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Essays in Identification and Inference
Essays in Identification and Inference
Essays in Identification and Inference

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103526
ISBN  
9798315798255
DDC  
610
저자명  
Obradovic, Filip.
서명/저자  
Essays in Identification and Inference
발행사항  
[Sl] : Northwestern University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
305 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Manski, Charles F.;Canay, Ivan A.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of three essays studying identification and inference in settings pertaining to economics and medicine. The emphasis is on developing and utilizing frameworks that incorporate relevant features of the underlying empirical context which may invalidate frequently imposed assumptions.The first chapter studies identification of long-term treatment effects. Since long-term experimentation is frequently infeasible, a large body of recent work proposes appending a short-term experimental dataset to longitudinal observational data to provide more credible alternatives to observational studies. As the first contribution, I show that justifiable modeling assumptions remain central for plausible inference despite the addition of the experiment, just as in conventional observational studies. Experimental data bring no identifying power on their own; they serve only to amplify the identifying power of assumptions restricting conditional means of long-term potential outcomes conditional on short-term potential outcomes---temporal link functions. However, existing research argues that previously proposed modeling assumptions may frequently be challenging to justify. This motivates the second contribution. I introduce the use of treatment response assumptions that only restrict the shape of temporal link functions and may thus be defensible based on economic intuition or theory. As the third contribution, I introduce a novel identification framework which yields the smallest possible, i.e., sharp, bounds on the long-term average treatment effect under a broad class of restrictions on temporal link functions and imperfect compliance in the experiment. The framework produces the bounds via solutions to generalized bilinear problems. It thus: 1) enables the use of the proposed treatment response assumptions; 2) facilitates the development of new justifiable assumptions by removing the need to prove sharpness; 3) extends existing methods to account for imperfect compliance.The second chapter studies the measurement of misclassification rates of diagnostic tests and general binary classifiers. The rates are of great interest to regulators and clinicians. However, their identification requires knowledge of the underlying ground truth, which is often measured by an imperfect reference test or classifier. The common practice is thus to report misclassification rates with respect to the reference---"apparent'' misclassification rates---which do not measure true performance. The first contribution are the sharp bounds on the measures of true performance---sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate), or equivalently false positive and negative rates, under standard assumptions in performance studies. The second contribution is the construction of uniformly consistent confidence sets in level over a relevant family of data distributions. This allows researchers to account for statistical imprecision, which is typically recommended by relevant regulatory guidelines. As the third contribution, I revisit the performance of the ubiquitous BinaxNOW COVID-19 antigen test, based on Emergency Use Authorization and independent study data. The analysis reveals that the estimated false negative rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic patients are, respectively, up to 3.17 and 4.59 times higher than the frequently cited "apparent'' false negative rate. This finding brings into question whether the test would have met the contemporaneous threshold for Emergency Use Authorization once the imperfections of the reference test are taken into account.The third chapter (joint work with Gabriel Ziegler) shows that dilation is a real-world phenomenon that may be induced by diagnostic tests under established clinical practice. Clinicians often seek to determine the probability that a patient has a suspected illness conditional on a test result. Dilation entails that conditioning on any test result only introduces uncertainty about the patient's health status and has been mostly considered a theoretical curiosity. As the first contribution, we show that dilation may be induced by conditioning on diagnostic tests whose misclassification rates are evaluated with respect to an imperfect reference, which is widespread. Moreover, dilation may occur even when tests are approved or recommended based on satisfactory "apparent'' misclassification rates, often used as the primary criterion for evaluation. This motivates the second contribution. We enable decision-makers to identify such diagnostic tests by equivalently characterizing when dilation is induced, and providing a statistical testing procedure that is uniformly consistent in level for a large family of relevant data-generating processes. For the third contribution, we study computed tomography (CT) chest scans for detecting COVID-19 infection that were recommended as a primary detection tool in epidemic areas based on conventional "apparent'' performance measures. We find that they induced dilation and thus only introduced uncertainty about the patient's health status.
일반주제명  
Medicine
키워드  
Long-term experimentation
키워드  
Observational data
키워드  
Economic intuition
키워드  
Computed tomography
기타저자  
Northwestern University Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
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■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Northwestern  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  consists  of  three  essays  studying  identification  and  inference  in  settings  pertaining  to  economics  and  medicine.  The  emphasis  is  on  developing  and  utilizing  frameworks  that  incorporate  relevant  features  of  the  underlying  empirical  context  which  may  invalidate  frequently  imposed  assumptions.The  first  chapter  studies  identification  of  long-term  treatment  effects.  Since  long-term  experimentation  is  frequently  infeasible,  a  large  body  of  recent  work  proposes  appending  a  short-term  experimental  dataset  to  longitudinal  observational  data  to  provide  more  credible  alternatives  to  observational  studies.  As  the  first  contribution,  I  show  that  justifiable  modeling  assumptions  remain  central  for  plausible  inference  despite  the  addition  of  the  experiment,  just  as  in  conventional  observational  studies.  Experimental  data  bring  no  identifying  power  on  their  own;  they  serve  only  to  amplify  the  identifying  power  of  assumptions  restricting  conditional  means  of  long-term  potential  outcomes  conditional  on  short-term  potential  outcomes---temporal  link  functions.  However,  existing  research  argues  that  previously  proposed  modeling  assumptions  may  frequently  be  challenging  to  justify.  This  motivates  the  second  contribution.  I  introduce  the  use  of  treatment  response  assumptions  that  only  restrict  the  shape  of  temporal  link  functions  and  may  thus  be  defensible  based  on  economic  intuition  or  theory.  As  the  third  contribution,  I  introduce  a  novel  identification  framework  which  yields  the  smallest  possible,  i.e.,  sharp,  bounds  on  the  long-term  average  treatment  effect  under  a  broad  class  of  restrictions  on  temporal  link  functions  and  imperfect  compliance  in  the  experiment.  The  framework  produces  the  bounds  via  solutions  to  generalized  bilinear  problems.  It  thus:  1)  enables  the  use  of  the  proposed  treatment  response  assumptions;  2)  facilitates  the  development  of  new  justifiable  assumptions  by  removing  the  need  to  prove  sharpness;  3)  extends  existing  methods  to  account  for  imperfect  compliance.The  second  chapter  studies  the  measurement  of  misclassification  rates  of  diagnostic  tests  and  general  binary  classifiers.  The  rates  are  of  great  interest  to  regulators  and  clinicians.  However,  their  identification  requires  knowledge  of  the  underlying  ground  truth,  which  is  often  measured  by  an  imperfect  reference  test  or  classifier.  The  common  practice  is  thus  to  report  misclassification  rates  with  respect  to  the  reference---"apparent''  misclassification  rates---which  do  not  measure  true  performance.  The  first  contribution  are  the  sharp  bounds  on  the  measures  of  true  performance---sensitivity  (true  positive  rate)  and  specificity  (true  negative  rate),  or  equivalently  false  positive  and  negative  rates,  under  standard  assumptions  in  performance  studies.  The  second  contribution  is  the  construction  of  uniformly  consistent  confidence  sets  in  level  over  a  relevant  family  of  data  distributions.  This  allows  researchers  to  account  for  statistical  imprecision,  which  is  typically  recommended  by  relevant  regulatory  guidelines.  As  the  third  contribution,  I  revisit  the  performance  of  the  ubiquitous  BinaxNOW  COVID-19  antigen  test,  based  on  Emergency  Use  Authorization  and  independent  study  data.  The  analysis  reveals  that  the  estimated  false  negative  rates  for  symptomatic  and  asymptomatic  patients  are,  respectively,  up  to  3.17  and  4.59  times  higher  than  the  frequently  cited  "apparent''  false  negative  rate.  This  finding  brings  into  question  whether  the  test  would  have  met  the  contemporaneous  threshold  for  Emergency  Use  Authorization  once  the  imperfections  of  the  reference  test  are  taken  into  account.The  third  chapter  (joint  work  with  Gabriel  Ziegler)  shows  that  dilation  is  a  real-world  phenomenon  that  may  be  induced  by  diagnostic  tests  under  established  clinical  practice.  Clinicians  often  seek  to  determine  the  probability  that  a  patient  has  a  suspected  illness  conditional  on  a  test  result.  Dilation  entails  that  conditioning  on  any  test  result  only  introduces  uncertainty  about  the  patient's  health  status  and  has  been  mostly  considered  a  theoretical  curiosity.  As  the  first  contribution,  we  show  that  dilation  may  be  induced  by  conditioning  on  diagnostic  tests  whose  misclassification  rates  are  evaluated  with  respect  to  an  imperfect  reference,  which  is  widespread.  Moreover,  dilation  may  occur  even  when  tests  are  approved  or  recommended  based  on  satisfactory  "apparent''  misclassification  rates,  often  used  as  the  primary  criterion  for  evaluation.  This  motivates  the  second  contribution.  We  enable  decision-makers  to  identify  such  diagnostic  tests  by  equivalently  characterizing  when  dilation  is  induced,  and  providing  a  statistical  testing  procedure  that  is  uniformly  consistent  in  level  for  a  large  family  of  relevant  data-generating  processes.  For  the  third  contribution,  we  study  computed  tomography  (CT)  chest  scans  for  detecting  COVID-19  infection  that  were  recommended  as  a  primary  detection  tool  in  epidemic  areas  based  on  conventional  "apparent''  performance  measures.  We  find  that  they  induced  dilation  and  thus  only  introduced  uncertainty  about  the  patient's  health  status.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0163.
■650  4▼aMedicine
■653    ▼aLong-term  experimentation
■653    ▼aObservational  data
■653    ▼aEconomic  intuition
■653    ▼aComputed  tomography
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0511
■690    ▼a0564
■71020▼aNorthwestern  University▼bEconomics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0163
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357536▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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