서브메뉴
검색
An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202103624
- ISBN
- 9798290613642
- DDC
- 560
- 서명/저자
- An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 176 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Carlson, Sandra J.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약The extinct strophic spire-bearers brachiopods, orders Spiriferida and Spiriferinida, were a major component of both Upper Paleozoic and Triassic brachiopod diversity. Over 500 genera are named and assigned to higher level taxa based on 'key' morphological traits; these traits include shell structure (punctae), shell form, ornament and internal septae. Although the spiriferides and spiriferinides are well described and classified, the evolutionary relationships among higher taxa within each order, and between the orders themselves, are unclear. Further, taxonomic 'key' characters are frequently conflated with synapomorphies, leading to untested assumptions about strophic spire-bearer morphological evolution. Here I use a multi-model approach to generate strophic spire-bearer phylogenetic hypotheses to examine the morphological and macroevolution of the Spiriferida and Spiriferinida.I constructed a matrix of 74 genera and 116 morphological characters for phylogenetic analysis using three models: reweighted parsimony, a morphologically partitioned Mk model, and a Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) process model which incorporates stratigraphy. Reweighted parsimony recovers the Spiriferinida as monophyletic united by punctate shell structure and medial septum. The partitioned Mk model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic with multiple losses of endopunctae (microscopic valve perforations). The FBD process model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic including four separate lineages. All three models consistently recover three similar large clades: a narrow-hinged clade which includes genera from four superfamilies (Ambocoelioidea, Brachythyridoidea, Martinioidea, Reticularioidea), a spiriferiform denticulate clade possessing prismatic calcite combining two superfamilies (Spiriferoidea and Paeckelmanelloidea), and a predominantly punctate clade which combines one impunctate superfamily (Delthyridoidea) and the punctate order Spiriferinida. Basal taxa (Cyrtioidea and Adolfioidea) are recovered as paraphyletic. Examination of shell structure (punctae), internal (spondylia) and external (shell form and ornament) characters indicate homoplasy is common within the strophic spire-bearers.I conducted ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) for punctae conducted using phylogenetic hypotheses inferred using parsimony and the FBD process. These reconstructions recover either a single origin in the early Devonian, or four origins -one early Devonian and three in the Late Devonian (Famennian) depending on the phylogenetic hypothesis. Ancestral state reconstruction on the parsimony topology indicates punctae are a synapomorphy for the Spiriferinida while ASR on the FBD topology indicates punctae are homoplastic across four lineages. The appearance of punctae and diversification of punctate strophic spire-bearer taxa during the Late Devonian mass extinction indicates a potential link between the event and changes in shell structure. Two plausible hypotheses for this coincidence include the function of punctae as storage organs increasing stress tolerance or defensive structure used to deter predators mechanically or chemically. Both spines and punctae are disruptions of brachiopod shell growth requiring disruption (punctae) or deflection (spines) of the primary and secondary shell layers. Correlation tests between punctae and spines using Pagel's method indicates that spines are homoplastic and neither trait is prerequisite for the other. Further spines evolved phylogenetically independently in multiple times in both punctate and impunctate lineages. Size and spacing measurements were acquired for 11 of the genera used in the phylogenetic hypotheses. There is no apparent relationship between punctal morphology and spiriferinide phylogeny with a large amount of variation in punctal size and spacing among a limited sample of genera.I collected thirteen morphological measurements for 388 strophic spire-bearer genera using photographed specimens from the literature to construct a morphospace. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the dimensions of the morphospace and test for correlation between variation in shape characters. A correlation matrix was used to determine the relationship between specimens/genera in the morphospace. The first principal component corresponds to shape variation explained by size and correlates positively with size. The second principal component correlates positively with interarea attitude and height, and negatively with distance from the hinge to the widest point. The third principal component correlates positively with a shallower and wider medial ventral sulcus. The three stereotypical morphotypes (cyrtiniform, reticulariiform, and spiriferiform) can be roughly separated on the second and third PC axes. Pagel's Lambda values for the first three PC scores of each genus in the FBD phylogenetic hypothesis indicate significant but weak correlation between size and shape and common ancestry. There is also evidence of shape evolution under a Brownian motion model. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models indicate that the variation in shape on PC axes two and three further corroborates a Brownian motion model. Partitioning the morphospace by time indicates a restriction of the morphospace to primarily alate forms during the Silurian with an expansion of the morphospace to include cyrtiniform and reticulariiform genera in the Middle Devonian. A comparison of disparity before and after the Late Devonian mass extinction reveals little change in morphospace occupation corroborating unchanged occupation of morphoniches. The Carboniferous is marked by both a decrease in diversity and disparity possibly explained by the occupation of widespread soft substrate communities and shallow paleoenvironmental gradients. Examination of the diversification of the spiriferinides post-Paleozoic indicates an expansion into novel cyrtiniform and reticulariiform niches accompanied by a decrease in body size. Triassic spiriferinides occupy few Paleozoic impunctate spiriferide morphoniches.Overall, the results of this study indicate that model choice has a significant impact on phylogenetic hypothesis inference and its impact on strophic spire-bearing brachiopod morphological- and macro evolution. Several 'key' characters (shell structure and external form) are not homologous, and many named taxa are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Examination of the shell structure character endopunctae indicates possible selective pressure for a common metabolic or defensive function in multiple 'spiriferinide' lineages. Examination of external form indicates strophic spire-bearer morphoniche occupation through time is not static. The Silurian and Carboniferous were intervals of low disparity. The Late Devonian mass extinction had little effect on clade morphological disparity while the End-Permian mass extinction displays shifts in morphospace occupation after the event. This study provides a framework and potential questions for future studies of strophic spire-bearer macroevolution.
- 일반주제명
- Paleontology
- 일반주제명
- Paleoecology
- 일반주제명
- Morphology
- 키워드
- Brachiopods
- 키워드
- Phylogenetics
- 키워드
- Spiriferida
- 키워드
- Spiriferinida
- 기타저자
- University of California, Davis Geology
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
008260126s2025 us c eng d■001000017357963
■00520260202103624
■006m o d
■007cr#unu||||||||
■020 ▼a9798290613642
■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32046039
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a560
■1001 ▼aDievert, Rylan Kenneth Victor.
■24513▼aAn Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of California, Davis▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a176 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Carlson, Sandra J.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2025.
■520 ▼aThe extinct strophic spire-bearers brachiopods, orders Spiriferida and Spiriferinida, were a major component of both Upper Paleozoic and Triassic brachiopod diversity. Over 500 genera are named and assigned to higher level taxa based on 'key' morphological traits; these traits include shell structure (punctae), shell form, ornament and internal septae. Although the spiriferides and spiriferinides are well described and classified, the evolutionary relationships among higher taxa within each order, and between the orders themselves, are unclear. Further, taxonomic 'key' characters are frequently conflated with synapomorphies, leading to untested assumptions about strophic spire-bearer morphological evolution. Here I use a multi-model approach to generate strophic spire-bearer phylogenetic hypotheses to examine the morphological and macroevolution of the Spiriferida and Spiriferinida.I constructed a matrix of 74 genera and 116 morphological characters for phylogenetic analysis using three models: reweighted parsimony, a morphologically partitioned Mk model, and a Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) process model which incorporates stratigraphy. Reweighted parsimony recovers the Spiriferinida as monophyletic united by punctate shell structure and medial septum. The partitioned Mk model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic with multiple losses of endopunctae (microscopic valve perforations). The FBD process model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic including four separate lineages. All three models consistently recover three similar large clades: a narrow-hinged clade which includes genera from four superfamilies (Ambocoelioidea, Brachythyridoidea, Martinioidea, Reticularioidea), a spiriferiform denticulate clade possessing prismatic calcite combining two superfamilies (Spiriferoidea and Paeckelmanelloidea), and a predominantly punctate clade which combines one impunctate superfamily (Delthyridoidea) and the punctate order Spiriferinida. Basal taxa (Cyrtioidea and Adolfioidea) are recovered as paraphyletic. Examination of shell structure (punctae), internal (spondylia) and external (shell form and ornament) characters indicate homoplasy is common within the strophic spire-bearers.I conducted ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) for punctae conducted using phylogenetic hypotheses inferred using parsimony and the FBD process. These reconstructions recover either a single origin in the early Devonian, or four origins -one early Devonian and three in the Late Devonian (Famennian) depending on the phylogenetic hypothesis. Ancestral state reconstruction on the parsimony topology indicates punctae are a synapomorphy for the Spiriferinida while ASR on the FBD topology indicates punctae are homoplastic across four lineages. The appearance of punctae and diversification of punctate strophic spire-bearer taxa during the Late Devonian mass extinction indicates a potential link between the event and changes in shell structure. Two plausible hypotheses for this coincidence include the function of punctae as storage organs increasing stress tolerance or defensive structure used to deter predators mechanically or chemically. Both spines and punctae are disruptions of brachiopod shell growth requiring disruption (punctae) or deflection (spines) of the primary and secondary shell layers. Correlation tests between punctae and spines using Pagel's method indicates that spines are homoplastic and neither trait is prerequisite for the other. Further spines evolved phylogenetically independently in multiple times in both punctate and impunctate lineages. Size and spacing measurements were acquired for 11 of the genera used in the phylogenetic hypotheses. There is no apparent relationship between punctal morphology and spiriferinide phylogeny with a large amount of variation in punctal size and spacing among a limited sample of genera.I collected thirteen morphological measurements for 388 strophic spire-bearer genera using photographed specimens from the literature to construct a morphospace. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the dimensions of the morphospace and test for correlation between variation in shape characters. A correlation matrix was used to determine the relationship between specimens/genera in the morphospace. The first principal component corresponds to shape variation explained by size and correlates positively with size. The second principal component correlates positively with interarea attitude and height, and negatively with distance from the hinge to the widest point. The third principal component correlates positively with a shallower and wider medial ventral sulcus. The three stereotypical morphotypes (cyrtiniform, reticulariiform, and spiriferiform) can be roughly separated on the second and third PC axes. Pagel's Lambda values for the first three PC scores of each genus in the FBD phylogenetic hypothesis indicate significant but weak correlation between size and shape and common ancestry. There is also evidence of shape evolution under a Brownian motion model. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models indicate that the variation in shape on PC axes two and three further corroborates a Brownian motion model. Partitioning the morphospace by time indicates a restriction of the morphospace to primarily alate forms during the Silurian with an expansion of the morphospace to include cyrtiniform and reticulariiform genera in the Middle Devonian. A comparison of disparity before and after the Late Devonian mass extinction reveals little change in morphospace occupation corroborating unchanged occupation of morphoniches. The Carboniferous is marked by both a decrease in diversity and disparity possibly explained by the occupation of widespread soft substrate communities and shallow paleoenvironmental gradients. Examination of the diversification of the spiriferinides post-Paleozoic indicates an expansion into novel cyrtiniform and reticulariiform niches accompanied by a decrease in body size. Triassic spiriferinides occupy few Paleozoic impunctate spiriferide morphoniches.Overall, the results of this study indicate that model choice has a significant impact on phylogenetic hypothesis inference and its impact on strophic spire-bearing brachiopod morphological- and macro evolution. Several 'key' characters (shell structure and external form) are not homologous, and many named taxa are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Examination of the shell structure character endopunctae indicates possible selective pressure for a common metabolic or defensive function in multiple 'spiriferinide' lineages. Examination of external form indicates strophic spire-bearer morphoniche occupation through time is not static. The Silurian and Carboniferous were intervals of low disparity. The Late Devonian mass extinction had little effect on clade morphological disparity while the End-Permian mass extinction displays shifts in morphospace occupation after the event. This study provides a framework and potential questions for future studies of strophic spire-bearer macroevolution.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0029.
■650 4▼aPaleontology
■650 4▼aPaleoecology
■650 4▼aMorphology
■653 ▼aBrachiopods
■653 ▼aFossilized Birth-Death
■653 ▼aPhylogenetics
■653 ▼aSpiriferida
■653 ▼aSpiriferinida
■690 ▼a0418
■690 ▼a0426
■690 ▼a0287
■71020▼aUniversity of California, Davis▼bGeology.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-01B.
■790 ▼a0029
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357963▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


