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Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Gro...
Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202105826
ISBN  
9798263327040
DDC  
600
저자명  
Balogun, Shuaib A.
서명/저자  
Vapor Phase Infiltration of Titanium Tetrachloride into Polymers with Ester Functional Groups
발행사항  
[Sl] : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2024
형태사항  
243 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-05, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Losego, Mark D.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Georgia Institute of Technology, 2024.
초록/해제  
요약Vapor Phase Infiltration (VPI) is a technique that infuses metal oxides into polymers, forming hybrid materials with novel properties, structures, and functionalities. Recent advancements in VPI have significantly enhanced our understanding of the fundamental kinetics, thermodynamics, and chemistry underlying this process. However, these advancements have predominantly focused on specific polymer and precursor chemistries, such as Trimethylaluminium (TMA)/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). To further advance the field of VPI, it is essential to explore additional precursor/chemistry combinations to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of VPI mechanisms.This thesis aims to expand our knowledge of VPI by investigating the infiltration of Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) into polymers containing ester functional groups, such as PMMA and Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA). Although previous studies have explored different components of TiCl4 infiltration into such polymers, they were unable to offer a comprehensive understanding complexities of the TiCl4/polymer systems.The investigation begins by establishing the kinetics of TiCl4 into PMMA and PLA. This involves identifying the rate-limiting step of the process and comparing it that of the TMA/PMMA system. The kinetics were analyzed by acquiring XPS depth profiles of inorganic content across the bulk of the infiltrated films at various temperatures and comparing these profiles with outputs from a reaction-diffusion model. This model elucidates the effects of the Damkohler number (balancing reaction versus diffusion rates) and non-Fickian ¨ diffusion processes (resulting from material transformation from polymer to hybrid) on the evolution of inorganic concentration profiles over time. The findings indicate that TiCl4 generally infiltrates PMMA and PLA via a reaction-limited process, while TMA infiltrates into PMMA via a diffusion-limited process at lower temperatures (below 100°C) and via a reaction-limited process at higher temperatures (above 100°C).Subsequent analysis focused on elucidating the chemical mechanism of TiCl4 infiltration into these polymers. The reaction-limited nature suggests a slow reaction between the TiCl4 precursor and the functional groups of PMMA and PLA. Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)surface analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) (FTIR) spectroscopy, and in-situ Quartz Crystal Micro Balance (QCM), it was determined that TiCl4 infiltration into PMMA proceeds via a dealkylation mechanism. This reaction coordinates TiCl4 with the ester group, resulting in chloromethane byproducts and a primary chemical bond between the organic and inorganic components of the hybrid material. Further spectroscopic, thermophysical, and chemical property measurements, corroborate this chemical pathway and indicate the formation of inorganic cross-links in the TiOxPMMA hybrid materials. When extending this mechanism to the TiCl4/PLA system, it was found that similar dealkylation occurs; however, due to the ester group's position, it leads to random scission of the main polymer chain, causing depolymerization and etching of the polymer. The residuals in PLA post-TiCl4 VPI were examined using dissolution tests. We demonstrated that a 0.1 M HCl aqueous solution effectively removes the depolymerized residues; showing an application of VPI to be used as a "subtractive" process.Finally, the thermodynamics of TiCl4 infiltration were explored. The activation energy for effective diffusivity in the TiCl4/PMMA system was determined using Fick's law approximation of initial mass uptake and was found to be -1.29 eV. This negative value prompted further investigation into the thermodynamic factors affecting initial mass uptake of TiCl4 into these polymers. Using the reaction-diffusion model to investigate how different thermodynamic parameters influence the initial mass uptake, we were able to determine that sorption and diffusion impact the overall diffusion of TiCl4 into PMMA. In fact, sorption is deemed to be the rate limiting process in the overall diffusion. Additionally, the saturation mass of inorganic content in the polymer appears to be dictated by the accessibility of functional groups and the degree of hindrance experienced by the infiltrating precursor. For the TiCl4/PLA system, the rapid rate of polymer depolymerization and etching prevented detailed thermodynamic analysis; however, the activation energy for effective diffusivity was projected at -1.48 eV based on saturation mass estimates from high-temperature experiments.In summary, this thesis has broadened the existing knowledge in the field of VPI by exploring into the infiltration of TiCl4 into polymers with ester functional groups, elucidating the rate-limiting steps, chemical mechanisms, and thermodynamic influences on the infiltration process.
일반주제명  
Polymers
일반주제명  
Diffusion models
일반주제명  
Kinetics
일반주제명  
Thermodynamics
일반주제명  
Fourier transforms
일반주제명  
Thin films
일반주제명  
Titanium
일반주제명  
Condensed matter physics
일반주제명  
Materials science
일반주제명  
Mathematics
일반주제명  
Polymer chemistry
기타저자  
Georgia Institute of Technology.
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-05B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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 008260126s2024        us                              c    eng  d
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■020    ▼a9798263327040
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32308014
■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)GeorgiaTech78590
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820  ▼a600
■1001  ▼aBalogun,  Shuaib  A.
■24510▼aVapor  Phase  Infiltration  of  Titanium  Tetrachloride  into  Polymers  with  Ester  Functional  Groups
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bGeorgia  Institute  of  Technology▼c2024
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2024
■300    ▼a243  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-05,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Losego,  Mark  D.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Georgia  Institute  of  Technology,  2024.
■520    ▼aVapor  Phase  Infiltration  (VPI)  is  a  technique  that  infuses  metal  oxides  into  polymers,  forming  hybrid  materials  with  novel  properties,  structures,  and  functionalities.  Recent  advancements  in  VPI  have  significantly  enhanced  our  understanding  of  the  fundamental  kinetics,  thermodynamics,  and  chemistry  underlying  this  process.  However,  these  advancements  have  predominantly  focused  on  specific  polymer  and  precursor  chemistries,  such  as  Trimethylaluminium  (TMA)/Poly(methyl  methacrylate)  (PMMA).  To  further  advance  the  field  of  VPI,  it  is  essential  to  explore  additional  precursor/chemistry  combinations  to  achieve  a  more  comprehensive  understanding  of  VPI  mechanisms.This  thesis  aims  to  expand  our  knowledge  of  VPI  by  investigating  the  infiltration  of  Titanium  tetrachloride  (TiCl4)  into  polymers  containing  ester  functional  groups,  such  as  PMMA  and  Poly  (Lactic  Acid)  (PLA).  Although  previous  studies  have  explored  different  components  of  TiCl4  infiltration  into  such  polymers,  they  were  unable  to  offer  a  comprehensive  understanding  complexities  of  the  TiCl4/polymer  systems.The  investigation  begins  by  establishing  the  kinetics  of  TiCl4  into  PMMA  and  PLA.  This  involves  identifying  the  rate-limiting  step  of  the  process  and  comparing  it  that  of  the  TMA/PMMA  system.  The  kinetics  were  analyzed  by  acquiring  XPS  depth  profiles  of  inorganic  content  across  the  bulk  of  the  infiltrated  films  at  various  temperatures  and  comparing  these  profiles  with  outputs  from  a  reaction-diffusion  model.  This  model  elucidates  the  effects  of  the  Damkohler  number  (balancing  reaction  versus  diffusion  rates)  and  non-Fickian  ¨  diffusion  processes  (resulting  from  material  transformation  from  polymer  to  hybrid)  on  the  evolution  of  inorganic  concentration  profiles  over  time.  The  findings  indicate  that  TiCl4  generally  infiltrates  PMMA  and  PLA  via  a  reaction-limited  process,  while  TMA  infiltrates  into  PMMA  via  a  diffusion-limited  process  at  lower  temperatures  (below  100°C)  and  via  a  reaction-limited  process  at  higher  temperatures  (above  100°C).Subsequent  analysis  focused  on  elucidating  the  chemical  mechanism  of  TiCl4  infiltration  into  these  polymers.  The  reaction-limited  nature  suggests  a  slow  reaction  between  the  TiCl4  precursor  and  the  functional  groups  of  PMMA  and  PLA.  Using  X-Ray  Photoelectron  Spectroscopy  (XPS)surface  analysis,  Fourier  Transform  Infrared  Spectroscopy  (FTIR)  (FTIR)  spectroscopy,  and  in-situ  Quartz  Crystal  Micro  Balance  (QCM),  it  was  determined  that  TiCl4  infiltration  into  PMMA  proceeds  via  a  dealkylation  mechanism.  This  reaction  coordinates  TiCl4  with  the  ester  group,  resulting  in  chloromethane  byproducts  and  a  primary  chemical  bond  between  the  organic  and  inorganic  components  of  the  hybrid  material.  Further  spectroscopic,  thermophysical,  and  chemical  property  measurements,  corroborate  this  chemical  pathway  and  indicate  the  formation  of  inorganic  cross-links  in  the  TiOxPMMA  hybrid  materials.  When  extending  this  mechanism  to  the  TiCl4/PLA  system,  it  was  found  that  similar  dealkylation  occurs;  however,  due  to  the  ester  group's  position,  it  leads  to  random  scission  of  the  main  polymer  chain,  causing  depolymerization  and  etching  of  the  polymer.  The  residuals  in  PLA  post-TiCl4  VPI  were  examined  using  dissolution  tests.  We  demonstrated  that  a  0.1  M  HCl  aqueous  solution  effectively  removes  the  depolymerized  residues;  showing  an  application  of  VPI  to  be  used  as  a  "subtractive"  process.Finally,  the  thermodynamics  of  TiCl4  infiltration  were  explored.  The  activation  energy  for  effective  diffusivity  in  the  TiCl4/PMMA  system  was  determined  using  Fick's  law  approximation  of  initial  mass  uptake  and  was  found  to  be  -1.29  eV.  This  negative  value  prompted  further  investigation  into  the  thermodynamic  factors  affecting  initial  mass  uptake  of  TiCl4  into  these  polymers.  Using  the  reaction-diffusion  model  to  investigate  how  different  thermodynamic  parameters  influence  the  initial  mass  uptake,  we  were  able  to  determine  that  sorption  and  diffusion  impact  the  overall  diffusion  of  TiCl4  into  PMMA.  In  fact,  sorption  is  deemed  to  be  the  rate  limiting  process  in  the  overall  diffusion.  Additionally,  the  saturation  mass  of  inorganic  content  in  the  polymer  appears  to  be  dictated  by  the  accessibility  of  functional  groups  and  the  degree  of  hindrance  experienced  by  the  infiltrating  precursor.  For  the  TiCl4/PLA  system,  the  rapid  rate  of  polymer  depolymerization  and  etching  prevented  detailed  thermodynamic  analysis;  however,  the  activation  energy  for  effective  diffusivity  was  projected  at  -1.48  eV  based  on  saturation  mass  estimates  from  high-temperature  experiments.In  summary,  this  thesis  has  broadened  the  existing  knowledge  in  the  field  of  VPI  by  exploring  into  the  infiltration  of  TiCl4  into  polymers  with  ester  functional  groups,  elucidating  the  rate-limiting  steps,  chemical  mechanisms,  and  thermodynamic  influences  on  the  infiltration  process.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0078.
■650  4▼aPolymers
■650  4▼aDiffusion  models
■650  4▼aKinetics
■650  4▼aThermodynamics
■650  4▼aFourier  transforms
■650  4▼aThin  films
■650  4▼aTitanium
■650  4▼aCondensed  matter  physics
■650  4▼aMaterials  science
■650  4▼aMathematics
■650  4▼aPolymer  chemistry
■690    ▼a0348
■690    ▼a0611
■690    ▼a0794
■690    ▼a0405
■690    ▼a0495
■71020▼aGeorgia  Institute  of  Technology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-05B.
■790    ▼a0078
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2024
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17361284▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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