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From Daily Realities to National Policy: Inequalities in Work-Family Time Use and Paid Family Leave
From Daily Realities to National Policy: Inequalities in Work-Family Time Use and Paid Fam...
From Daily Realities to National Policy: Inequalities in Work-Family Time Use and Paid Family Leave

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104842
ISBN  
9798293892655
DDC  
361
저자명  
Keh, MinJee.
서명/저자  
From Daily Realities to National Policy: Inequalities in Work-Family Time Use and Paid Family Leave
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
147 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-04, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Chang, Yu-Ling.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Work-family conflict arises when the demands of paid work and unpaid caregiving are incompatible, affecting both individual well-being and organizational outcomes. At its core, work-family conflict is a conflict over time-who has it, how it is structured, and under what conditions it is supported. Disparities in work-family time are shaped by social identities, labor market conditions, and the (un)availability of supportive policies. In the United States, these inequalities are exacerbated by the absence of a national paid family leave policy and by labor market shifts toward unstable, unpredictable, and unsupported work. The COVID-19 pandemic further magnified these inequalities by disrupting caregiving arrangements and intensifying time pressure for workers managing dual demands.Although prior research has examined unequal experiences of work-family conflict and the effects of work-family supports, the field has traditionally approached work-family conflict as an individual-level perception, emphasizing personal coping strategies. While more recent research has begun to examine structural and institutional factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic, labor market precarity, and policy interventions like paid family leave as major forces shaping work-family life, few have brought these elements together through the lens of time. Moreover, although paid family leave is widely recognized as a potential intervention, research has primarily focused on existing employer-provided and state-level programs, with limited attention to how equity concerns are addressed in federal policy discourse on national paid leave. This dissertation addresses these gaps through three empirical studies that use time as an analytical bridge and center structural factors shaping disparities from daily time use to national policy. Specifically, it asks: (1) How did work-family time-use patterns and related disparities change before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) How does multidimensional job precarity relate to distinct work-family time-use patterns? (3) What topics are discussed in congressional hearings regarding paid family leave, and to what extent does federal paid leave discourse address equity concerns related to gender, race, and class?Study 1 analyzes how the work-family time-use patterns changed before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic and how the disparities by gender, race/ethnicity, and occupation in these time-use patterns shifted across years during this period. Using nationally representative yearly data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) from 2018 to 2023, the analysis focuses on three dimensions of work-family time: total burden (total minutes spent in paid work and caregiving), fragmentation (number of distinct episodes of work and caregiving), and multitasking (percentage of paid work time spent concurrently caregiving). Findings show that while total burden remained stable across the six-year period, fragmentation significantly declined during the pandemic and remained lower than pre-pandemic levels through 2023. Multitasking rose sharply in 2020, particularly among women and professional workers, and gradually declined toward pre-pandemic levels. Gender disparities persisted, with women consistently experiencing more fragmented schedules, and greater multitasking than men. Racial/ethnic disparities were more context-specific: Black workers experienced significantly higher total burden during the crisis years, though this pattern did not persist in post-pandemic years. Black workers also consistently exhibited lower fragmentation and multitasking than White workers, patterns likely shaped by structural constraints such as limited access to remote work and inflexible job conditions. Occupational disparities reflected both short-term disruption and embedded structural inequality. Professional and managerial workers experienced a temporary reduction in total burden during the early pandemic years, likely due to greater flexibility and institutional support. Their higher levels of fragmentation and multitasking were attributable to demographic and structural factors such as caregiving intensity and remote work, rather than occupation alone. These patterns indicate that pandemic-era disparities were not solely occupational but were shaped by intersecting institutional arrangements. Overall, the pandemic altered how work and care were organized but did not eliminate-and in some cases reinforced-existing inequalities. The findings highlight the need for crisis-responsive, equity-centered work-family policies that address both the amount and structure of time demanded from workers in caregiving roles.Study 2 examines the multidimensional nature of precarious work and its relationship with work-family time-use patterns. Existing literature highlights the negative effects of job precarity on work-family balance but often overlooks its multidimensional nature and implications for time use. This study challenges the predominant variable-centered focus by adopting a person-centered approach to identify how specific combinations of precarity characteristics- employment type, work schedule, income level, and benefits-shape workers' time-use patterns, such as total burden, fragmentation, and multitasking. Using nationally representative data from the 2017-2018 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and Leave Module, this study employs latent class analysis (LCA) with the BCH (Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars) 3-step method to identify distinct worker groups and examine their demographic characteristics and work-family time-use patterns. Four distinct groups were identified: Optimal Job Security Workers (12%), Flexible Professionals (22%), Inflexible Long Part-timers (42%), and Severely Precarious Workers (24%). Optimal Job Security Workers experienced relatively balanced time-use patterns, whereas Flexible Professionals faced the highest burden and multitasking demands. Inflexible Long part-timers encountered a high burden but the lowest multitasking, and Severely Precarious Workers exhibited fragmented time use. Vulnerable groups, such as young workers, women, racial minorities, and those with lower levels of education, were disproportionately represented in precarious jobs. Findings reveal the nuanced, non-linear relationship between multidimensional job precarity and work-family time-use patterns, with each group experiencing distinct challenges in managing paid work and caregiving responsibilities. The results highlight the need for nuanced, targeted policy solutions that address both the multidimensional nature of precarity and its varied implications for time allocation in working families.Study 3 expands the inquiry to the policy level, examining how federal paid family leave is discussed in congressional hearings, with a focus on whether issues of equity, specifically gender, racial, and class disparities, are addressed in federal legislative discourse. While research has documented unequal use and access to existing employer-provided and state-level paid leave programs, little is known about how these inequalities are represented in federal policymaking debates. Using a corpus of 333 congressional hearing transcript documents from 1995 to 2024, the study employs machine learning-based topic modeling to identify the dominant topics in these debates. Thirteen topics emerged, ranging from program design and cost debates to broader themes such as family economic security and reproductive justice. Of these, six topics featured paid leave as a central focus, while seven treated it as secondary or peripheral. Among the central topics, only two-those focused on inequitable access and national policy arguments-explicitly framed equity as a core policy concern. In other topics, identity-based disparities were invoked strategically or omitted entirely, often overshadowed by cost, employer burden, or administrative feasibility. These findings reveal that although paid family leave is increasingly discussed in Congress, equity considerations remain inconsistently addressed or strategically framed. Structural disparities were more likely to be acknowledged in testimony from advocates, whereas opponents emphasized universalism, fiscal constraints, or administrative feasibility.
초록/해제  
요약The study underscores the importance of political discourse in shaping policy priorities and suggests that advancing inclusive paid leave policy will require not only technical design but also a deliberate centering of equity in federal debate.Collectively, the three studies examine how gendered, classed, and racialized disparities in work-family time manifest in both the lived realities of workers and the political debates surrounding paid family leave. This dissertation contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence that: (1) structural disparities in work-family time use persisted or deepened during and after COVID-19 pandemic; (2) how multidimensional job precarity relates to distinct time-use patterns of burden, fragmentation, and multitasking; and (3) how federal legislative discourse on paid family leave inconsistently addresses gender, race, and class inequities, limiting the transformative potential of paid family leave. Taken together, the findings offer time-centered analysis that underscores the need for equity-driven research and policy interventions that recognize work-family balance as a collective societal responsibility rather than an individual issue.
일반주제명  
Social work
일반주제명  
Individual & family studies
일반주제명  
Experimental psychology
키워드  
Social identities
키워드  
Work-family conflict
키워드  
COVID-19 pandemic
키워드  
American Time Use Survey
키워드  
Paid leave policy
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Social Welfare
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-04B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■035    ▼a(MiAaPQ)AAI32173044
■040    ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
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■1001  ▼aKeh,  MinJee.
■24510▼aFrom  Daily  Realities  to  National  Policy:  Inequalities  in  Work-Family  Time  Use  and  Paid  Family  Leave
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a147  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-04,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Chang,  Yu-Ling.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aWork-family  conflict  arises  when  the  demands  of  paid  work  and  unpaid  caregiving  are  incompatible,  affecting  both  individual  well-being  and  organizational  outcomes.  At  its  core,  work-family  conflict  is  a  conflict  over  time-who  has  it,  how  it  is  structured,  and  under  what  conditions  it  is  supported.  Disparities  in  work-family  time  are  shaped  by  social  identities,  labor  market  conditions,  and  the  (un)availability  of  supportive  policies.  In  the  United  States,  these  inequalities  are  exacerbated  by  the  absence  of  a  national  paid  family  leave  policy  and  by  labor  market  shifts  toward  unstable,  unpredictable,  and  unsupported  work.  The  COVID-19  pandemic  further  magnified  these  inequalities  by  disrupting  caregiving  arrangements  and  intensifying  time  pressure  for  workers  managing  dual  demands.Although  prior  research  has  examined  unequal  experiences  of  work-family  conflict  and  the  effects  of  work-family  supports,  the  field  has  traditionally  approached  work-family  conflict  as  an  individual-level  perception,  emphasizing  personal  coping  strategies.  While  more  recent  research  has  begun  to  examine  structural  and  institutional  factors  such  as  the  COVID-19  pandemic,  labor  market  precarity,  and  policy  interventions  like  paid  family  leave  as  major  forces  shaping  work-family  life,  few  have  brought  these  elements  together  through  the  lens  of  time.  Moreover,  although  paid  family  leave  is  widely  recognized  as  a  potential  intervention,  research  has  primarily  focused  on  existing  employer-provided  and  state-level  programs,  with  limited  attention  to  how  equity  concerns  are  addressed  in  federal  policy  discourse  on  national  paid  leave.  This  dissertation  addresses  these  gaps  through  three  empirical  studies  that  use  time  as  an  analytical  bridge  and  center  structural  factors  shaping  disparities  from  daily  time  use  to  national  policy.  Specifically,  it  asks:  (1)  How  did  work-family  time-use  patterns  and  related  disparities  change  before,  during,  and  after  the  COVID-19  pandemic?  (2)  How  does  multidimensional  job  precarity  relate  to  distinct  work-family  time-use  patterns?  (3)  What  topics  are  discussed  in  congressional  hearings  regarding  paid  family  leave,  and  to  what  extent  does  federal  paid  leave  discourse  address  equity  concerns  related  to  gender,  race,  and  class?Study  1  analyzes  how  the  work-family  time-use  patterns  changed  before,  during,  and  after  the  COVID-19  pandemic  and  how  the  disparities  by  gender,  race/ethnicity,  and  occupation  in  these  time-use  patterns  shifted  across  years  during  this  period.  Using  nationally  representative  yearly  data  from  the  American  Time  Use  Survey  (ATUS)  from  2018  to  2023,  the  analysis  focuses  on  three  dimensions  of  work-family  time:  total  burden  (total  minutes  spent  in  paid  work  and  caregiving),  fragmentation  (number  of  distinct  episodes  of  work  and  caregiving),  and  multitasking  (percentage  of  paid  work  time  spent  concurrently  caregiving).  Findings  show  that  while  total  burden  remained  stable  across  the  six-year  period,  fragmentation  significantly  declined  during  the  pandemic  and  remained  lower  than  pre-pandemic  levels  through  2023.  Multitasking  rose  sharply  in  2020,  particularly  among  women  and  professional  workers,  and  gradually  declined  toward  pre-pandemic  levels.  Gender  disparities  persisted,  with  women  consistently  experiencing  more  fragmented  schedules,  and  greater  multitasking  than  men.  Racial/ethnic  disparities  were  more  context-specific:  Black  workers  experienced  significantly  higher  total  burden  during  the  crisis  years,  though  this  pattern  did  not  persist  in  post-pandemic  years.  Black  workers  also  consistently  exhibited  lower  fragmentation  and  multitasking  than  White  workers,  patterns  likely  shaped  by  structural  constraints  such  as  limited  access  to  remote  work  and  inflexible  job  conditions.  Occupational  disparities  reflected  both  short-term  disruption  and  embedded  structural  inequality.  Professional  and  managerial  workers  experienced  a  temporary  reduction  in  total  burden  during  the  early  pandemic  years,  likely  due  to  greater  flexibility  and  institutional  support.  Their  higher  levels  of  fragmentation  and  multitasking  were  attributable  to  demographic  and  structural  factors  such  as  caregiving  intensity  and  remote  work,  rather  than  occupation  alone.  These  patterns  indicate  that  pandemic-era  disparities  were  not  solely  occupational  but  were  shaped  by  intersecting  institutional  arrangements.  Overall,  the  pandemic  altered  how  work  and  care  were  organized  but  did  not  eliminate-and  in  some  cases  reinforced-existing  inequalities.  The  findings  highlight  the  need  for  crisis-responsive,  equity-centered  work-family  policies  that  address  both  the  amount  and  structure  of  time  demanded  from  workers  in  caregiving  roles.Study  2  examines  the  multidimensional  nature  of  precarious  work  and  its  relationship  with  work-family  time-use  patterns.  Existing  literature  highlights  the  negative  effects  of  job  precarity  on  work-family  balance  but  often  overlooks  its  multidimensional  nature  and  implications  for  time  use.  This  study  challenges  the  predominant  variable-centered  focus  by  adopting  a  person-centered  approach  to  identify  how  specific  combinations  of  precarity  characteristics-  employment  type,  work  schedule,  income  level,  and  benefits-shape  workers'  time-use  patterns,  such  as  total  burden,  fragmentation,  and  multitasking.  Using  nationally  representative  data  from  the  2017-2018  American  Time  Use  Survey  (ATUS)  and  Leave  Module,  this  study  employs  latent  class  analysis  (LCA)  with  the  BCH  (Bolck,  Croon,  and  Hagenaars)  3-step  method  to  identify  distinct  worker  groups  and  examine  their  demographic  characteristics  and  work-family  time-use  patterns.  Four  distinct  groups  were  identified:  Optimal  Job  Security  Workers  (12%),  Flexible  Professionals  (22%),  Inflexible  Long  Part-timers  (42%),  and  Severely  Precarious  Workers  (24%).  Optimal  Job  Security  Workers  experienced  relatively  balanced  time-use  patterns,  whereas  Flexible  Professionals  faced  the  highest  burden  and  multitasking  demands.  Inflexible  Long  part-timers  encountered  a  high  burden  but  the  lowest  multitasking,  and  Severely  Precarious  Workers  exhibited  fragmented  time  use.  Vulnerable  groups,  such  as  young  workers,  women,  racial  minorities,  and  those  with  lower  levels  of  education,  were  disproportionately  represented  in  precarious  jobs.  Findings  reveal  the  nuanced,  non-linear  relationship  between  multidimensional job  precarity  and  work-family  time-use  patterns,  with  each  group  experiencing  distinct  challenges  in  managing  paid  work  and  caregiving  responsibilities.  The  results  highlight  the  need  for  nuanced,  targeted  policy  solutions  that  address  both  the  multidimensional  nature  of  precarity  and  its  varied  implications  for  time  allocation  in  working  families.Study  3  expands  the  inquiry  to  the  policy  level,  examining  how  federal  paid  family  leave  is  discussed  in  congressional  hearings,  with  a  focus  on  whether  issues  of  equity,  specifically  gender,  racial,  and  class  disparities,  are  addressed  in  federal  legislative  discourse.  While  research  has  documented  unequal  use  and  access  to  existing  employer-provided  and  state-level  paid  leave  programs,  little  is  known  about  how  these  inequalities  are  represented  in  federal  policymaking  debates.  Using  a  corpus  of  333  congressional  hearing  transcript  documents  from  1995  to  2024,  the  study  employs  machine  learning-based  topic  modeling  to  identify  the  dominant  topics  in  these  debates.  Thirteen  topics  emerged,  ranging  from  program  design  and  cost  debates  to  broader  themes  such  as  family  economic  security  and  reproductive  justice.  Of  these,  six  topics  featured  paid  leave  as  a  central  focus,  while  seven  treated  it  as  secondary  or  peripheral.  Among  the  central  topics,  only  two-those  focused  on  inequitable  access  and  national  policy  arguments-explicitly  framed  equity  as  a  core  policy  concern.  In  other  topics,  identity-based  disparities  were  invoked  strategically  or  omitted  entirely,  often  overshadowed  by  cost,  employer  burden,  or  administrative  feasibility.  These  findings  reveal  that  although  paid  family  leave  is  increasingly  discussed  in  Congress,  equity  considerations  remain  inconsistently  addressed  or  strategically  framed.  Structural  disparities  were  more  likely  to  be  acknowledged  in  testimony  from  advocates,  whereas  opponents  emphasized  universalism,  fiscal  constraints,  or  administrative  feasibility.  
■520    ▼aThe  study  underscores  the  importance  of  political  discourse  in  shaping  policy  priorities  and  suggests  that  advancing  inclusive  paid  leave  policy  will  require  not  only  technical  design  but  also  a  deliberate  centering  of  equity  in  federal  debate.Collectively,  the  three  studies  examine  how  gendered,  classed,  and  racialized  disparities  in  work-family  time  manifest  in  both  the  lived  realities  of  workers  and  the  political  debates  surrounding  paid  family  leave.  This  dissertation  contributes  to  the  literature  by  providing  empirical  evidence  that:  (1)  structural  disparities  in  work-family  time  use  persisted  or  deepened  during  and  after  COVID-19  pandemic;  (2)  how  multidimensional  job  precarity  relates  to  distinct  time-use  patterns  of  burden,  fragmentation,  and  multitasking;  and  (3)  how  federal  legislative  discourse  on  paid  family  leave  inconsistently  addresses  gender,  race,  and  class  inequities,  limiting  the  transformative  potential  of  paid  family  leave.  Taken  together,  the  findings  offer  time-centered  analysis  that  underscores  the  need  for  equity-driven  research  and  policy  interventions  that  recognize  work-family  balance  as  a  collective  societal  responsibility  rather  than  an  individual  issue.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aSocial  work
■650  4▼aIndividual  &  family  studies
■650  4▼aExperimental  psychology
■653    ▼aSocial  identities
■653    ▼aWork-family  conflict  
■653    ▼aCOVID-19  pandemic
■653    ▼aAmerican  Time  Use  Survey
■653    ▼aPaid  leave  policy  
■690    ▼a0452
■690    ▼a0624
■690    ▼a0623
■690    ▼a0628
■690    ▼a0629
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bSocial  Welfare.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-04B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17359151▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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