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Essays in Energy Economics
Essays in Energy Economics
Essays in Energy Economics

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103529
ISBN  
9798288863837
DDC  
621
저자명  
Cisse, Abdoulaye.
서명/저자  
Essays in Energy Economics
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
254 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: A.
주기사항  
Advisor: Ligon, Ethan.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약This dissertation draws on large administrative datasets from Senegal and employs both causal inference techniques and structural quantitative models to quantify the welfare impacts of key features of electricity markets in low-income countries: unreliable grid supply, uneven adoption of new metering technologies, and electricity theft.The first chapter of the dissertation focuses on electricity reliability and is motivated by two stylized facts: 1) governments and donors invest heavily in expanding access to electricity in low-income countries, and 2) recent studies document small impacts of access to grid electricity on consumer welfare in several low-income countries. In this chapter, I provide new evidence on the impact of grid reliability on the willingness to pay (WTP) for grid electricity based on large-scale reliability improvement projects in Senegal's electricity supply network. I use high-frequency geocoded administrative data on outages, customer-level bills covering the universe of electricity users, and rich geocoded data on the economic activities of households and firms to conduct two analyses. First, I estimate the causal effect of improved reliability on consumers through a difference-in-differences approach that leverages the variation in the timing of reliability projects. I find that these projects reduced outage duration by 40%, increased electricity consumption by 8%, and led to greater appliance ownership, a reallocation of time away from household chores to wage labor, and lower disconnection rates. Second, I estimate a quantitative demand model and a random-coefficient discrete choice model of energy sources. I find that reliability projects increase the WTP for an additional hour of grid electricity by 10%, from an average of $0.20. This increase varies over peak and off-peak hours and differs significantly across customer types (firms versus households) and by establishment size (small versus large). This finding corresponds to an internal rate of return for reliability projects exceeding 30%. My findings suggest that reliability improvements can significantly increase the value of grid electricity, even in contexts where baseline reliability and the WTP for grid electricity are low.The second chapter quantifies the role of switching costs in the under-adoption of prepaid electricity meters in Senegal, despite their clear monetary benefits. Using the universe of monthly billing data from 2012 to 2024, I first show that switching to prepaid meters leads to a significant reduction in electricity consumption relative to remaining on postpaid meters. This reflects two monetary incentives: prepaid meters offer a cheaper tariff schedule and promote lower consumption through their pay-as-you-go structure. To understand why many customers fail to switch despite these potential gains, I develop and estimate a three-stage dynamic discrete choice model of voluntary prepaid adoption. In the model, customers decide whether to request a switch, utilities decide whether to offer one, and customers then accept or reject the offer. The model captures key frictions: switching costs, transaction costs, information frictions, and payment enforcement. I estimate the model using distance-based instruments and calibrate it to match moments in the billing data. Using the estimated parameters, I simulate counterfactual adoption under three policy scenarios (voluntary adoption, universal prepaid, and forced switching of non-payers) across four environments: with and without tariff differentials, transaction costs, and switching costs. I find that prepaid meters generate larger monetary gains for poorer customers, but these customers are less likely to adopt. The primary reason is switching costs: they explain 15-20% of under-adoption among small residential and commercial users-those with the highest monetary gains-but only 2-3% among large users. Transaction costs, information frictions, and enforcement risk play marginal roles. These results highlight that voluntary adoption may fail to reach customers with the largest potential benefits if they face high switching costs. As a result, policies relying solely on voluntary uptake may be ineffective or even welfare-reducing for the most constrained consumers.The third chapter studies electricity fraud, an issue faced by utility providers in low-income countries. Using a uniquely rich dataset that links the universe of customer-level theft incidents to disaggregated billing records from 2012 to 2024, I quantify how theft behavior varies across customer types and how it responds to electricity price changes. I begin by characterizing the demographic and behavioral profiles of theft-prone customers. Theft is more common among older, long-tenured residential clients living in free-standing homes with few appliances and repeated disconnections, suggesting that necessity, familiarity with the system, and weak enforcement contribute to sustained illicit behavior. Next, I estimate the impact of price changes on theft behavior using a difference-in-differences framework. The identification strategy leverages quasi-experimental variation from administrative reclassification of customers into different tariff categories, which result in quasi-exogenous changes to their average and marginal prices. I document that these reclassified customers experience a 7-10% price drop, accompanied by a 1.5-2 percentage point decline in recorded theft incidence. Given a baseline theft incidence of 1-2%, this implies a theft elasticity with respect to price in the range of +1.5 to +1.7. This suggests that even modest reductions in price can induce sizable declines in fraud among consumers at the margin of tariff reclassification. These findings demonstrate that electricity theft is not only a function of enforcement failures or behavioral norms, but is also highly sensitive to price structure. The results underscore the importance of accounting for consumer-level incentives when designing tariff policy, and suggest that price reforms can serve as effective tools in theft mitigation strategies-especially when targeted at customers for whom affordability is a binding constraint.Taken together, these three chapters show how pricing, behavioral frictions, and enforcement shape electricity access and consumption in low-income countries. The analysis uncovers key demand-side constraints that influence the effectiveness of pricing reforms, technology adoption, and anti-theft efforts. The findings highlight the importance of aligning tariff structures, metering strategies, and enforcement policies with consumer behavior. In doing so, this work contributes to the design of electricity markets towards economic efficiency.
일반주제명  
Energy
키워드  
Prepaid meters
키워드  
Reliability
키워드  
Senegal
키워드  
Tariff schedule
키워드  
Willingness to pay
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Agricultural & Resource Economics
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01A.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aCisse,  Abdoulaye.
■24510▼aEssays  in  Energy  Economics
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a254  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-01,  Section:  A.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Ligon,  Ethan.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aThis  dissertation  draws  on  large  administrative  datasets  from  Senegal  and  employs  both  causal  inference  techniques  and  structural  quantitative  models  to  quantify  the  welfare  impacts  of  key  features  of  electricity  markets  in  low-income  countries:  unreliable  grid  supply,  uneven  adoption  of  new  metering  technologies,  and  electricity  theft.The  first  chapter  of  the  dissertation  focuses  on  electricity  reliability  and  is  motivated  by  two  stylized  facts:  1)  governments  and  donors  invest  heavily  in  expanding  access  to  electricity  in  low-income  countries,  and  2)  recent  studies  document  small  impacts  of  access  to  grid  electricity  on  consumer  welfare  in  several  low-income  countries.  In  this  chapter,  I  provide  new  evidence  on  the  impact  of  grid  reliability  on  the  willingness  to  pay  (WTP)  for  grid  electricity  based  on  large-scale  reliability  improvement  projects  in  Senegal's  electricity  supply  network.  I  use  high-frequency  geocoded  administrative  data  on  outages,  customer-level  bills  covering  the  universe  of  electricity  users,  and  rich  geocoded  data  on  the  economic  activities  of  households  and  firms  to  conduct  two  analyses.  First,  I  estimate  the  causal  effect  of  improved  reliability  on  consumers  through  a  difference-in-differences  approach  that  leverages  the  variation  in  the  timing  of  reliability  projects.  I  find  that  these  projects  reduced  outage  duration  by  40%,  increased  electricity  consumption  by  8%,  and  led  to  greater  appliance  ownership,  a  reallocation  of  time  away  from  household  chores  to  wage  labor,  and  lower  disconnection  rates.  Second,  I  estimate  a  quantitative  demand  model  and  a  random-coefficient  discrete  choice  model  of  energy  sources.  I  find  that  reliability  projects  increase  the  WTP  for  an  additional  hour  of  grid  electricity  by  10%,  from  an  average  of  $0.20.  This  increase  varies  over  peak  and  off-peak  hours  and  differs  significantly  across  customer  types  (firms  versus  households)  and  by  establishment  size  (small  versus  large).  This  finding  corresponds  to  an  internal  rate  of  return  for  reliability  projects  exceeding  30%.  My  findings  suggest  that  reliability  improvements  can  significantly  increase  the  value  of  grid  electricity,  even  in  contexts  where  baseline  reliability  and  the  WTP  for  grid  electricity  are  low.The  second  chapter  quantifies  the  role  of  switching  costs  in  the  under-adoption  of  prepaid  electricity  meters  in  Senegal,  despite  their  clear  monetary  benefits.  Using  the  universe  of  monthly  billing  data  from  2012  to  2024,  I  first  show  that  switching  to  prepaid  meters  leads  to  a  significant  reduction  in  electricity  consumption  relative  to  remaining  on  postpaid  meters.  This  reflects  two  monetary  incentives:  prepaid  meters  offer  a  cheaper  tariff  schedule  and  promote  lower  consumption  through  their  pay-as-you-go  structure.  To  understand  why  many  customers  fail  to  switch  despite  these  potential  gains,  I  develop  and  estimate  a  three-stage  dynamic  discrete  choice  model  of  voluntary  prepaid  adoption.  In  the  model,  customers  decide  whether  to  request  a  switch,  utilities  decide  whether  to  offer  one,  and  customers  then  accept  or  reject  the  offer.  The  model  captures  key  frictions:  switching  costs,  transaction  costs,  information  frictions,  and  payment  enforcement.  I  estimate  the  model  using  distance-based  instruments  and  calibrate  it  to  match  moments  in  the  billing  data.  Using  the  estimated  parameters,  I  simulate  counterfactual  adoption  under  three  policy  scenarios  (voluntary  adoption,  universal  prepaid,  and  forced  switching  of  non-payers)  across  four  environments:  with  and  without  tariff  differentials,  transaction  costs,  and  switching  costs.  I  find  that  prepaid  meters  generate  larger  monetary  gains  for  poorer  customers,  but  these  customers  are  less  likely  to  adopt.  The  primary  reason  is  switching  costs:  they  explain  15-20%  of  under-adoption  among  small  residential  and  commercial  users-those  with  the  highest  monetary  gains-but  only  2-3%  among  large  users.  Transaction  costs,  information  frictions,  and  enforcement  risk  play  marginal  roles.  These  results  highlight  that  voluntary  adoption  may  fail  to  reach  customers  with  the  largest  potential  benefits  if  they  face  high  switching  costs.  As  a  result,  policies  relying  solely  on  voluntary  uptake  may  be  ineffective  or  even  welfare-reducing  for  the  most  constrained  consumers.The  third  chapter  studies  electricity  fraud,  an  issue  faced  by  utility  providers  in  low-income  countries.  Using  a  uniquely  rich  dataset  that  links  the  universe  of  customer-level  theft  incidents  to  disaggregated  billing  records  from  2012  to  2024,  I  quantify  how  theft  behavior  varies  across  customer  types  and  how  it  responds  to  electricity  price  changes.  I  begin  by  characterizing  the  demographic  and  behavioral  profiles  of  theft-prone  customers.  Theft  is  more  common  among  older,  long-tenured  residential  clients  living  in  free-standing  homes  with  few  appliances  and  repeated  disconnections,  suggesting  that  necessity,  familiarity  with  the  system,  and  weak  enforcement  contribute  to  sustained  illicit  behavior.  Next,  I  estimate  the  impact  of  price  changes  on  theft  behavior  using  a  difference-in-differences  framework.  The  identification  strategy  leverages  quasi-experimental  variation  from  administrative  reclassification  of  customers  into  different  tariff  categories,  which  result  in  quasi-exogenous  changes  to  their  average  and  marginal  prices.  I  document  that  these  reclassified  customers  experience  a  7-10%  price  drop,  accompanied  by  a  1.5-2  percentage  point  decline  in  recorded  theft  incidence.  Given  a  baseline  theft  incidence  of  1-2%,  this  implies  a  theft  elasticity  with  respect  to  price  in  the  range  of  +1.5  to  +1.7.  This  suggests  that  even  modest  reductions  in  price  can  induce  sizable  declines  in  fraud  among  consumers  at  the  margin  of  tariff  reclassification.  These  findings  demonstrate  that  electricity  theft  is  not  only  a  function  of  enforcement  failures  or  behavioral  norms,  but  is  also  highly  sensitive  to  price  structure.  The  results  underscore  the  importance  of  accounting  for  consumer-level  incentives  when  designing  tariff  policy,  and  suggest  that  price  reforms  can  serve  as  effective  tools  in  theft  mitigation  strategies-especially  when  targeted  at  customers  for  whom  affordability  is  a  binding  constraint.Taken  together,  these  three  chapters  show  how  pricing,  behavioral  frictions,  and  enforcement  shape  electricity  access  and  consumption  in  low-income  countries.  The  analysis  uncovers  key  demand-side  constraints  that  influence  the  effectiveness  of  pricing  reforms,  technology  adoption,  and  anti-theft  efforts.  The  findings  highlight  the  importance  of  aligning  tariff  structures,  metering  strategies,  and  enforcement  policies  with  consumer  behavior.  In  doing  so,  this  work  contributes  to  the  design  of  electricity  markets  towards  economic  efficiency.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aEnergy
■653    ▼aPrepaid  meters
■653    ▼aReliability
■653    ▼aSenegal
■653    ▼aTariff  schedule
■653    ▼aWillingness  to  pay
■690    ▼a0791
■690    ▼a0511
■690    ▼a0501
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bAgricultural  &  Resource  Economics.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01A.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357558▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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