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Essays in Labor Economics and Child Welfare
Essays in Labor Economics and Child Welfare
Essays in Labor Economics and Child Welfare

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103526
ISBN  
9798280710108
DDC  
320
저자명  
Bald, Anthony.
서명/저자  
Essays in Labor Economics and Child Welfare
발행사항  
[Sl] : Harvard University, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
192 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Alsan, Marcella.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation consists of three papers on topics in labor economics and child welfare.Chapter 1 studies the rise of the nursing profession. In the early 20th century, hospitals founded training schools for nurses to meet the growing demand for medical care. Training schools increased overall nurse supply and soon became the primary pathway for young women to receive a professional nursing credential. I estimate how the availability of nurse training affected labor market outcomes. Using linked census records and training school openings as a source of variation, I show that white women who were geographically close to an opening in adolescence were more likely to become trained nurses. Effects are largest for women from well-off families, as proxied using father's occupation. Availability of nurse training caused women to substitute away from other occupations and had little effect on labor force participation or occupation-based measures of income. Furthermore, by their thirties, women who were geographically close to an opening were less likely to become physicians. These results paint a mixed picture: Nurse training provided new opportunities for women in the workforce, reinforcing existing gender segregation in medicine. Over the course of the 20th century, nursing would grow to become the largest majority-female occupation in the United States.Chapter 2 studies state vaccination policy and child vaccination rates (co-authored with Samantha Gold). Vaccination rates have fallen below the threshold for herd immunity in many states, prompting concerns over exposure to infectious disease outbreaks. In this paper, we estimate how state efforts to enforce vaccination requirements for children in school have affected vaccination rates. In the past decade, several states have repealed non-medical vaccine exemptions. Using a staggered difference-in-differences design, we estimate that state repeal raised kindergarten vaccination rates by 2 to 4 percentage points, with little substitution toward medical exemptions. We next examine whether school immunization audits further increased vaccination rates in California. Immunization audits were conducted starting in 2021 in schools with vaccine non-compliance rates of greater than 10 percent. Using a regression discontinuity design, we find no evidence of improved vaccine compliance in later years among schools at the audit threshold. Our results suggest that amidst growing vaccine hesitancy, state repeal of non-medical exemptions is particularly effective at keeping vaccination rates high. Furthermore, state policy has resulted in diverging vaccination rates between Democratic and Republican states. Based on our event study estimates, two-thirds of the gap in vaccination rates between Democratic and Republican states is driven by state exemption policy.Chapter 3 studies the economics of foster care (previously published in the Journal of Economic Perspectives and co-authored with Joseph J. Doyle Jr., Max Gross, and Brian A. Jacob). Foster care provides substitute living arrangements to protect maltreated children. The practice is remarkably common: it is estimated that 5 percent of children in the United States are placed in foster care at some point during childhood. This paper describes the main tradeoffs in child welfare policy and provides background on policy and practice most in need of rigorous evidence. Trends include efforts to prevent foster care on the demand side and to improve foster home recruitment on the supply side. With increasing data availability and a growing interest in evidence-based practices, there are opportunities for economic research to inform policies that protect vulnerable children.
일반주제명  
Public policy
일반주제명  
Nursing
키워드  
Child welfare
키워드  
Health economics
키워드  
Professional nursing
키워드  
Nurse training
키워드  
Child vaccination
기타저자  
Harvard University Public Policy
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■24510▼aEssays  in  Labor  Economics  and  Child  Welfare
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bHarvard  University▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a192  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Alsan,  Marcella.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--Harvard  University,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  consists  of  three  papers  on  topics  in  labor  economics  and  child  welfare.Chapter  1  studies  the  rise  of  the  nursing  profession.  In  the  early  20th  century,  hospitals  founded  training  schools  for  nurses  to  meet  the  growing  demand  for  medical  care.  Training  schools  increased  overall  nurse  supply  and  soon  became  the  primary  pathway  for  young  women  to  receive  a  professional  nursing  credential.  I  estimate  how  the  availability  of  nurse  training  affected  labor  market  outcomes.  Using  linked  census  records  and  training  school  openings  as  a  source  of  variation,  I  show  that  white  women  who  were  geographically  close  to  an  opening  in  adolescence  were  more  likely  to  become  trained  nurses.  Effects  are  largest  for  women  from  well-off  families,  as  proxied  using  father's  occupation.  Availability  of  nurse  training  caused  women  to  substitute  away  from  other  occupations  and  had  little  effect  on  labor  force  participation  or  occupation-based  measures  of  income.  Furthermore,  by  their  thirties,  women  who  were  geographically  close  to  an  opening  were  less  likely  to  become  physicians.  These  results  paint  a  mixed  picture:  Nurse  training  provided  new  opportunities  for  women  in  the  workforce,  reinforcing  existing  gender  segregation  in  medicine.  Over  the  course  of  the  20th  century,  nursing  would  grow  to  become  the  largest  majority-female  occupation  in  the  United  States.Chapter  2  studies  state  vaccination  policy  and  child  vaccination  rates  (co-authored  with  Samantha  Gold).  Vaccination  rates  have  fallen  below  the  threshold  for  herd  immunity  in  many  states,  prompting  concerns  over  exposure  to  infectious  disease  outbreaks.  In  this  paper,  we  estimate  how  state  efforts  to  enforce  vaccination  requirements  for  children  in  school  have  affected  vaccination  rates.  In  the  past  decade,  several  states  have  repealed  non-medical  vaccine  exemptions.  Using  a  staggered  difference-in-differences  design,  we  estimate  that  state  repeal  raised  kindergarten  vaccination  rates  by  2  to  4  percentage  points,  with  little  substitution  toward  medical  exemptions.  We  next  examine  whether  school  immunization  audits  further  increased  vaccination  rates  in  California.  Immunization  audits  were  conducted  starting  in  2021  in  schools  with  vaccine  non-compliance  rates  of  greater  than  10  percent.  Using  a  regression  discontinuity  design,  we  find  no  evidence  of  improved  vaccine  compliance  in  later  years  among  schools  at  the  audit  threshold.  Our  results  suggest  that  amidst  growing  vaccine  hesitancy,  state  repeal  of  non-medical  exemptions  is  particularly  effective  at  keeping  vaccination  rates  high.  Furthermore,  state  policy  has  resulted  in  diverging  vaccination  rates  between  Democratic  and  Republican  states.  Based  on  our  event  study  estimates,  two-thirds  of  the  gap  in  vaccination  rates  between  Democratic  and  Republican  states  is  driven  by  state  exemption  policy.Chapter  3  studies  the  economics  of  foster  care  (previously  published  in  the  Journal  of  Economic  Perspectives  and  co-authored  with  Joseph  J.  Doyle  Jr.,  Max  Gross,  and  Brian  A.  Jacob).  Foster  care  provides  substitute  living  arrangements  to  protect  maltreated  children.  The  practice  is  remarkably  common:  it  is  estimated  that  5  percent  of  children  in  the  United  States  are  placed  in  foster  care  at  some  point  during  childhood.  This  paper  describes  the  main  tradeoffs  in  child  welfare  policy  and  provides  background  on  policy  and  practice  most  in  need  of  rigorous  evidence.  Trends  include  efforts  to  prevent  foster  care  on  the  demand  side  and  to  improve  foster  home  recruitment  on  the  supply  side.  With  increasing  data  availability  and  a  growing  interest  in  evidence-based  practices,  there  are  opportunities  for  economic  research  to  inform  policies  that  protect  vulnerable  children.
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■650  4▼aPublic  policy
■650  4▼aNursing
■653    ▼aChild  welfare
■653    ▼aHealth  economics
■653    ▼aProfessional  nursing
■653    ▼aNurse  training
■653    ▼aChild  vaccination
■690    ▼a0501
■690    ▼a0630
■690    ▼a0510
■690    ▼a0569
■690    ▼a0509
■71020▼aHarvard  University▼bPublic  Policy.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
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■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357538▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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