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Essays on Policy Impact Evaluation and Design: Evidence from Structural Experiments in Health and Development
Essays on Policy Impact Evaluation and Design: Evidence from Structural Experiments in Hea...
Essays on Policy Impact Evaluation and Design: Evidence from Structural Experiments in Health and Development

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103821
ISBN  
9798288863219
DDC  
614
저자명  
Paramo, Carlos.
서명/저자  
Essays on Policy Impact Evaluation and Design: Evidence from Structural Experiments in Health and Development
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
238 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Handel, Benjamin.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation examines how to better target incentives and aid in developing countries by combining field experiments with structural modeling. I focus on policies related to healthcare and poverty alleviation in Kenya, highlighting key trade-offs in their design. In healthcare, a central policy question is whether incentives should target patients or providers to effectively influence medical decision-making. Additionally, a policy maker designing incentive structures must navigate trade-offs that arise under health state uncertainty, where balancing access to care and minimizing unnecessary treatments is key. For anti-poverty program design, a key trade-off is whether to target incentives to those who are most deprived, or those who have the highest potential impact. By combining field experiments with structural approaches, I evaluate the welfare implications of alternative policy designs and provide evidence to inform more effective targeting strategies.In the first chapter, I study the trade-off between targeting incentives to patients or providers in the adoption of a new health technology. The choice to adopt an effective healthcare product is often a joint decision between the patient and their medical professional. Many governments and payers use patient subsidies and provider incentives to increase the adoption of new health technologies. Using data from a randomized field experiment in Kenya, I estimate a structural model of patient demand and provider advice for a new contraceptive method. I then use the model to study the welfare effects to the patient from the introduction of demand and supply side incentives to adopt the new technology. This approach allows the study of channels that promote diffusion, including the roles of provider advice, financial incentives and altruism, as well as patient preferences. Taken together, the results suggest that changes in provider advice due to their altruism and financial incentives are key to increasing adoption of the new technology and making incentive programs effective, regardless of whether the incentive targets the patient or the provider. In fact, changes in provider advice account for 79% of the welfare benefits of a policy that reduces the price to the patient. To be effective, incentive policies need to account for the central role that the provider takes in medical decision-making.In the second chapter, joint with Maria Dieci, Paul Gertler, and Jonathan Kolstad, we study the welfare effects and optimal design of diagnosis-contingent contracts that aim to improve malaria care. These contracts incentivize the use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) to determine malaria status before making a treatment decision. A key concern in our context is over-treatment: as many as 66-90% of patients who purchase anti-malarials are, in fact, malaria-negative. The contracts vary along two dimensions: (1) whether they target patient or provider incentives, and (2) whether they offer direct incentives to test or incentives to treat conditional on a positive test result (i.e., diagnosis-contingent incentives). Using data from a cluster-randomized field experiment with 140 pharmacies in malaria-endemic regions of Kenya, we find that the contracts significantly increased RDT uptake. Across all arms, the incentives led to a 25 percentage point increase in RDT use and a 14 percentage point decline in antimalarial (ACT) purchases. Using a model of patient choice, we estimate that diagnosis-contingent contracts increase social welfare substantially relative to program costs, with a rate of return of up to 40% on social welfare growth across the RCT contracts. The primary welfare gain comes from reducing unnecessary ACT use among patients who test negative and therefore do not require treatment. Counterfactual analysis allows us to compare alternative contract designs and identify which margins maximize social welfare. We find that patient subsidies for treatment, contingent on a positive test result, are by far the most cost-effective (with up to a 150% rate of return). This is because patients substantially overestimate their likelihood of having malaria and thus respond strongly to these conditional incentives, even though the expected cost to the policy maker is low due to the low malaria positivity rate in our setting.In the third chapter, joint with Johannes Haushofer, Edward Miguel, Paul Niehaus, and Michael Walker, we examine the potential tradeoff between targeting the most deprived and targeting those most impacted by anti-poverty programs. We work in the context of an NGO cash transfer program in Kenya, employing recent advances in machine learning methods and dynamic outcome data to learn proxy means tests that jointly target both objectives. Through our conceptual framework, we employ a variety of social welfare functional assumptions about the redistributive preferences of the social planner to identify rules that maximize social welfare. Targeting solely on the basis of deprivation is not attractive in this setting under standard social welfare criteria unless the planner's preferences are extremely redistributive. This finding contrasts with the standard approach in the literature of targeting solely based on deprivation. Our analysis highlights that the advent of econometric methods better suited to study heterogeneity in treatment effects adds to the policy maker's toolkit to better target programs to recipients.
일반주제명  
Public health
키워드  
Cash transfers
키워드  
Health
키워드  
Incentives
키워드  
Provider behavior
키워드  
Structural experiments
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aParamo,  Carlos.
■24510▼aEssays  on  Policy  Impact  Evaluation  and  Design:  Evidence  from  Structural  Experiments  in  Health  and  Development
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a238  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Handel,  Benjamin.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  examines  how  to  better  target  incentives  and  aid  in  developing  countries  by  combining  field  experiments  with  structural  modeling.  I  focus  on  policies  related  to  healthcare  and  poverty  alleviation  in  Kenya,  highlighting  key  trade-offs  in  their  design.  In  healthcare,  a  central  policy  question  is  whether  incentives  should  target  patients  or  providers  to  effectively  influence  medical  decision-making.  Additionally,  a  policy  maker  designing  incentive  structures  must  navigate  trade-offs  that  arise  under  health  state  uncertainty,  where  balancing  access  to  care  and  minimizing  unnecessary  treatments  is  key.  For  anti-poverty  program  design,  a  key  trade-off  is  whether  to  target  incentives  to  those  who  are  most  deprived,  or  those  who  have  the  highest  potential  impact.  By  combining  field  experiments  with  structural  approaches,  I  evaluate  the  welfare  implications  of  alternative  policy  designs  and  provide  evidence  to  inform  more  effective  targeting  strategies.In  the  first  chapter,  I  study  the  trade-off  between  targeting  incentives  to  patients  or  providers  in  the  adoption  of  a  new  health  technology.  The  choice  to  adopt  an  effective  healthcare  product  is  often  a  joint  decision  between  the  patient  and  their  medical  professional.  Many  governments  and  payers  use  patient  subsidies  and  provider  incentives  to  increase  the  adoption  of  new  health  technologies.  Using  data  from  a  randomized  field  experiment  in  Kenya,  I  estimate  a  structural  model  of  patient  demand  and  provider  advice  for  a  new  contraceptive  method.  I  then  use  the  model  to  study  the  welfare  effects  to  the  patient  from  the  introduction  of  demand  and  supply  side  incentives  to  adopt  the  new  technology.  This  approach  allows  the  study  of  channels  that  promote  diffusion,  including  the  roles  of  provider  advice,  financial  incentives  and  altruism,  as  well  as  patient  preferences.  Taken  together,  the  results  suggest  that  changes  in  provider  advice  due  to  their  altruism  and  financial  incentives  are  key  to  increasing  adoption  of  the  new  technology  and  making  incentive  programs  effective,  regardless  of  whether  the  incentive  targets  the  patient  or  the  provider.  In  fact,  changes  in  provider  advice  account  for  79%  of  the  welfare  benefits  of  a  policy  that  reduces  the  price  to  the  patient.  To  be  effective,  incentive  policies  need  to  account  for  the  central  role  that  the  provider  takes  in  medical  decision-making.In  the  second  chapter,  joint  with  Maria  Dieci,  Paul  Gertler,  and  Jonathan  Kolstad,  we  study  the  welfare  effects  and  optimal  design  of  diagnosis-contingent  contracts  that  aim  to  improve  malaria  care.  These  contracts  incentivize  the  use  of  rapid  diagnostic  tests  (RDTs)  to  determine  malaria  status  before  making  a  treatment  decision.  A  key  concern  in  our  context  is  over-treatment:  as  many  as  66-90%  of  patients  who  purchase  anti-malarials  are,  in  fact,  malaria-negative.  The  contracts  vary  along  two  dimensions:  (1)  whether  they  target  patient  or  provider  incentives,  and  (2)  whether  they  offer  direct  incentives  to  test  or  incentives  to  treat  conditional  on  a  positive  test  result  (i.e.,  diagnosis-contingent  incentives).  Using  data  from  a  cluster-randomized  field  experiment  with  140  pharmacies  in  malaria-endemic  regions  of  Kenya,  we  find  that  the  contracts  significantly  increased  RDT  uptake.  Across  all  arms,  the  incentives  led  to  a  25  percentage  point  increase  in  RDT  use  and  a  14  percentage  point  decline  in  antimalarial  (ACT)  purchases.  Using  a  model  of  patient  choice,  we  estimate  that  diagnosis-contingent  contracts  increase  social  welfare  substantially  relative  to  program  costs,  with  a  rate  of  return  of  up  to  40%  on  social  welfare  growth  across  the  RCT  contracts.  The  primary  welfare  gain  comes  from  reducing  unnecessary  ACT  use  among  patients  who  test  negative  and  therefore  do  not  require  treatment.  Counterfactual  analysis  allows  us  to  compare  alternative  contract  designs  and  identify  which  margins  maximize  social  welfare.  We  find  that  patient  subsidies  for  treatment,  contingent  on  a  positive  test  result,  are  by  far  the  most  cost-effective  (with  up  to  a  150%  rate  of  return).  This  is  because  patients  substantially  overestimate  their  likelihood  of  having  malaria  and  thus  respond  strongly  to  these  conditional  incentives,  even  though  the  expected  cost  to  the  policy  maker  is  low  due  to  the  low  malaria  positivity  rate  in  our  setting.In  the  third  chapter,  joint  with  Johannes  Haushofer,  Edward  Miguel,  Paul  Niehaus,  and  Michael  Walker,  we  examine  the  potential  tradeoff  between  targeting  the  most  deprived  and  targeting  those  most  impacted  by  anti-poverty  programs.  We  work  in  the  context  of  an  NGO  cash  transfer  program  in  Kenya,  employing  recent  advances  in  machine  learning  methods  and  dynamic  outcome  data  to  learn  proxy  means  tests  that  jointly  target  both  objectives.  Through  our  conceptual  framework,  we  employ  a  variety  of  social  welfare  functional  assumptions  about  the  redistributive  preferences  of  the  social  planner  to  identify  rules  that  maximize  social  welfare.  Targeting  solely  on  the  basis  of  deprivation  is  not  attractive  in  this  setting  under  standard  social  welfare  criteria  unless  the  planner's  preferences  are  extremely  redistributive.  This  finding  contrasts  with  the  standard  approach  in  the  literature  of  targeting  solely  based  on  deprivation.  Our  analysis  highlights  that  the  advent  of  econometric  methods  better  suited  to  study  heterogeneity  in  treatment  effects  adds  to  the  policy  maker's  toolkit  to  better  target  programs  to  recipients.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aPublic  health
■653    ▼aCash  transfers
■653    ▼aHealth
■653    ▼aIncentives
■653    ▼aProvider  behavior
■653    ▼aStructural  experiments
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0769
■690    ▼a0573
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358253▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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