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Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202105826
- ISBN
- 9798263327040
- DDC
- 600
- 서명/저자
- Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
- 형태사항
- 243 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Losego, Mark D.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Vapor Phase Infiltration (VPI) is a technique that infuses metal oxides into polymers, forming hybrid materials with novel properties, structures, and functionalities. Recent advancements in VPI have significantly enhanced our understanding of the fundamental kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemistry underlying this process. However, these advancements have predominantly focused on specific polymer and precursor chemistries, such as Trimethylaluminium (TMA)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To further advance the field of VPI, it is essential to explore additional precursor/chemistry combinations to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of VPI mechanisms.This thesis aims to expand our knowledge of VPI by investigating the infiltration of Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) into polymers containing ester functional groups, such as PMMA and Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA). Although previous studies have explored different components of TiCl4 infiltration into such polymers, they were unable to offer a comprehensive understanding complexities of the TiCl4/polymer systems.The investigation begins by establishing the kinetics of TiCl4 into PMMA and PLA. This involves identifying the rate-limiting step of the process and comparing it that of the TMA/PMMA system. The kinetics were analyzed by acquiring XPS depth profiles of inorganic content across the bulk of the infiltrated films at various temperatures and comparing these profiles with outputs from a reaction-diffusion model. This model elucidates the effects of the Damkohler number (balancing reaction versus diffusion rates) and non-Fickian ¨ diffusion processes (resulting from material transformation from polymer to hybrid) on the evolution of inorganic concentration profiles over time. The findings indicate that TiCl4 generally infiltrates PMMA and PLA via a reaction-limited process, while TMA infiltrates into PMMA via a diffusion-limited process at lower temperatures (below 100°C) and via a reaction-limited process at higher temperatures (above 100°C).Subsequent analysis focused on elucidating the chemical mechanism of TiCl4 infiltration into these polymers. The reaction-limited nature suggests a slow reaction between the TiCl4 precursor and the functional groups of PMMA and PLA. Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)surface analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (FTIR) spectroscopy, and in-situ Quartz Crystal Micro Balance (QCM), it was determined that TiCl4 infiltration into PMMA proceeds via a dealkylation mechanism. This reaction coordinates TiCl4 with the ester group, resulting in chloromethane byproducts and a primary chemical bond between the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid material. Further spectroscopic, thermophysical, and chemical property measurements, corroborate this chemical pathway and indicate the formation of inorganic cross-links in the TiOxPMMA hybrid materials. When extending this mechanism to the TiCl4/PLA system, it was found that similar dealkylation occurs; however, due to the ester group's position, it leads to random scission of the main polymer chain, causing depolymerization and etching of the polymer. The residuals in PLA post-TiCl4 VPI were examined using dissolution tests. We demonstrated that a 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution effectively removes the depolymerized residues; showing an application of VPI to be used as a "subtractive" process.Finally, the thermodynamics of TiCl4 infiltration were explored. The activation energy for effective diffusivity in the TiCl4/PMMA system was determined using Fick's law approximation of initial mass uptake and was found to be -1.29 eV. This negative value prompted further investigation into the thermodynamic factors affecting initial mass uptake of TiCl4 into these polymers. Using the reaction-diffusion model to investigate how different thermodynamic parameters influence the initial mass uptake, we were able to determine that sorption and diffusion impact the overall diffusion of TiCl4 into PMMA. In fact, sorption is deemed to be the rate limiting process in the overall diffusion. Additionally, the saturation mass of inorganic content in the polymer appears to be dictated by the accessibility of functional groups and the degree of hindrance experienced by the infiltrating precursor. For the TiCl4/PLA system, the rapid rate of polymer depolymerization and etching prevented detailed thermodynamic analysis; however, the activation energy for effective diffusivity was projected at -1.48 eV based on saturation mass estimates from high-temperature experiments.In summary, this thesis has broadened the existing knowledge in the field of VPI by exploring into the infiltration of TiCl4 into polymers with ester functional groups, elucidating the rate-limiting steps, chemical mechanisms, and thermodynamic influences on the infiltration process.
- 일반주제명
- Polymers
- 일반주제명
- Diffusion models
- 일반주제명
- Kinetics
- 일반주제명
- Thermodynamics
- 일반주제명
- Fourier transforms
- 일반주제명
- Thin films
- 일반주제명
- Titanium
- 일반주제명
- Condensed matter physics
- 일반주제명
- Materials science
- 일반주제명
- Mathematics
- 일반주제명
- Polymer chemistry
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-05B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■020 ▼a9798263327040
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■035 ▼a(MiAaPQ)GeorgiaTech78590
■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a600
■1001 ▼aBalogun, Shuaib A.
■24510▼aVapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bGeorgia Institute of Technology▼c2024
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2024
■300 ▼a243 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Losego, Mark D.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024.
■520 ▼aVapor Phase Infiltration (VPI) is a technique that infuses metal oxides into polymers, forming hybrid materials with novel properties, structures, and functionalities. Recent advancements in VPI have significantly enhanced our understanding of the fundamental kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemistry underlying this process. However, these advancements have predominantly focused on specific polymer and precursor chemistries, such as Trimethylaluminium (TMA)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To further advance the field of VPI, it is essential to explore additional precursor/chemistry combinations to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of VPI mechanisms.This thesis aims to expand our knowledge of VPI by investigating the infiltration of Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) into polymers containing ester functional groups, such as PMMA and Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA). Although previous studies have explored different components of TiCl4 infiltration into such polymers, they were unable to offer a comprehensive understanding complexities of the TiCl4/polymer systems.The investigation begins by establishing the kinetics of TiCl4 into PMMA and PLA. This involves identifying the rate-limiting step of the process and comparing it that of the TMA/PMMA system. The kinetics were analyzed by acquiring XPS depth profiles of inorganic content across the bulk of the infiltrated films at various temperatures and comparing these profiles with outputs from a reaction-diffusion model. This model elucidates the effects of the Damkohler number (balancing reaction versus diffusion rates) and non-Fickian ¨ diffusion processes (resulting from material transformation from polymer to hybrid) on the evolution of inorganic concentration profiles over time. The findings indicate that TiCl4 generally infiltrates PMMA and PLA via a reaction-limited process, while TMA infiltrates into PMMA via a diffusion-limited process at lower temperatures (below 100°C) and via a reaction-limited process at higher temperatures (above 100°C).Subsequent analysis focused on elucidating the chemical mechanism of TiCl4 infiltration into these polymers. The reaction-limited nature suggests a slow reaction between the TiCl4 precursor and the functional groups of PMMA and PLA. Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)surface analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (FTIR) spectroscopy, and in-situ Quartz Crystal Micro Balance (QCM), it was determined that TiCl4 infiltration into PMMA proceeds via a dealkylation mechanism. This reaction coordinates TiCl4 with the ester group, resulting in chloromethane byproducts and a primary chemical bond between the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid material. Further spectroscopic, thermophysical, and chemical property measurements, corroborate this chemical pathway and indicate the formation of inorganic cross-links in the TiOxPMMA hybrid materials. When extending this mechanism to the TiCl4/PLA system, it was found that similar dealkylation occurs; however, due to the ester group's position, it leads to random scission of the main polymer chain, causing depolymerization and etching of the polymer. The residuals in PLA post-TiCl4 VPI were examined using dissolution tests. We demonstrated that a 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution effectively removes the depolymerized residues; showing an application of VPI to be used as a "subtractive" process.Finally, the thermodynamics of TiCl4 infiltration were explored. The activation energy for effective diffusivity in the TiCl4/PMMA system was determined using Fick's law approximation of initial mass uptake and was found to be -1.29 eV. This negative value prompted further investigation into the thermodynamic factors affecting initial mass uptake of TiCl4 into these polymers. Using the reaction-diffusion model to investigate how different thermodynamic parameters influence the initial mass uptake, we were able to determine that sorption and diffusion impact the overall diffusion of TiCl4 into PMMA. In fact, sorption is deemed to be the rate limiting process in the overall diffusion. Additionally, the saturation mass of inorganic content in the polymer appears to be dictated by the accessibility of functional groups and the degree of hindrance experienced by the infiltrating precursor. For the TiCl4/PLA system, the rapid rate of polymer depolymerization and etching prevented detailed thermodynamic analysis; however, the activation energy for effective diffusivity was projected at -1.48 eV based on saturation mass estimates from high-temperature experiments.In summary, this thesis has broadened the existing knowledge in the field of VPI by exploring into the infiltration of TiCl4 into polymers with ester functional groups, elucidating the rate-limiting steps, chemical mechanisms, and thermodynamic influences on the infiltration process.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0078.
■650 4▼aPolymers
■650 4▼aDiffusion models
■650 4▼aKinetics
■650 4▼aThermodynamics
■650 4▼aFourier transforms
■650 4▼aThin films
■650 4▼aTitanium
■650 4▼aCondensed matter physics
■650 4▼aMaterials science
■650 4▼aMathematics
■650 4▼aPolymer chemistry
■690 ▼a0348
■690 ▼a0611
■690 ▼a0794
■690 ▼a0405
■690 ▼a0495
■71020▼aGeorgia Institute of Technology.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g87-05B.
■790 ▼a0078
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2024
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17361284▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


