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Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202103509
- ISBN
- 9798288862465
- DDC
- 574
- 저자명
- Vaughn, Andrew.
- 서명/저자
- Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 158 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Nielsen, Rasmus.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Our genomes have been shaped by hundreds of thousands of years of evolutionary forces, such as population structure and natural selection. Although the increasing number of modern and ancient genomes being sequenced represents an enormous treasure trove of information, scientists are still actively trying to develop methods to efficiently analyze this wealth of data. In this work, we develop three new methods to analyze sequence data and make inferences about evolutionary history. We apply these methods to real human data, find novel results, and make these methods available for use by the wider scientific community.One way of summarizing historical relationships between genetic samples is by constructing an admixture graph. An admixture graph describes the demographic history of a set of populations as a directed acyclic graph representing population splits and mergers. The greedy search algorithms that are typically used to infer admixture graphs may fail to find the globally optimal graph. We here improve on these approaches by developing a novel MCMC sampling method, AdmixtureBayes, that can sample from the posterior distribution of admixture graphs. This enables an effective search of the entire state space as well as the ability to report a level of confidence in the sampled graphs. We apply AdmixtureBayes to a set of Native American and Arctic genomes to reconstruct the demographic history of these populations and report posterior probabilities of specific admixture events. While some previous studies have identified the ancient Saqqaq culture as a source of introgression into Athabascans, we instead find that it is the Siberian Koryak population, not the Saqqaq, that serves as the best proxy for gene flow into Athabascans.We also develop CLUES2, a full-likelihood method for detecting natural selection. We make several substantial improvements to the preceding CLUES software that greatly increases both its applicability and its speed. We add the ability to use ancestral recombination graphs on ancient data as emissions to the underlying hidden Markov model, which enables CLUES2 to use both temporal and linkage information to make estimates of selection coefficients. We also fully implement the ability to estimate distinct selection coefficients in different epochs, which allows for the analysis of changes in selective pressures through time, as well as selection with dominance. In addition, we greatly increase the computational efficiency of CLUES2 over CLUES using several approximations to the forward-backward algorithms and develop a new way to reconstruct historic allele frequencies by integrating over the uncertainty in the estimation of the selection coefficients. We illustrate the accuracy of CLUES2 through extensive simulations and validate the importance sampling framework for integrating over the uncertainty in the inference of gene trees. We run CLUES2 on a set of recently published ancient human data from Western Eurasia and test for evidence of changing selection coefficients through time. We find significant evidence of changing selective pressures in several genes correlated with the introduction of agriculture to Europe and the ensuing dietary and demographic shifts of that time. In particular, our analysis supports previous hypotheses of strong selection on lactase persistence during periods of ancient famines and attenuated selection in more modern periods.Finally, we develop the method datePALM, which is designed to test for the presence of changing polygenic selection through time. This development was motivated by the fact that it has been hypothesized that a strong contributor to human disease is the concept of an "evolutionary mismatch". Specifically, the lifestyles and environments in which early humans lived were starkly different from that which we live in now, resulting in different fitness optima and therefore different selective pressures than we experience today. In short, the human genome is adapted to the world our ancestors lived in millennia ago, not the 21st century one we now inhabit. Our procedure rigorously tests for a change in selection gradient on complex traits by bootstrapping over independent linkage blocks of the genome. We found significant evidence of changes in selection gradient through time on various cardiometabolic traits. In particular, we find that while selection does seem to be acting to decrease the risk for cardiometabolic disease and traits, this phenomenon is relatively recent, with selection against these traits being significantly stronger in the last 3000 years (and even the last 1000 years) than in the preceding time periods. Furthermore, we find that there were periods of history in which these traits were strongly selected for. One such period stretched roughly from 3000-5000 years before the present. This period saw a complex modification to lifestyles in Western Europe due to dietary shifts, social stratification, and climatic shifts. This caused an increase in risk for interrelated diseases that continues to adversely contribute to mortality today.Overall, we hope these three methods will be of significant value to the scientific community and that the results presented here will contribute key insight into human evolutionary history.
- 일반주제명
- Biology
- 일반주제명
- Bioinformatics
- 일반주제명
- Evolution & development
- 일반주제명
- Genetics
- 키워드
- Admixture graphs
- 키워드
- Ancient DNA
- 기타저자
- University of California, Berkeley Bioinformatics & Computational Biology
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■020 ▼a9798288862465
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32003157
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a574
■1001 ▼aVaughn, Andrew.
■24510▼aApplying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of California, Berkeley▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a158 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Nielsen, Rasmus.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
■520 ▼aOur genomes have been shaped by hundreds of thousands of years of evolutionary forces, such as population structure and natural selection. Although the increasing number of modern and ancient genomes being sequenced represents an enormous treasure trove of information, scientists are still actively trying to develop methods to efficiently analyze this wealth of data. In this work, we develop three new methods to analyze sequence data and make inferences about evolutionary history. We apply these methods to real human data, find novel results, and make these methods available for use by the wider scientific community.One way of summarizing historical relationships between genetic samples is by constructing an admixture graph. An admixture graph describes the demographic history of a set of populations as a directed acyclic graph representing population splits and mergers. The greedy search algorithms that are typically used to infer admixture graphs may fail to find the globally optimal graph. We here improve on these approaches by developing a novel MCMC sampling method, AdmixtureBayes, that can sample from the posterior distribution of admixture graphs. This enables an effective search of the entire state space as well as the ability to report a level of confidence in the sampled graphs. We apply AdmixtureBayes to a set of Native American and Arctic genomes to reconstruct the demographic history of these populations and report posterior probabilities of specific admixture events. While some previous studies have identified the ancient Saqqaq culture as a source of introgression into Athabascans, we instead find that it is the Siberian Koryak population, not the Saqqaq, that serves as the best proxy for gene flow into Athabascans.We also develop CLUES2, a full-likelihood method for detecting natural selection. We make several substantial improvements to the preceding CLUES software that greatly increases both its applicability and its speed. We add the ability to use ancestral recombination graphs on ancient data as emissions to the underlying hidden Markov model, which enables CLUES2 to use both temporal and linkage information to make estimates of selection coefficients. We also fully implement the ability to estimate distinct selection coefficients in different epochs, which allows for the analysis of changes in selective pressures through time, as well as selection with dominance. In addition, we greatly increase the computational efficiency of CLUES2 over CLUES using several approximations to the forward-backward algorithms and develop a new way to reconstruct historic allele frequencies by integrating over the uncertainty in the estimation of the selection coefficients. We illustrate the accuracy of CLUES2 through extensive simulations and validate the importance sampling framework for integrating over the uncertainty in the inference of gene trees. We run CLUES2 on a set of recently published ancient human data from Western Eurasia and test for evidence of changing selection coefficients through time. We find significant evidence of changing selective pressures in several genes correlated with the introduction of agriculture to Europe and the ensuing dietary and demographic shifts of that time. In particular, our analysis supports previous hypotheses of strong selection on lactase persistence during periods of ancient famines and attenuated selection in more modern periods.Finally, we develop the method datePALM, which is designed to test for the presence of changing polygenic selection through time. This development was motivated by the fact that it has been hypothesized that a strong contributor to human disease is the concept of an "evolutionary mismatch". Specifically, the lifestyles and environments in which early humans lived were starkly different from that which we live in now, resulting in different fitness optima and therefore different selective pressures than we experience today. In short, the human genome is adapted to the world our ancestors lived in millennia ago, not the 21st century one we now inhabit. Our procedure rigorously tests for a change in selection gradient on complex traits by bootstrapping over independent linkage blocks of the genome. We found significant evidence of changes in selection gradient through time on various cardiometabolic traits. In particular, we find that while selection does seem to be acting to decrease the risk for cardiometabolic disease and traits, this phenomenon is relatively recent, with selection against these traits being significantly stronger in the last 3000 years (and even the last 1000 years) than in the preceding time periods. Furthermore, we find that there were periods of history in which these traits were strongly selected for. One such period stretched roughly from 3000-5000 years before the present. This period saw a complex modification to lifestyles in Western Europe due to dietary shifts, social stratification, and climatic shifts. This caused an increase in risk for interrelated diseases that continues to adversely contribute to mortality today.Overall, we hope these three methods will be of significant value to the scientific community and that the results presented here will contribute key insight into human evolutionary history.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0028.
■650 4▼aBiology
■650 4▼aBioinformatics
■650 4▼aEvolution & development
■650 4▼aGenetics
■653 ▼aAdmixture graphs
■653 ▼aAncient DNA
■653 ▼aNatural selection
■653 ▼aPopulation genetics
■653 ▼aHuman evolutionary history
■690 ▼a0306
■690 ▼a0715
■690 ▼a0412
■690 ▼a0369
■71020▼aUniversity of California, Berkeley▼bBioinformatics & Computational Biology.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-01B.
■790 ▼a0028
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357418▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


