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An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morpho...
An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103624
ISBN  
9798290613642
DDC  
560
저자명  
Dievert, Rylan Kenneth Victor.
서명/저자  
An Examination of Strophic Spire-Bearing Brachiopod Phylogeny, Shell Structure, and Morphological Evolution
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Davis, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
176 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Carlson, Sandra J.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약The extinct strophic spire-bearers brachiopods, orders Spiriferida and Spiriferinida, were a major component of both Upper Paleozoic and Triassic brachiopod diversity. Over 500 genera are named and assigned to higher level taxa based on 'key' morphological traits; these traits include shell structure (punctae), shell form, ornament and internal septae. Although the spiriferides and spiriferinides are well described and classified, the evolutionary relationships among higher taxa within each order, and between the orders themselves, are unclear. Further, taxonomic 'key' characters are frequently conflated with synapomorphies, leading to untested assumptions about strophic spire-bearer morphological evolution. Here I use a multi-model approach to generate strophic spire-bearer phylogenetic hypotheses to examine the morphological and macroevolution of the Spiriferida and Spiriferinida.I constructed a matrix of 74 genera and 116 morphological characters for phylogenetic analysis using three models: reweighted parsimony, a morphologically partitioned Mk model, and a Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) process model which incorporates stratigraphy. Reweighted parsimony recovers the Spiriferinida as monophyletic united by punctate shell structure and medial septum. The partitioned Mk model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic with multiple losses of endopunctae (microscopic valve perforations). The FBD process model recovers the 'spiriferinides' as polyphyletic including four separate lineages. All three models consistently recover three similar large clades: a narrow-hinged clade which includes genera from four superfamilies (Ambocoelioidea, Brachythyridoidea, Martinioidea, Reticularioidea), a spiriferiform denticulate clade possessing prismatic calcite combining two superfamilies (Spiriferoidea and Paeckelmanelloidea), and a predominantly punctate clade which combines one impunctate superfamily (Delthyridoidea) and the punctate order Spiriferinida. Basal taxa (Cyrtioidea and Adolfioidea) are recovered as paraphyletic. Examination of shell structure (punctae), internal (spondylia) and external (shell form and ornament) characters indicate homoplasy is common within the strophic spire-bearers.I conducted ancestral state reconstructions (ASRs) for punctae conducted using phylogenetic hypotheses inferred using parsimony and the FBD process. These reconstructions recover either a single origin in the early Devonian, or four origins -one early Devonian and three in the Late Devonian (Famennian) depending on the phylogenetic hypothesis. Ancestral state reconstruction on the parsimony topology indicates punctae are a synapomorphy for the Spiriferinida while ASR on the FBD topology indicates punctae are homoplastic across four lineages. The appearance of punctae and diversification of punctate strophic spire-bearer taxa during the Late Devonian mass extinction indicates a potential link between the event and changes in shell structure. Two plausible hypotheses for this coincidence include the function of punctae as storage organs increasing stress tolerance or defensive structure used to deter predators mechanically or chemically. Both spines and punctae are disruptions of brachiopod shell growth requiring disruption (punctae) or deflection (spines) of the primary and secondary shell layers. Correlation tests between punctae and spines using Pagel's method indicates that spines are homoplastic and neither trait is prerequisite for the other. Further spines evolved phylogenetically independently in multiple times in both punctate and impunctate lineages. Size and spacing measurements were acquired for 11 of the genera used in the phylogenetic hypotheses. There is no apparent relationship between punctal morphology and spiriferinide phylogeny with a large amount of variation in punctal size and spacing among a limited sample of genera.I collected thirteen morphological measurements for 388 strophic spire-bearer genera using photographed specimens from the literature to construct a morphospace. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed to reduce the dimensions of the morphospace and test for correlation between variation in shape characters. A correlation matrix was used to determine the relationship between specimens/genera in the morphospace. The first principal component corresponds to shape variation explained by size and correlates positively with size. The second principal component correlates positively with interarea attitude and height, and negatively with distance from the hinge to the widest point. The third principal component correlates positively with a shallower and wider medial ventral sulcus. The three stereotypical morphotypes (cyrtiniform, reticulariiform, and spiriferiform) can be roughly separated on the second and third PC axes. Pagel's Lambda values for the first three PC scores of each genus in the FBD phylogenetic hypothesis indicate significant but weak correlation between size and shape and common ancestry. There is also evidence of shape evolution under a Brownian motion model. Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models indicate that the variation in shape on PC axes two and three further corroborates a Brownian motion model. Partitioning the morphospace by time indicates a restriction of the morphospace to primarily alate forms during the Silurian with an expansion of the morphospace to include cyrtiniform and reticulariiform genera in the Middle Devonian. A comparison of disparity before and after the Late Devonian mass extinction reveals little change in morphospace occupation corroborating unchanged occupation of morphoniches. The Carboniferous is marked by both a decrease in diversity and disparity possibly explained by the occupation of widespread soft substrate communities and shallow paleoenvironmental gradients. Examination of the diversification of the spiriferinides post-Paleozoic indicates an expansion into novel cyrtiniform and reticulariiform niches accompanied by a decrease in body size. Triassic spiriferinides occupy few Paleozoic impunctate spiriferide morphoniches.Overall, the results of this study indicate that model choice has a significant impact on phylogenetic hypothesis inference and its impact on strophic spire-bearing brachiopod morphological- and macro evolution. Several 'key' characters (shell structure and external form) are not homologous, and many named taxa are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Examination of the shell structure character endopunctae indicates possible selective pressure for a common metabolic or defensive function in multiple 'spiriferinide' lineages. Examination of external form indicates strophic spire-bearer morphoniche occupation through time is not static. The Silurian and Carboniferous were intervals of low disparity. The Late Devonian mass extinction had little effect on clade morphological disparity while the End-Permian mass extinction displays shifts in morphospace occupation after the event. This study provides a framework and potential questions for future studies of strophic spire-bearer macroevolution.
일반주제명  
Paleontology
일반주제명  
Paleoecology
일반주제명  
Morphology
키워드  
Brachiopods
키워드  
Fossilized Birth-Death
키워드  
Phylogenetics
키워드  
Spiriferida
키워드  
Spiriferinida
기타저자  
University of California, Davis Geology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aDievert,  Rylan  Kenneth  Victor.
■24513▼aAn  Examination  of  Strophic  Spire-Bearing  Brachiopod  Phylogeny,  Shell  Structure,  and  Morphological  Evolution
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a176  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Carlson,  Sandra  J.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Davis,  2025.
■520    ▼aThe  extinct  strophic  spire-bearers  brachiopods,  orders  Spiriferida  and  Spiriferinida,  were  a  major  component  of  both  Upper  Paleozoic  and  Triassic  brachiopod  diversity.  Over  500  genera  are  named  and  assigned  to  higher  level  taxa  based  on  'key'  morphological  traits;  these  traits  include  shell  structure  (punctae),  shell  form,  ornament  and  internal  septae.  Although  the  spiriferides  and  spiriferinides  are  well  described  and  classified,  the  evolutionary  relationships  among  higher  taxa  within  each  order,  and  between  the  orders  themselves,  are  unclear.  Further,  taxonomic  'key'  characters  are  frequently  conflated  with  synapomorphies,  leading  to  untested  assumptions  about  strophic  spire-bearer  morphological  evolution.  Here  I  use  a  multi-model  approach  to  generate  strophic  spire-bearer  phylogenetic  hypotheses  to  examine  the  morphological  and  macroevolution  of  the  Spiriferida  and  Spiriferinida.I  constructed  a  matrix  of  74  genera  and  116  morphological  characters  for  phylogenetic  analysis  using  three  models:  reweighted  parsimony,  a  morphologically  partitioned  Mk  model,  and  a  Fossilized  Birth-Death  (FBD)  process  model  which  incorporates  stratigraphy.  Reweighted  parsimony  recovers  the  Spiriferinida  as  monophyletic  united  by  punctate  shell  structure  and  medial  septum.  The  partitioned  Mk  model  recovers  the  'spiriferinides'  as  polyphyletic  with  multiple  losses  of  endopunctae  (microscopic  valve  perforations).  The  FBD  process  model  recovers  the  'spiriferinides'  as  polyphyletic  including  four  separate  lineages.  All  three  models  consistently  recover  three  similar  large  clades:  a  narrow-hinged  clade  which  includes  genera  from  four  superfamilies  (Ambocoelioidea,  Brachythyridoidea,  Martinioidea,  Reticularioidea),  a  spiriferiform  denticulate  clade  possessing  prismatic  calcite  combining  two  superfamilies  (Spiriferoidea  and  Paeckelmanelloidea),  and  a  predominantly  punctate  clade  which  combines  one  impunctate  superfamily  (Delthyridoidea)  and  the  punctate  order  Spiriferinida.  Basal  taxa  (Cyrtioidea  and  Adolfioidea)  are  recovered  as  paraphyletic.  Examination  of  shell  structure  (punctae),  internal (spondylia)  and  external  (shell  form  and  ornament)  characters  indicate  homoplasy  is  common  within  the  strophic  spire-bearers.I  conducted  ancestral  state  reconstructions  (ASRs)  for  punctae  conducted  using  phylogenetic  hypotheses  inferred  using  parsimony  and  the  FBD  process.  These  reconstructions  recover  either  a  single  origin  in  the  early  Devonian,  or  four  origins  -one  early  Devonian  and  three  in  the  Late  Devonian  (Famennian)  depending  on  the  phylogenetic  hypothesis.  Ancestral  state  reconstruction  on  the  parsimony  topology  indicates  punctae  are  a  synapomorphy  for  the  Spiriferinida  while  ASR  on  the  FBD  topology  indicates  punctae  are  homoplastic  across  four  lineages.  The  appearance  of  punctae  and  diversification  of  punctate  strophic  spire-bearer  taxa  during  the  Late  Devonian  mass  extinction  indicates  a  potential  link  between  the  event  and  changes  in  shell  structure.  Two  plausible  hypotheses  for  this  coincidence  include  the  function  of  punctae  as  storage  organs  increasing  stress  tolerance  or  defensive  structure  used  to  deter  predators  mechanically  or  chemically.  Both  spines  and  punctae  are  disruptions  of  brachiopod  shell  growth  requiring  disruption  (punctae)  or  deflection  (spines)  of  the  primary  and  secondary  shell  layers.  Correlation  tests  between  punctae  and  spines  using  Pagel's  method  indicates  that  spines  are  homoplastic  and  neither  trait  is  prerequisite  for  the  other.  Further  spines  evolved  phylogenetically  independently  in  multiple  times  in  both  punctate  and  impunctate  lineages.  Size  and  spacing  measurements  were  acquired  for  11  of  the  genera  used  in  the  phylogenetic  hypotheses.  There  is  no  apparent  relationship  between  punctal  morphology  and  spiriferinide  phylogeny  with  a  large  amount  of  variation  in  punctal  size  and  spacing  among  a  limited  sample  of  genera.I  collected  thirteen  morphological  measurements  for  388  strophic  spire-bearer  genera  using  photographed  specimens  from  the  literature  to  construct  a  morphospace.  A  Principal  Component  Analysis  (PCA)  was  performed  to  reduce  the  dimensions  of  the  morphospace  and  test  for  correlation  between  variation  in  shape  characters.  A  correlation  matrix  was  used  to  determine the  relationship  between  specimens/genera  in  the  morphospace.  The  first  principal  component  corresponds  to  shape  variation  explained  by  size  and  correlates  positively  with  size.  The  second  principal  component  correlates  positively  with  interarea  attitude  and  height,  and  negatively  with  distance  from  the  hinge  to  the  widest  point.  The  third  principal  component  correlates  positively  with  a  shallower  and  wider  medial  ventral  sulcus.  The  three  stereotypical  morphotypes  (cyrtiniform,  reticulariiform,  and  spiriferiform)  can  be  roughly  separated  on  the  second  and  third  PC  axes.  Pagel's  Lambda  values  for  the  first  three  PC  scores  of  each  genus  in  the  FBD  phylogenetic  hypothesis  indicate  significant  but  weak  correlation  between  size  and  shape  and  common  ancestry.  There  is  also  evidence  of  shape  evolution  under  a  Brownian  motion  model.  Ornstein-Uhlenbeck  models  indicate  that  the  variation  in  shape  on  PC  axes  two  and  three  further  corroborates  a  Brownian  motion  model.  Partitioning  the  morphospace  by  time  indicates  a  restriction  of  the  morphospace  to  primarily  alate  forms  during  the  Silurian  with  an  expansion  of  the  morphospace  to  include  cyrtiniform  and  reticulariiform  genera  in  the  Middle  Devonian.  A  comparison  of  disparity  before  and  after  the  Late  Devonian  mass  extinction  reveals  little  change  in  morphospace  occupation  corroborating  unchanged  occupation  of  morphoniches.  The  Carboniferous  is  marked  by  both  a  decrease  in  diversity  and  disparity  possibly  explained  by  the  occupation  of  widespread  soft  substrate  communities  and  shallow  paleoenvironmental  gradients.  Examination  of  the  diversification  of  the  spiriferinides  post-Paleozoic  indicates  an  expansion  into  novel  cyrtiniform  and  reticulariiform  niches  accompanied  by  a  decrease  in  body  size.  Triassic  spiriferinides  occupy  few  Paleozoic  impunctate  spiriferide  morphoniches.Overall,  the  results  of  this  study  indicate  that  model  choice  has  a  significant  impact  on  phylogenetic  hypothesis  inference  and  its  impact  on  strophic  spire-bearing  brachiopod  morphological-  and  macro  evolution.  Several  'key'  characters  (shell  structure  and  external  form)  are  not  homologous,  and  many  named  taxa  are  paraphyletic  or  polyphyletic.  Examination  of  the shell  structure  character  endopunctae  indicates  possible  selective  pressure  for  a  common  metabolic  or  defensive  function  in  multiple  'spiriferinide'  lineages.  Examination  of  external  form  indicates  strophic  spire-bearer  morphoniche  occupation  through  time  is  not  static.  The  Silurian  and  Carboniferous  were  intervals  of  low  disparity.  The  Late  Devonian  mass  extinction  had  little  effect  on  clade  morphological  disparity  while  the  End-Permian  mass  extinction  displays  shifts  in  morphospace  occupation  after  the  event.  This  study  provides  a  framework  and  potential  questions  for  future  studies  of  strophic  spire-bearer  macroevolution.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0029.
■650  4▼aPaleontology
■650  4▼aPaleoecology
■650  4▼aMorphology
■653    ▼aBrachiopods
■653    ▼aFossilized  Birth-Death
■653    ▼aPhylogenetics
■653    ▼aSpiriferida
■653    ▼aSpiriferinida
■690    ▼a0418
■690    ▼a0426
■690    ▼a0287
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Davis▼bGeology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0029
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357963▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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