  primary  CLRD-related  event  was  2.88  (95%CI:  1.52,  5.43)  and  for  CLRD-related  mortality  was  4.97  (95%CI:  1.32,  18.77).  Associations  were  stronger  among  older  adults,  men,  and  smokers.  Evidence  from  this  chapter  concludes  that  exposure  to  Cd  may  increase  CLRD  risk.Chapter  4  evaluates  the  relationship  between  urinary  metals  beyond  Cd,  and  clinical  CLRD  events.  In  single  metal  analyses,  the  adjusted  hazard  ratio  (HR  95%  CI)  for  any  CLRD-related  event  per  interquartile  range  (IQR)  increase  in  urinary  metal  was  1.52  (1.33,  1.73)  for  Cd,  1.16  (1.06,  1.27)  for  Co,  1.12  (1.05,  1.20)  for  Cu,  and  1.18  (1.08,  1.30)  for  Zn.  Associations  persisted  among  never-smokers  for  Cu  (1.18  [95%CI  1.07,  1.30])  and  Zn  (1.20  [95%CI  1.02,  1.43]).  Results  remained  statistically  significant  when  limiting  analyses  to  primary  CLRD  events.  The  adjusted  joint  HR  per  IQR  increase  in  a  15-metal  mixture  for  any  CLRD  event  was  positive  and  statistically  significant  (1.54  [1.20,  1.97])  with  the  largest  beta  estimates  for  Cd,  Co,  Cu,  and  Zn.  Though  we  caution  the  interpretation  of  the  mixture  analysis,  we  provide  evidence  that  urinary  excretion  of  multiple  metals  may  increase  clinical  CLRD  risk.And  finally,  Chapter  5  summarizes  the  overall  findings  and  puts  them  into  context  of  the  greater  public  health  domain.  Key  findings  will  be  discussed  alongside  overall  limitations,  together  with  the  questions  generated  from  results  and  their  implication  for  public  health  at  large.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0054.
■650  4▼aEnvironmental  health
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■650  4▼aAmerican  studies
■653    ▼aCadmium
■653    ▼aChronic  lower  respiratory  disease
■653    ▼aExposure
■653    ▼aMetals
■653    ▼aUS  population
■690    ▼a0470
■690    ▼a0323
■690    ▼a0573
■71020▼aColumbia  University▼bEnvironmental  Health  Sciences.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02A.
■790    ▼a0054
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358833▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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