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Microglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
Microglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways...
Microglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47

상세정보

자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104643
ISBN  
9798280755543
DDC  
616
저자명  
Melnik, Mikhail.
서명/저자  
Microglia in the Context of Alzheimers Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
발행사항  
[Sl] : University of California, Los Angeles, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
199 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Gylys, Karen H.;Hinman, Jason.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by aggregations of amyloid beta that are then followed by aggregations of tau. These lead to synaptic and neuronal loss, causing a cognitive impairment that progresses to dementia. GWAS studies have shown that much of the genetic variants associated with disease progression are exclusively or predominantly expressed in microglia. As genetic variants associated with disease are always upstream of any disease process (i.e. they are usually present as a zygote), they are always causal in disease etiology. Therefore, it is important to study microglia as they represent an axis of therapeutic strategy. Modulating microglia in individuals susceptible to Alzheimer's to function more like microglia from those that are protected from the disease (e.g. Al002a antibody treatment to increase TREM2 functioning in TREMR47H allele carrying individuals). This dissertation undertook further exploration of microglia in Alzheimer's patient-derived tissue to better understand microglial biology in the brain, especially focused on small EVs and synaptic phagocytosis.Microglia are the resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). They are derived from primitive phagocytes in the yolk sac early in embryo development (E7.5 in mice). They then migrate to the brain and begin dividing and, like astrocytes, tile the brain. The formation of the blood brain barrier prevents further macrophage entrance, with microglia throughout life maintained by self-perpetuation. Microglia are involved with early neuronal and synaptic development, releasing growth factors and phagocytosing many neurons/synapses before and after birth. In adulthood, they have the principal functions of surveilling the CNS environment and responding to atypical occurrences in the brain, such as external injury, stroke, infection, or aggregations of proteopathic proteins. Responses to these injuries include stereotypical phenotypic transitions. Infection, even mainly a peripheral one, leads to an inflammatory phenotype that is specialized in responding to microbes. A more phagocytic phenotype, termed M2, has been noted in response to stroke and in the later stages of infection, where removal of infectious and local cell debris as well as extracellular repair is needed. Another phagocytic phenotype, termed disease-associated microglia, although other names for similar phenotypes also exist [e.g. neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD)], is specifically seen in mouse models near plaques, ALS models and aging. These microglia show increased expression of phagocytic genes, suggesting they may be focused on clearing Aβ.In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, we describe a dissociation process to better study microglia from human AD brain. We utilize enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of parietal cortex tissue to isolate both F2, a fraction enriched for small EVs, and single cells from the brain. After removal of myelin and various other debris, we are able to stain these cells, as well as neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, using cell-type specific antibodies and specifically analyzed via fluorescent activated sell sorting (FACS). We show the cell proportions of these different cell types are in line with previous immunohistochemical estimates from the cortex and that this method can be utilized to study the CNS populations. We also further analzye the microglial population in AD using cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which are highly co-localized although they do not differ between control and AD tissue. Lastly, we show that cell-type specific small EVs can be isolated using immunoprecipitation of F2 using cell-type specific markers for neurons [L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM)], astrocytes (glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 [GLAST]), and microglia (CD11b).The second chapter of the dissertation explores small EVs isolated using the procedure partially outlined in Chapter 1. After tissue dissociation, small EVs are purified using density gradient centrifugation via sucrose cushion of 2.5M, 1.25M, and 0.6M sucrose. Following washing, a small EV enriched fraction, termed F2, is isolated. CD11b immunoprecipitation of this fraction yields EVs derived from microglia in the brain. These were characterized proteomically, trancriptomically and lipidomically. We show that CD11b immunoprecipitated small EVs are enriched for microglial markers, TMEM119 and P2ry12. DAM markers, which were previously mostly found in mouse models of AD, were also enriched in microglial small EVs in AD human tissue. Gene ontology analysis of microglial small EVs showed reduced phagocytic and complement markers, increased inflammatory markers and increased myelin and synaptic markers. It also specifically showed an enrichment for disease-associated microglia in AD small EVs. Lipidomic analysis showed AD small EVs are enriched for free cholesterol, a molecule associated with the DAM phenotype, as well as other lipidomic changes which may have important effects on signaling and function.The third chapter focuses on exploration of microglial phagocytoses of synapses associated with AD pathology. Near amyloid plaques, microglia with increased phagocytic receptor expression and synaptic uptake were previously previously found. Hyperphosphorylated pathology is also increased near plaques and is directly associated with neuronal and synaptic loss in the brain. We isolated resealed synaptic vesicles derived from human brain, termed synaptosomes, utilizing differential and Percoll density centrifugation. We explored how CD47, a marker used by cells and biological structures to protect against phagocytoses, is increased in Aβ- and hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes in both AD and control brain using flow cytometry. We utilized iPSC-derived microglia exposed to synaptosomes as a model of synaptic phagocytosis. We showed CD47 was protective of synaptic phagocytosis in AD and controls, but AD synaptosomes were phagocytosed at a higher rate. Furthermore, we showed hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes are preferentially targeted by microglia when derived from non-tangle cortex, suggesting a mechanism by which tau spread down circuits may be controlled. Lastly, we showed that microglia may show increased phagocytosis and reduced expression of clec7a, a DAM marker and synaptic phagocytic receptor, when exposed to synaptosomes from high tangle cortex. Reduction of clec7a was also reduced in the cortex of high tangle brains, suggesting this process may be directly captured in the brain. P2ry12, a microglial homeostatic marker, and CD86, a microglia inflammatory marker, are reduced in high tangle cortex but unchanged when exposed to iPSC-derived microglia to synaptosomes, suggesting non-synaptic factors influence these changes.
일반주제명  
Neurosciences
일반주제명  
Cellular biology
일반주제명  
Pathology
일반주제명  
Molecular biology
키워드  
Alzheimer's disease
키워드  
Microglia
키워드  
Phagocytosis
키워드  
Synaptic phagocytosis
키워드  
Central nervous system
기타저자  
University of California, Los Angeles Neuroscience 004F
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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■1001  ▼aMelnik,  Mikhail.
■24510▼aMicroglia  in  the  Context  of  Alzheimer's  Disease  Pathology  and  Synaptic  Phagocytic  Pathways  Related  to  Cluster  of  Differentiation  47
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a199  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  86-12,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Gylys,  Karen  H.;Hinman,  Jason.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--University  of  California,  Los  Angeles,  2025.
■520    ▼aAlzheimer's  disease  (AD)  is  characterized  by  aggregations  of  amyloid  beta  that  are  then  followed  by  aggregations  of  tau.  These  lead  to  synaptic  and  neuronal  loss,  causing  a  cognitive  impairment  that  progresses  to  dementia.  GWAS  studies  have  shown  that  much  of  the  genetic  variants  associated  with  disease  progression  are  exclusively  or  predominantly  expressed  in  microglia.  As  genetic  variants  associated  with  disease  are  always  upstream  of  any  disease  process  (i.e.  they  are  usually  present  as  a  zygote),  they  are  always  causal  in  disease  etiology.  Therefore,  it  is  important  to  study  microglia  as  they  represent  an  axis  of  therapeutic  strategy.  Modulating  microglia  in  individuals  susceptible  to  Alzheimer's  to  function  more  like  microglia  from  those  that  are  protected  from  the  disease  (e.g.  Al002a  antibody  treatment  to  increase  TREM2  functioning  in  TREMR47H  allele  carrying  individuals).  This  dissertation  undertook  further  exploration  of  microglia  in  Alzheimer's  patient-derived  tissue  to  better  understand  microglial  biology  in  the  brain,  especially  focused  on  small  EVs  and  synaptic  phagocytosis.Microglia  are  the  resident  macrophage  of  the  central  nervous  system  (CNS).  They  are  derived  from  primitive  phagocytes  in  the  yolk  sac  early  in  embryo  development  (E7.5  in  mice).  They  then  migrate  to  the  brain  and  begin  dividing  and,  like  astrocytes,  tile  the  brain.  The  formation  of  the  blood  brain  barrier  prevents  further  macrophage  entrance,  with  microglia  throughout  life  maintained  by  self-perpetuation.  Microglia  are  involved  with  early  neuronal  and  synaptic  development,  releasing  growth  factors  and  phagocytosing  many  neurons/synapses  before  and  after  birth.  In  adulthood,  they  have  the  principal  functions  of  surveilling  the  CNS  environment  and  responding  to  atypical  occurrences  in  the  brain,  such  as  external  injury,  stroke,  infection,  or  aggregations  of  proteopathic  proteins.  Responses  to  these  injuries  include  stereotypical  phenotypic  transitions.  Infection,  even  mainly  a  peripheral  one,  leads  to  an  inflammatory  phenotype  that  is  specialized  in  responding  to  microbes.  A  more  phagocytic  phenotype,  termed  M2,  has  been  noted  in  response  to  stroke  and  in  the  later  stages  of  infection,  where  removal  of  infectious  and  local  cell  debris  as  well  as  extracellular  repair  is  needed.  Another  phagocytic  phenotype,  termed  disease-associated  microglia,  although  other  names  for  similar  phenotypes  also  exist  [e.g.  neurodegenerative  microglia  (MGnD)],  is  specifically  seen  in  mouse  models  near  plaques,  ALS  models  and  aging.  These  microglia  show  increased  expression  of  phagocytic  genes,  suggesting  they  may  be  focused  on  clearing  Aβ.In  Chapter  2  of  this  dissertation,  we  describe  a  dissociation  process  to  better  study  microglia  from  human  AD  brain.  We  utilize  enzymatic  and  mechanical  dissociation  of  parietal  cortex  tissue  to  isolate  both  F2,  a  fraction  enriched  for  small  EVs,  and  single  cells  from  the  brain.  After  removal  of  myelin  and  various  other  debris,  we  are  able  to  stain  these  cells,  as  well  as  neurons,  astrocytes  and  oligodendrocytes,  using  cell-type  specific  antibodies  and  specifically  analyzed  via  fluorescent  activated  sell  sorting  (FACS).  We  show  the  cell  proportions  of  these  different  cell  types  are  in  line  with  previous  immunohistochemical  estimates  from  the  cortex  and  that  this  method  can  be  utilized  to  study  the  CNS  populations.  We  also  further  analzye  the  microglial  population  in  AD  using  cluster  of  differentiation  11b  (CD11b)  and  transforming  growth  factor  beta  (TGFβ),  which  are  highly  co-localized  although  they  do  not  differ  between  control  and  AD  tissue.  Lastly,  we  show  that  cell-type  specific  small  EVs  can  be  isolated  using  immunoprecipitation  of  F2  using  cell-type  specific  markers  for  neurons  [L1  cell  adhesion  molecule  (L1CAM)],  astrocytes  (glutamate/aspartate  transporter  1  [GLAST]),  and  microglia  (CD11b).The  second  chapter  of  the  dissertation  explores  small  EVs  isolated  using  the  procedure  partially  outlined  in  Chapter  1.  After  tissue  dissociation,  small  EVs  are  purified  using  density  gradient  centrifugation  via  sucrose  cushion  of  2.5M,  1.25M,  and  0.6M  sucrose.  Following  washing,  a  small  EV  enriched  fraction,  termed  F2,  is  isolated.  CD11b  immunoprecipitation  of  this  fraction  yields  EVs  derived  from  microglia  in  the  brain.  These  were  characterized  proteomically,  trancriptomically  and  lipidomically.  We  show  that  CD11b  immunoprecipitated  small  EVs  are  enriched  for  microglial  markers,  TMEM119  and  P2ry12.  DAM  markers,  which  were  previously  mostly  found  in  mouse  models  of  AD,  were  also  enriched  in  microglial  small  EVs  in  AD  human  tissue.  Gene  ontology  analysis  of  microglial  small  EVs  showed  reduced  phagocytic  and  complement  markers,  increased  inflammatory  markers  and  increased  myelin  and  synaptic  markers.  It  also  specifically  showed  an  enrichment  for  disease-associated  microglia  in  AD  small  EVs.  Lipidomic  analysis  showed  AD  small  EVs  are  enriched  for  free  cholesterol,  a  molecule  associated  with  the  DAM  phenotype,  as  well  as  other  lipidomic  changes  which  may  have  important  effects  on  signaling  and  function.The  third  chapter  focuses  on  exploration  of  microglial  phagocytoses  of  synapses  associated  with  AD  pathology.  Near  amyloid  plaques,  microglia  with  increased  phagocytic  receptor  expression  and  synaptic  uptake  were  previously  previously  found.  Hyperphosphorylated  pathology  is  also  increased  near  plaques  and  is  directly  associated  with  neuronal  and  synaptic  loss  in  the  brain.  We  isolated  resealed  synaptic  vesicles  derived  from  human  brain,  termed  synaptosomes,  utilizing  differential  and  Percoll  density  centrifugation.  We  explored  how  CD47,  a  marker  used  by  cells  and  biological  structures  to  protect  against  phagocytoses,  is  increased  in  Aβ-  and  hyperphosphorylated  tau-positive  synaptosomes  in  both  AD  and  control  brain  using  flow  cytometry.  We  utilized  iPSC-derived  microglia  exposed  to  synaptosomes  as  a  model  of  synaptic  phagocytosis.  We  showed  CD47  was  protective  of  synaptic  phagocytosis  in  AD  and  controls,  but  AD  synaptosomes  were  phagocytosed  at  a  higher  rate.  Furthermore,  we  showed  hyperphosphorylated  tau-positive  synaptosomes  are  preferentially  targeted  by  microglia  when  derived  from  non-tangle  cortex,  suggesting  a  mechanism  by  which  tau  spread  down  circuits  may  be  controlled.  Lastly,  we  showed  that  microglia  may  show  increased  phagocytosis  and  reduced  expression  of  clec7a,  a  DAM  marker  and  synaptic  phagocytic  receptor,  when  exposed  to  synaptosomes  from  high  tangle  cortex.  Reduction  of  clec7a  was  also  reduced  in  the  cortex  of  high  tangle  brains,  suggesting  this  process  may  be  directly  captured  in  the  brain.  P2ry12,  a  microglial  homeostatic  marker,  and  CD86,  a  microglia  inflammatory  marker,  are  reduced  in  high  tangle  cortex  but  unchanged  when  exposed  to  iPSC-derived  microglia  to  synaptosomes,  suggesting  non-synaptic  factors  influence  these  changes.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0031.
■650  4▼aNeurosciences
■650  4▼aCellular  biology
■650  4▼aPathology
■650  4▼aMolecular  biology
■653    ▼aAlzheimer's  disease
■653    ▼aMicroglia
■653    ▼aPhagocytosis
■653    ▼aSynaptic  phagocytosis
■653    ▼aCentral  nervous  system
■690    ▼a0317
■690    ▼a0379
■690    ▼a0307
■690    ▼a0571
■71020▼aUniversity  of  California,  Los  Angeles▼bNeuroscience  004F.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g86-12B.
■790    ▼a0031
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358321▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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