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Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103509
ISBN  
9798288862465
DDC  
574
저자명  
Vaughn, Andrew.
서명/저자  
Applying Graph Structures to Understand Human Evolutionary History
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
158 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Nielsen, Rasmus.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Our genomes have been shaped by hundreds of thousands of years of evolutionary forces, such as population structure and natural selection. Although the increasing number of modern and ancient genomes being sequenced represents an enormous treasure trove of information, scientists are still actively trying to develop methods to efficiently analyze this wealth of data. In this work, we develop three new methods to analyze sequence data and make inferences about evolutionary history. We apply these methods to real human data, find novel results, and make these methods available for use by the wider scientific community.One way of summarizing historical relationships between genetic samples is by constructing an admixture graph. An admixture graph describes the demographic history of a set of populations as a directed acyclic graph representing population splits and mergers. The greedy search algorithms that are typically used to infer admixture graphs may fail to find the globally optimal graph. We here improve on these approaches by developing a novel MCMC sampling method, AdmixtureBayes, that can sample from the posterior distribution of admixture graphs. This enables an effective search of the entire state space as well as the ability to report a level of confidence in the sampled graphs. We apply AdmixtureBayes to a set of Native American and Arctic genomes to reconstruct the demographic history of these populations and report posterior probabilities of specific admixture events. While some previous studies have identified the ancient Saqqaq culture as a source of introgression into Athabascans, we instead find that it is the Siberian Koryak population, not the Saqqaq, that serves as the best proxy for gene flow into Athabascans.We also develop CLUES2, a full-likelihood method for detecting natural selection. We make several substantial improvements to the preceding CLUES software that greatly increases both its applicability and its speed. We add the ability to use ancestral recombination graphs on ancient data as emissions to the underlying hidden Markov model, which enables CLUES2 to use both temporal and linkage information to make estimates of selection coefficients. We also fully implement the ability to estimate distinct selection coefficients in different epochs, which allows for the analysis of changes in selective pressures through time, as well as selection with dominance. In addition, we greatly increase the computational efficiency of CLUES2 over CLUES using several approximations to the forward-backward algorithms and develop a new way to reconstruct historic allele frequencies by integrating over the uncertainty in the estimation of the selection coefficients. We illustrate the accuracy of CLUES2 through extensive simulations and validate the importance sampling framework for integrating over the uncertainty in the inference of gene trees. We run CLUES2 on a set of recently published ancient human data from Western Eurasia and test for evidence of changing selection coefficients through time. We find significant evidence of changing selective pressures in several genes correlated with the introduction of agriculture to Europe and the ensuing dietary and demographic shifts of that time. In particular, our analysis supports previous hypotheses of strong selection on lactase persistence during periods of ancient famines and attenuated selection in more modern periods.Finally, we develop the method datePALM, which is designed to test for the presence of changing polygenic selection through time. This development was motivated by the fact that it has been hypothesized that a strong contributor to human disease is the concept of an "evolutionary mismatch". Specifically, the lifestyles and environments in which early humans lived were starkly different from that which we live in now, resulting in different fitness optima and therefore different selective pressures than we experience today. In short, the human genome is adapted to the world our ancestors lived in millennia ago, not the 21st century one we now inhabit. Our procedure rigorously tests for a change in selection gradient on complex traits by bootstrapping over independent linkage blocks of the genome. We found significant evidence of changes in selection gradient through time on various cardiometabolic traits. In particular, we find that while selection does seem to be acting to decrease the risk for cardiometabolic disease and traits, this phenomenon is relatively recent, with selection against these traits being significantly stronger in the last 3000 years (and even the last 1000 years) than in the preceding time periods. Furthermore, we find that there were periods of history in which these traits were strongly selected for. One such period stretched roughly from 3000-5000 years before the present. This period saw a complex modification to lifestyles in Western Europe due to dietary shifts, social stratification, and climatic shifts. This caused an increase in risk for interrelated diseases that continues to adversely contribute to mortality today.Overall, we hope these three methods will be of significant value to the scientific community and that the results presented here will contribute key insight into human evolutionary history.
일반주제명  
Biology
일반주제명  
Bioinformatics
일반주제명  
Evolution & development
일반주제명  
Genetics
키워드  
Admixture graphs
키워드  
Ancient DNA
키워드  
Natural selection
키워드  
Population genetics
키워드  
Human evolutionary history
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Bioinformatics & Computational Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32003157
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a574
■1001  ▼aVaughn,  Andrew.
■24510▼aApplying  Graph  Structures  to  Understand  Human  Evolutionary  History
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a158  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Nielsen,  Rasmus.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aOur  genomes  have  been  shaped  by  hundreds  of  thousands  of  years  of  evolutionary  forces,  such  as  population  structure  and  natural  selection.  Although  the  increasing  number  of  modern  and  ancient  genomes  being  sequenced  represents  an  enormous  treasure  trove  of  information,  scientists  are  still  actively  trying  to  develop  methods  to  efficiently  analyze  this  wealth  of  data.  In  this  work,  we  develop  three  new  methods  to  analyze  sequence  data  and  make  inferences  about  evolutionary  history.  We  apply  these  methods  to  real  human  data,  find  novel  results,  and  make  these  methods  available  for  use  by  the  wider  scientific  community.One  way  of  summarizing  historical  relationships  between  genetic  samples  is  by  constructing  an  admixture  graph.  An  admixture  graph  describes  the  demographic  history  of  a  set  of  populations  as  a  directed  acyclic  graph  representing  population  splits  and  mergers.  The  greedy  search  algorithms  that  are  typically  used  to  infer  admixture  graphs  may  fail  to  find  the  globally  optimal  graph.  We  here  improve  on  these  approaches  by  developing  a  novel  MCMC  sampling  method,  AdmixtureBayes,  that  can  sample  from  the  posterior  distribution  of  admixture  graphs.  This  enables  an  effective  search  of  the  entire  state  space  as  well  as  the  ability  to  report  a  level  of  confidence  in  the  sampled  graphs.  We  apply  AdmixtureBayes  to  a  set  of  Native  American  and  Arctic  genomes  to  reconstruct  the  demographic  history  of  these  populations  and  report  posterior  probabilities  of  specific  admixture  events.  While  some  previous  studies  have  identified  the  ancient  Saqqaq  culture  as  a  source  of  introgression  into  Athabascans,  we  instead  find  that  it  is  the  Siberian  Koryak  population,  not  the  Saqqaq,  that  serves  as  the  best  proxy  for  gene  flow  into  Athabascans.We  also  develop  CLUES2,  a  full-likelihood  method  for  detecting  natural  selection.  We  make  several  substantial  improvements  to  the  preceding  CLUES  software  that  greatly  increases  both  its  applicability  and  its  speed.  We  add  the  ability  to  use  ancestral  recombination  graphs  on  ancient  data  as  emissions  to  the  underlying  hidden  Markov  model,  which  enables  CLUES2  to  use  both  temporal  and  linkage  information  to  make  estimates  of  selection  coefficients.  We  also  fully  implement  the  ability  to  estimate  distinct  selection  coefficients  in  different  epochs,  which  allows  for  the  analysis  of  changes  in  selective  pressures  through  time,  as  well  as  selection  with  dominance.  In  addition,  we  greatly  increase  the  computational  efficiency  of  CLUES2  over  CLUES  using  several  approximations  to  the  forward-backward  algorithms  and  develop  a  new  way  to  reconstruct  historic  allele  frequencies  by  integrating  over  the  uncertainty  in  the  estimation  of  the  selection  coefficients.  We  illustrate  the  accuracy  of  CLUES2  through  extensive  simulations  and  validate  the  importance  sampling  framework  for  integrating  over  the  uncertainty  in  the  inference  of  gene  trees.  We  run  CLUES2  on  a  set  of  recently  published  ancient  human  data  from  Western  Eurasia  and  test  for  evidence  of  changing  selection  coefficients  through  time.  We  find  significant  evidence  of  changing  selective  pressures  in  several  genes  correlated  with  the  introduction  of  agriculture  to  Europe  and  the  ensuing  dietary  and  demographic  shifts  of  that  time.  In  particular,  our  analysis  supports  previous  hypotheses  of  strong  selection  on  lactase  persistence  during  periods  of  ancient  famines  and  attenuated  selection  in  more  modern  periods.Finally,  we  develop  the  method  datePALM,  which  is  designed  to  test  for  the  presence  of  changing  polygenic  selection  through  time.  This  development  was  motivated  by  the  fact  that  it  has  been  hypothesized  that  a  strong  contributor  to  human  disease  is  the  concept  of  an  "evolutionary  mismatch".  Specifically,  the  lifestyles  and  environments  in  which  early  humans  lived  were  starkly  different  from  that  which  we  live  in  now,  resulting  in  different  fitness  optima  and  therefore  different  selective  pressures  than  we  experience  today.  In  short,  the  human  genome  is  adapted  to  the  world  our  ancestors  lived  in  millennia  ago,  not  the  21st  century  one  we  now  inhabit.  Our  procedure  rigorously  tests  for  a  change  in  selection  gradient  on  complex  traits  by  bootstrapping  over  independent  linkage  blocks  of  the  genome.  We  found  significant  evidence  of  changes  in  selection  gradient  through  time  on  various  cardiometabolic  traits.  In  particular,  we  find  that  while  selection  does  seem  to  be  acting  to  decrease  the  risk  for  cardiometabolic  disease  and  traits,  this  phenomenon  is  relatively  recent,  with  selection  against  these  traits  being  significantly  stronger  in  the  last  3000  years  (and  even  the  last  1000  years)  than  in  the  preceding  time  periods.  Furthermore,  we  find  that  there  were  periods  of  history  in  which  these  traits  were  strongly  selected  for.  One  such  period  stretched  roughly  from  3000-5000  years  before  the  present.  This  period  saw  a  complex  modification  to  lifestyles  in  Western  Europe  due  to  dietary  shifts,  social  stratification,  and  climatic  shifts.  This  caused  an  increase  in  risk  for  interrelated  diseases  that  continues  to  adversely  contribute  to  mortality  today.Overall,  we  hope  these  three  methods  will  be  of  significant  value  to  the  scientific  community  and  that  the  results  presented  here  will  contribute  key  insight  into  human  evolutionary  history.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aBiology
■650  4▼aBioinformatics
■650  4▼aEvolution  &  development
■650  4▼aGenetics
■653    ▼aAdmixture  graphs
■653    ▼aAncient  DNA
■653    ▼aNatural  selection
■653    ▼aPopulation  genetics
■653    ▼aHuman  evolutionary  history
■690    ▼a0306
■690    ▼a0715
■690    ▼a0412
■690    ▼a0369
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bBioinformatics  &  Computational  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357418▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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