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The Causes and Consequences of Stillbirth's Neglect in the Global Measurement of Fertility and Mortality
The Causes and Consequences of Stillbirth's Neglect in the Global Measurement of Fertility...
The Causes and Consequences of Stillbirth's Neglect in the Global Measurement of Fertility and Mortality

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202103531
ISBN  
9798288866524
DDC  
312
저자명  
Hathi, Payal Jayant.
서명/저자  
The Causes and Consequences of Stillbirths Neglect in the Global Measurement of Fertility and Mortality
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Berkeley, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
168 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-01, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Johnson-Hanks, Jennifer;Ray, Raka.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Stillbirths are pregnancy losses at 28 weeks of gestation or later, defined by their viability outside the womb. The United Nations (UN) estimates that 2 million stillbirths occurred in 2019, with over 75% in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Most are preventable. Yet, unlike infant mortality, which has received vast attention and investment, stillbirths are neither mentioned in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, nor accounted for in the demographic study of mortality or fertility. A live born baby who takes a few breaths and then dies is counted as a death in our mortality statistics, but a stillborn baby who dies at the end of pregnancy or during labor is not counted, despite the similarities between liveborn and stillborn babies and the fact that they can be separated in age by seconds. Similarly, women who experience a stillbirth have sustained at minimum seven full months of pregnancy, yet the physical and mental costs of their pregnancies are not accounted for in our measures of fertility, which count only pregnancies that end in live births.This lack of recognition is both a cause and a consequence of the poor measurement of stillbirth globally, and is indicative of the broader devaluation of women's life experiences, particularly in poor countries. The focus of my dissertation, therefore, is to analyze and understand stillbirth's undercounting. Why is it that something so consequential to the individuals experiencing it, and so unambiguous as the loss of a viable baby at the end of pregnancy, is so difficult to measure? How does the poor measurement of stillbirth affect our knowledge of human wellbeing? My dissertation demonstrates why the omission of stillbirth from data collection systems and demographic theory has enormous consequences for our estimates of global health burdens, for identification and measurement of health inequalities, and for our understanding of the health consequences of pregnancy. My research interrupts the prevailing neglect of stillbirth as a meaningful health event, highlighting its impact on women's wellbeing and its importance for the social scientific understanding of population health.My dissertation consists of three studies and uses both quantitative and qualitative sources of data. In Chapter 1, I carefully consider the assumption of using live births as the appropriate denominator in existing mortality statistics. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 42 countries across world regions, I calculate new fetal-infant and fetal-neonatal rates of mortality that include stillbirths in traditional mortality measures. Expanding our child mortality statistics in this way shows a substantial shift in the scale of mortality that remains largely unrecognized in demographic research. Including stillbirth also suggests greater disparities in mortality across countries than traditional measures. Because stillbirth is known to be undercounted in surveys like the DHS, these new measures of fetal-infant and fetal-neonatal mortality are conservative, lower-bound estimates.Chapter 2 recognizes that stillbirth and pregnancy loss have also been overlooked in the demographic study of fertility, at significant cost to the recognition of women's reproductive labor globally. In an analysis that brings women's experiences to bear on the study of demography, I quantify women's experiences of pregnancy and pregnancy loss at the population level. Using data from DHS reproductive calendars across 65 Asian, African, and Latin American countries from 2005 and later, I find that out of 60 person-months in the five years prior to the survey, women spent an average of 17% of person-months being pregnant, including pregnancies that ended in live birth and those that ended in pregnancy loss. I also calculate what I call the maternal cumulative prevalence of pregnancy loss: across all 65 countries, an average of 155 per 1000 women who reported any pregnancy in the previous five years experienced a pregnancy loss in that period. I then develop a new measure called the Total Pregnancy Rate (TPR), which recalculates country level Total Fertility Rates (TFR), a commonly used measure interpreted as the average number of children a woman will have in her life, to include pregnancy loss. Differences across countries between the TFR and TPR show that more pregnancy loss is needed in some places to get to the TFR that we are used to seeing.In Chapter 3, I investigate the social processes that lead to stillbirth's undercounting. Over seven months in India, home to the largest estimated number of stillbirths worldwide, I conducted over 100 interviews with women and families who have experienced stillbirth, health workers, data managers, government officials, and maternal and child health experts. I find collective social silences around stillbirth in institutions of the family, the health system, and the state, which affect reporting by women in surveys, the main source of data for global stillbirth estimates. I also find that many women, when asked about their experience of stillbirth, report being behosh, or unconscious. This response may reflect the trauma of loss, mirror the silence of health workers and families, or indicate a refusal to engage with something that society does not acknowledge. By recognizing that individuals reporting on their experiences of loss are both shaped by and negotiating with various social and institutional forces, this analysis provides a more holistic understanding of the reasons behind the undercounting of stillbirth. It also pushes us to consider the potential limits of existing demographic methods of producing knowledge.
일반주제명  
Demography
일반주제명  
Sociology
키워드  
Demographic measurement
키워드  
Fertility
키워드  
India
키워드  
Knowledge production
키워드  
Mortality
키워드  
Stillbirth
기타저자  
University of California, Berkeley Demography
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-01B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aHathi,  Payal  Jayant.
■24510▼aThe  Causes  and  Consequences  of  Stillbirth's  Neglect  in  the  Global  Measurement  of  Fertility  and  Mortality
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼c2025
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■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Johnson-Hanks,  Jennifer;Ray,  Raka.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Berkeley,  2025.
■520    ▼aStillbirths  are  pregnancy  losses  at  28  weeks  of  gestation  or  later,  defined  by  their  viability  outside  the  womb.  The  United  Nations  (UN)  estimates  that  2  million  stillbirths  occurred  in  2019,  with  over  75%  in  sub-Saharan  Africa  and  South  Asia.  Most  are  preventable.  Yet,  unlike  infant  mortality,  which  has  received  vast  attention  and  investment,  stillbirths  are  neither  mentioned  in  the  UN's  Sustainable  Development  Goals,  nor  accounted  for  in  the  demographic  study  of  mortality  or  fertility.  A  live  born  baby  who  takes  a  few  breaths  and  then  dies  is  counted  as  a  death  in  our  mortality  statistics,  but  a  stillborn  baby  who  dies  at  the  end  of  pregnancy  or  during  labor  is  not  counted,  despite  the  similarities  between  liveborn  and  stillborn  babies  and  the  fact  that  they  can  be  separated  in  age  by  seconds.  Similarly,  women  who  experience  a  stillbirth  have  sustained  at  minimum  seven  full  months  of  pregnancy,  yet  the  physical  and  mental  costs  of  their  pregnancies  are  not  accounted  for  in  our  measures  of  fertility,  which  count  only  pregnancies  that  end  in  live  births.This  lack  of  recognition  is  both  a  cause  and  a  consequence  of  the  poor  measurement  of  stillbirth  globally,  and  is  indicative  of  the  broader  devaluation  of  women's  life  experiences,  particularly  in  poor  countries.  The  focus  of  my  dissertation,  therefore,  is  to  analyze  and  understand  stillbirth's  undercounting.  Why  is  it  that  something  so  consequential  to  the  individuals  experiencing  it,  and  so  unambiguous  as  the  loss  of  a  viable  baby  at  the  end  of  pregnancy,  is  so  difficult  to  measure?  How  does  the  poor  measurement  of  stillbirth  affect  our  knowledge  of  human  wellbeing?  My  dissertation  demonstrates  why  the  omission  of  stillbirth  from  data  collection  systems  and  demographic  theory  has  enormous  consequences  for  our  estimates  of  global  health  burdens,  for  identification  and  measurement  of  health  inequalities,  and  for  our  understanding  of  the  health  consequences  of  pregnancy.  My  research  interrupts  the  prevailing  neglect  of  stillbirth  as  a  meaningful  health  event,  highlighting  its  impact  on  women's  wellbeing  and  its  importance  for  the  social  scientific  understanding  of  population  health.My  dissertation  consists  of  three  studies  and  uses  both  quantitative  and  qualitative  sources  of  data.  In  Chapter  1,  I  carefully  consider  the  assumption  of  using  live  births  as  the  appropriate  denominator  in  existing  mortality  statistics.  Using  Demographic  and  Health  Survey  (DHS)  data  from  42  countries  across  world  regions,  I  calculate  new  fetal-infant  and  fetal-neonatal  rates  of  mortality  that  include  stillbirths  in  traditional  mortality  measures.  Expanding  our  child  mortality  statistics  in  this  way  shows  a  substantial  shift  in  the  scale  of  mortality  that  remains  largely  unrecognized  in  demographic  research.  Including  stillbirth  also  suggests  greater  disparities  in  mortality  across  countries  than  traditional  measures.  Because  stillbirth  is  known  to  be  undercounted  in  surveys  like  the  DHS,  these  new  measures  of  fetal-infant  and  fetal-neonatal  mortality  are  conservative,  lower-bound  estimates.Chapter  2  recognizes  that  stillbirth  and  pregnancy  loss  have  also  been  overlooked  in  the  demographic  study  of  fertility,  at  significant  cost  to  the  recognition  of  women's  reproductive  labor  globally.  In  an  analysis  that  brings  women's  experiences  to  bear  on  the  study  of  demography,  I  quantify  women's  experiences  of  pregnancy  and  pregnancy  loss  at  the  population  level.  Using  data  from  DHS  reproductive  calendars  across  65  Asian,  African,  and  Latin  American  countries  from  2005  and  later,  I  find  that  out  of  60  person-months  in  the  five  years  prior  to  the  survey,  women  spent  an  average  of  17%  of  person-months  being  pregnant,  including  pregnancies  that  ended  in  live  birth  and  those  that  ended  in  pregnancy  loss.  I  also  calculate  what  I  call  the  maternal  cumulative  prevalence  of  pregnancy  loss:  across  all  65  countries,  an  average  of  155  per  1000  women  who  reported  any  pregnancy  in  the  previous  five  years  experienced  a  pregnancy  loss  in  that  period.  I  then  develop  a  new  measure  called  the  Total  Pregnancy  Rate  (TPR),  which  recalculates  country  level  Total  Fertility  Rates  (TFR),  a  commonly  used  measure  interpreted  as  the  average  number  of  children  a  woman  will  have  in  her  life,  to  include  pregnancy  loss.  Differences  across  countries  between  the  TFR  and  TPR  show  that  more  pregnancy  loss  is  needed  in  some  places  to  get  to  the  TFR  that  we  are  used  to  seeing.In  Chapter  3,  I  investigate  the  social  processes  that  lead  to  stillbirth's  undercounting.  Over  seven  months  in  India,  home  to  the  largest  estimated  number  of  stillbirths  worldwide,  I  conducted  over  100  interviews  with  women  and  families  who  have  experienced  stillbirth,  health  workers,  data  managers,  government  officials,  and  maternal  and  child  health  experts.  I  find  collective  social  silences  around  stillbirth  in  institutions  of  the  family,  the  health  system,  and  the  state,  which  affect  reporting  by  women  in  surveys,  the  main  source  of  data  for  global  stillbirth  estimates.  I  also  find  that  many  women,  when  asked  about  their  experience  of  stillbirth,  report  being  behosh,  or  unconscious.  This  response  may  reflect  the  trauma  of  loss,  mirror  the  silence  of  health  workers  and  families,  or  indicate  a  refusal  to  engage  with  something  that  society  does  not  acknowledge.  By  recognizing  that  individuals  reporting  on  their  experiences  of  loss  are  both  shaped  by  and  negotiating  with  various  social  and  institutional  forces,  this  analysis  provides  a  more  holistic  understanding  of  the  reasons  behind  the  undercounting  of  stillbirth.  It  also  pushes  us  to  consider  the  potential  limits  of  existing  demographic  methods  of  producing  knowledge.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0028.
■650  4▼aDemography
■650  4▼aSociology
■653    ▼aDemographic  measurement
■653    ▼aFertility
■653    ▼aIndia
■653    ▼aKnowledge  production
■653    ▼aMortality
■653    ▼aStillbirth
■690    ▼a0938
■690    ▼a0626
■690    ▼a0769
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Berkeley▼bDemography.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-01B.
■790    ▼a0028
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17357572▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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