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Biochemical, Biophysical, and Computational Characterization of RAF Dimer Inhibition and Paradoxical Activation by Diverse RAF Inhibitors
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Computational Characterization of RAF Dimer Inhibition and P...
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Computational Characterization of RAF Dimer Inhibition and Paradoxical Activation by Diverse RAF Inhibitors

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103514
ISBN  
9798280709867
DDC  
574
저자명  
Tkacik, Emre.
서명/저자  
Biochemical, Biophysical, and Computational Characterization of RAF Dimer Inhibition and Paradoxical Activation by Diverse RAF Inhibitors
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
191 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Eck, Michael J.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The RAF family (ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) of serine/threonine kinases are some of the most frequently mutated proteins in the human genome, and RAF alteration is frequently associated with a number of cancers and other developmental syndromes. The BRAFV600E mutation is particularly prevalent clinically, and, currently, the treatment of BRAFV600E cancers is co-administration of a BRAFV600E specific inhibitor with a MEK inhibitor, though this treatment regimen is only effective against BRAFV600E driven disease states, and even there, is not without issue. When given clinically, BRAFV600E inhibitors often lead to the development of secondary skin lesions, due to a phenomenon called paradoxical activation, where the inhibitors in question paradoxically activate RAF signaling, causing aberrant cell growth, and the aforementioned skin lesions. RAF inhibitors are now co-administered with a MEK inhibitor to more completely inhibit MAPK signaling and mitigate this effect. Here, I developed a reconstituted biochemical system to study RAF activity and RAF response to various inhibitors in vitro, in particular focusing on characterizing paradoxical activation. I find that specific classes of RAF inhibitor have specific isoform preferences for inhibition, and that type II RAF inhibitors inhibit RAF dimers with positive cooperativity, exhibiting tighter binding to the second RAF protomer than the first. We also report on crystal structures of BRAF bound to naporafenib and tovorafenib, two of these type II inhibitors. Notably, there is no evidence of paradoxical activation of these RAF dimers, regardless of inhibitor. I find that while RAF dimers do not exhibit paradoxical activation in this system, two of these same classes of inhibitor (I and II) are able to induce paradoxical activation of RAF monomers, in an isoform dependent fashion. In line with with the prevailing model for paradoxical activation, I find that it begins with inhibitor induced formation of active RAF dimers, from otherwise monomeric RAFs. However, my findings diverge from a crucial aspect of the prevailing model, which posits that the resulting inhibitor-induced RAF dimers escape inhibition due to negative cooperativity of inhibition: binding to one site of the dimer induces a kinase active but inhibitor resistant conformation in the other side of the dimer, which results in a buildup of half occupied RAF dimers that cause the inadvertent activation. I show here, via computational modeling of RAF dimerization, activation, and inhibition, that paradoxical activation can theoretically be induced by any ATP competitive inhibitor, regardless of cooperativity, but that the mechanism of activation can be affected by the type of inhibition cooperativity. Considering type II inhibitors exhibit positive cooperativity against RAF dimers, this computational modeling, in combination with my biochemical results, suggests that paradoxical activation by type II inhibitors is caused by inhibitor-free RAF dimers, which themselves arise because inhibitor induced dimers dissociate back into monomers more slowly than inhibitor itself dissociates from those aforementioned dimers. These findings deepen our understanding of RAF regulation, inhibition, and activation, granting valuable insights into what may be done to circumvent paradoxical activation entirely.
일반주제명  
Biochemistry
일반주제명  
Biophysics
일반주제명  
Oncology
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
키워드  
Kinases
키워드  
Mitogen activated protein kinase
키워드  
Paradoxical activation
키워드  
Phosphorylation
키워드  
Cancers
기타저자  
Harvard University Systems Biology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■006m          o    d                
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020    ▼a9798280709867
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32037890
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a574
■1001  ▼aTkacik,  Emre.▼0(orcid)0000-0001-8274-1248
■24510▼aBiochemical,  Biophysical,  and  Computational  Characterization  of  RAF  Dimer  Inhibition  and  Paradoxical  Activation  by  Diverse  RAF  Inhibitors
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a191  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Eck,  Michael  J.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  RAF  family  (ARAF,  BRAF,  and  CRAF)  of  serine/threonine  kinases  are  some  of  the  most  frequently  mutated  proteins  in  the  human  genome,  and  RAF  alteration  is  frequently  associated  with  a  number  of  cancers  and  other  developmental  syndromes.  The  BRAFV600E  mutation  is  particularly  prevalent  clinically,  and,  currently,  the  treatment  of  BRAFV600E  cancers  is  co-administration  of  a  BRAFV600E  specific  inhibitor  with  a  MEK  inhibitor,  though  this  treatment  regimen  is  only  effective  against  BRAFV600E  driven  disease  states,  and  even  there,  is  not  without  issue.  When  given  clinically,  BRAFV600E  inhibitors  often  lead  to  the  development  of  secondary  skin  lesions,  due  to  a  phenomenon  called  paradoxical  activation,  where  the  inhibitors  in  question  paradoxically  activate  RAF  signaling,  causing  aberrant  cell  growth,  and  the  aforementioned  skin  lesions.  RAF  inhibitors  are  now  co-administered  with  a  MEK  inhibitor  to  more  completely  inhibit  MAPK  signaling  and  mitigate  this  effect.  Here,  I  developed  a  reconstituted  biochemical  system  to  study  RAF  activity  and  RAF  response  to  various  inhibitors  in  vitro,  in  particular  focusing  on  characterizing  paradoxical  activation.  I  find  that  specific  classes  of  RAF  inhibitor  have  specific  isoform  preferences  for  inhibition,  and  that  type  II  RAF  inhibitors  inhibit  RAF  dimers  with  positive  cooperativity,  exhibiting  tighter  binding  to  the  second  RAF  protomer  than  the  first.  We  also  report  on  crystal  structures  of  BRAF  bound  to  naporafenib  and  tovorafenib,  two  of  these  type  II  inhibitors.  Notably,  there  is  no  evidence  of  paradoxical  activation  of  these  RAF  dimers,  regardless  of  inhibitor.  I  find  that  while  RAF  dimers  do  not  exhibit  paradoxical  activation  in  this  system,  two  of  these  same  classes  of  inhibitor  (I  and  II)  are  able  to  induce  paradoxical  activation  of  RAF  monomers,  in  an  isoform  dependent  fashion.  In  line  with  with  the  prevailing  model  for  paradoxical  activation,  I  find  that  it  begins  with  inhibitor  induced  formation  of  active  RAF  dimers,  from  otherwise  monomeric  RAFs.  However,  my  findings  diverge  from  a  crucial  aspect  of  the  prevailing  model,  which  posits  that  the  resulting  inhibitor-induced  RAF  dimers  escape  inhibition  due  to  negative  cooperativity  of  inhibition:  binding  to  one  site  of  the  dimer  induces  a  kinase  active  but  inhibitor resistant  conformation  in  the  other  side  of  the  dimer,  which  results  in  a  buildup  of  half  occupied  RAF  dimers  that  cause  the  inadvertent  activation.  I  show  here,  via  computational  modeling  of  RAF  dimerization,  activation,  and  inhibition,  that  paradoxical  activation  can  theoretically  be  induced  by  any  ATP  competitive  inhibitor,  regardless  of  cooperativity,  but  that  the  mechanism  of  activation  can  be  affected  by  the  type  of  inhibition  cooperativity.  Considering  type  II  inhibitors  exhibit  positive  cooperativity  against  RAF  dimers,  this  computational  modeling,  in  combination  with  my  biochemical  results,  suggests  that  paradoxical  activation  by  type  II  inhibitors  is  caused  by  inhibitor-free  RAF  dimers,  which  themselves  arise  because  inhibitor  induced  dimers  dissociate  back  into  monomers  more  slowly  than  inhibitor  itself  dissociates  from  those  aforementioned  dimers.  These  findings  deepen  our  understanding  of  RAF  regulation,  inhibition,  and  activation,  granting  valuable  insights  into  what  may  be  done  to  circumvent  paradoxical  activation  entirely.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0084.
■650  4▼aBiochemistry
■650  4▼aBiophysics
■650  4▼aOncology
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■653    ▼aKinases
■653    ▼aMitogen  activated  protein  kinase
■653    ▼aParadoxical  activation
■653    ▼aPhosphorylation
■653    ▼aCancers
■690    ▼a0487
■690    ▼a0786
■690    ▼a0992
■690    ▼a0307
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bSystems  Biology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0084
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357449▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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