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Microglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
Microglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
상세정보
- 자료유형
- 학위논문 서양
- 최종처리일시
- 20260202104643
- ISBN
- 9798280755543
- DDC
- 616
- 저자명
- Melnik, Mikhail.
- 서명/저자
- Microglia in the Context of Alzheimers Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
- 발행사항
- [Sl] : University of California, Los Angeles, 2025
- 발행사항
- Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
- 형태사항
- 199 p
- 주기사항
- Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
- 주기사항
- Advisor: Gylys, Karen H.;Hinman, Jason.
- 학위논문주기
- Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2025.
- 초록/해제
- 요약Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by aggregations of amyloid beta that are then followed by aggregations of tau. These lead to synaptic and neuronal loss, causing a cognitive impairment that progresses to dementia. GWAS studies have shown that much of the genetic variants associated with disease progression are exclusively or predominantly expressed in microglia. As genetic variants associated with disease are always upstream of any disease process (i.e. they are usually present as a zygote), they are always causal in disease etiology. Therefore, it is important to study microglia as they represent an axis of therapeutic strategy. Modulating microglia in individuals susceptible to Alzheimer's to function more like microglia from those that are protected from the disease (e.g. Al002a antibody treatment to increase TREM2 functioning in TREMR47H allele carrying individuals). This dissertation undertook further exploration of microglia in Alzheimer's patient-derived tissue to better understand microglial biology in the brain, especially focused on small EVs and synaptic phagocytosis.Microglia are the resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). They are derived from primitive phagocytes in the yolk sac early in embryo development (E7.5 in mice). They then migrate to the brain and begin dividing and, like astrocytes, tile the brain. The formation of the blood brain barrier prevents further macrophage entrance, with microglia throughout life maintained by self-perpetuation. Microglia are involved with early neuronal and synaptic development, releasing growth factors and phagocytosing many neurons/synapses before and after birth. In adulthood, they have the principal functions of surveilling the CNS environment and responding to atypical occurrences in the brain, such as external injury, stroke, infection, or aggregations of proteopathic proteins. Responses to these injuries include stereotypical phenotypic transitions. Infection, even mainly a peripheral one, leads to an inflammatory phenotype that is specialized in responding to microbes. A more phagocytic phenotype, termed M2, has been noted in response to stroke and in the later stages of infection, where removal of infectious and local cell debris as well as extracellular repair is needed. Another phagocytic phenotype, termed disease-associated microglia, although other names for similar phenotypes also exist [e.g. neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD)], is specifically seen in mouse models near plaques, ALS models and aging. These microglia show increased expression of phagocytic genes, suggesting they may be focused on clearing Aβ.In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, we describe a dissociation process to better study microglia from human AD brain. We utilize enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of parietal cortex tissue to isolate both F2, a fraction enriched for small EVs, and single cells from the brain. After removal of myelin and various other debris, we are able to stain these cells, as well as neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, using cell-type specific antibodies and specifically analyzed via fluorescent activated sell sorting (FACS). We show the cell proportions of these different cell types are in line with previous immunohistochemical estimates from the cortex and that this method can be utilized to study the CNS populations. We also further analzye the microglial population in AD using cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which are highly co-localized although they do not differ between control and AD tissue. Lastly, we show that cell-type specific small EVs can be isolated using immunoprecipitation of F2 using cell-type specific markers for neurons [L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM)], astrocytes (glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 [GLAST]), and microglia (CD11b).The second chapter of the dissertation explores small EVs isolated using the procedure partially outlined in Chapter 1. After tissue dissociation, small EVs are purified using density gradient centrifugation via sucrose cushion of 2.5M, 1.25M, and 0.6M sucrose. Following washing, a small EV enriched fraction, termed F2, is isolated. CD11b immunoprecipitation of this fraction yields EVs derived from microglia in the brain. These were characterized proteomically, trancriptomically and lipidomically. We show that CD11b immunoprecipitated small EVs are enriched for microglial markers, TMEM119 and P2ry12. DAM markers, which were previously mostly found in mouse models of AD, were also enriched in microglial small EVs in AD human tissue. Gene ontology analysis of microglial small EVs showed reduced phagocytic and complement markers, increased inflammatory markers and increased myelin and synaptic markers. It also specifically showed an enrichment for disease-associated microglia in AD small EVs. Lipidomic analysis showed AD small EVs are enriched for free cholesterol, a molecule associated with the DAM phenotype, as well as other lipidomic changes which may have important effects on signaling and function.The third chapter focuses on exploration of microglial phagocytoses of synapses associated with AD pathology. Near amyloid plaques, microglia with increased phagocytic receptor expression and synaptic uptake were previously previously found. Hyperphosphorylated pathology is also increased near plaques and is directly associated with neuronal and synaptic loss in the brain. We isolated resealed synaptic vesicles derived from human brain, termed synaptosomes, utilizing differential and Percoll density centrifugation. We explored how CD47, a marker used by cells and biological structures to protect against phagocytoses, is increased in Aβ- and hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes in both AD and control brain using flow cytometry. We utilized iPSC-derived microglia exposed to synaptosomes as a model of synaptic phagocytosis. We showed CD47 was protective of synaptic phagocytosis in AD and controls, but AD synaptosomes were phagocytosed at a higher rate. Furthermore, we showed hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes are preferentially targeted by microglia when derived from non-tangle cortex, suggesting a mechanism by which tau spread down circuits may be controlled. Lastly, we showed that microglia may show increased phagocytosis and reduced expression of clec7a, a DAM marker and synaptic phagocytic receptor, when exposed to synaptosomes from high tangle cortex. Reduction of clec7a was also reduced in the cortex of high tangle brains, suggesting this process may be directly captured in the brain. P2ry12, a microglial homeostatic marker, and CD86, a microglia inflammatory marker, are reduced in high tangle cortex but unchanged when exposed to iPSC-derived microglia to synaptosomes, suggesting non-synaptic factors influence these changes.
- 일반주제명
- Neurosciences
- 일반주제명
- Cellular biology
- 일반주제명
- Pathology
- 일반주제명
- Molecular biology
- 키워드
- Microglia
- 키워드
- Phagocytosis
- 기타저자
- University of California, Los Angeles Neuroscience 004F
- 기본자료저록
- Dissertations Abstracts International. 86-12B.
- 전자적 위치 및 접속
- 로그인 후 원문을 볼 수 있습니다.
MARC
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■040 ▼aMiAaPQ▼cMiAaPQ
■0820 ▼a616
■1001 ▼aMelnik, Mikhail.
■24510▼aMicroglia in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology and Synaptic Phagocytic Pathways Related to Cluster of Differentiation 47
■260 ▼a[Sl]▼bUniversity of California, Los Angeles▼c2025
■260 1▼aAnn Arbor▼bProQuest Dissertations & Theses▼c2025
■300 ▼a199 p
■500 ▼aSource: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 86-12, Section: B.
■500 ▼aAdvisor: Gylys, Karen H.;Hinman, Jason.
■5021 ▼aThesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Los Angeles, 2025.
■520 ▼aAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by aggregations of amyloid beta that are then followed by aggregations of tau. These lead to synaptic and neuronal loss, causing a cognitive impairment that progresses to dementia. GWAS studies have shown that much of the genetic variants associated with disease progression are exclusively or predominantly expressed in microglia. As genetic variants associated with disease are always upstream of any disease process (i.e. they are usually present as a zygote), they are always causal in disease etiology. Therefore, it is important to study microglia as they represent an axis of therapeutic strategy. Modulating microglia in individuals susceptible to Alzheimer's to function more like microglia from those that are protected from the disease (e.g. Al002a antibody treatment to increase TREM2 functioning in TREMR47H allele carrying individuals). This dissertation undertook further exploration of microglia in Alzheimer's patient-derived tissue to better understand microglial biology in the brain, especially focused on small EVs and synaptic phagocytosis.Microglia are the resident macrophage of the central nervous system (CNS). They are derived from primitive phagocytes in the yolk sac early in embryo development (E7.5 in mice). They then migrate to the brain and begin dividing and, like astrocytes, tile the brain. The formation of the blood brain barrier prevents further macrophage entrance, with microglia throughout life maintained by self-perpetuation. Microglia are involved with early neuronal and synaptic development, releasing growth factors and phagocytosing many neurons/synapses before and after birth. In adulthood, they have the principal functions of surveilling the CNS environment and responding to atypical occurrences in the brain, such as external injury, stroke, infection, or aggregations of proteopathic proteins. Responses to these injuries include stereotypical phenotypic transitions. Infection, even mainly a peripheral one, leads to an inflammatory phenotype that is specialized in responding to microbes. A more phagocytic phenotype, termed M2, has been noted in response to stroke and in the later stages of infection, where removal of infectious and local cell debris as well as extracellular repair is needed. Another phagocytic phenotype, termed disease-associated microglia, although other names for similar phenotypes also exist [e.g. neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD)], is specifically seen in mouse models near plaques, ALS models and aging. These microglia show increased expression of phagocytic genes, suggesting they may be focused on clearing Aβ.In Chapter 2 of this dissertation, we describe a dissociation process to better study microglia from human AD brain. We utilize enzymatic and mechanical dissociation of parietal cortex tissue to isolate both F2, a fraction enriched for small EVs, and single cells from the brain. After removal of myelin and various other debris, we are able to stain these cells, as well as neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, using cell-type specific antibodies and specifically analyzed via fluorescent activated sell sorting (FACS). We show the cell proportions of these different cell types are in line with previous immunohistochemical estimates from the cortex and that this method can be utilized to study the CNS populations. We also further analzye the microglial population in AD using cluster of differentiation 11b (CD11b) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), which are highly co-localized although they do not differ between control and AD tissue. Lastly, we show that cell-type specific small EVs can be isolated using immunoprecipitation of F2 using cell-type specific markers for neurons [L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM)], astrocytes (glutamate/aspartate transporter 1 [GLAST]), and microglia (CD11b).The second chapter of the dissertation explores small EVs isolated using the procedure partially outlined in Chapter 1. After tissue dissociation, small EVs are purified using density gradient centrifugation via sucrose cushion of 2.5M, 1.25M, and 0.6M sucrose. Following washing, a small EV enriched fraction, termed F2, is isolated. CD11b immunoprecipitation of this fraction yields EVs derived from microglia in the brain. These were characterized proteomically, trancriptomically and lipidomically. We show that CD11b immunoprecipitated small EVs are enriched for microglial markers, TMEM119 and P2ry12. DAM markers, which were previously mostly found in mouse models of AD, were also enriched in microglial small EVs in AD human tissue. Gene ontology analysis of microglial small EVs showed reduced phagocytic and complement markers, increased inflammatory markers and increased myelin and synaptic markers. It also specifically showed an enrichment for disease-associated microglia in AD small EVs. Lipidomic analysis showed AD small EVs are enriched for free cholesterol, a molecule associated with the DAM phenotype, as well as other lipidomic changes which may have important effects on signaling and function.The third chapter focuses on exploration of microglial phagocytoses of synapses associated with AD pathology. Near amyloid plaques, microglia with increased phagocytic receptor expression and synaptic uptake were previously previously found. Hyperphosphorylated pathology is also increased near plaques and is directly associated with neuronal and synaptic loss in the brain. We isolated resealed synaptic vesicles derived from human brain, termed synaptosomes, utilizing differential and Percoll density centrifugation. We explored how CD47, a marker used by cells and biological structures to protect against phagocytoses, is increased in Aβ- and hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes in both AD and control brain using flow cytometry. We utilized iPSC-derived microglia exposed to synaptosomes as a model of synaptic phagocytosis. We showed CD47 was protective of synaptic phagocytosis in AD and controls, but AD synaptosomes were phagocytosed at a higher rate. Furthermore, we showed hyperphosphorylated tau-positive synaptosomes are preferentially targeted by microglia when derived from non-tangle cortex, suggesting a mechanism by which tau spread down circuits may be controlled. Lastly, we showed that microglia may show increased phagocytosis and reduced expression of clec7a, a DAM marker and synaptic phagocytic receptor, when exposed to synaptosomes from high tangle cortex. Reduction of clec7a was also reduced in the cortex of high tangle brains, suggesting this process may be directly captured in the brain. P2ry12, a microglial homeostatic marker, and CD86, a microglia inflammatory marker, are reduced in high tangle cortex but unchanged when exposed to iPSC-derived microglia to synaptosomes, suggesting non-synaptic factors influence these changes.
■590 ▼aSchool code: 0031.
■650 4▼aNeurosciences
■650 4▼aCellular biology
■650 4▼aPathology
■650 4▼aMolecular biology
■653 ▼aAlzheimer's disease
■653 ▼aMicroglia
■653 ▼aPhagocytosis
■653 ▼aSynaptic phagocytosis
■653 ▼aCentral nervous system
■690 ▼a0317
■690 ▼a0379
■690 ▼a0307
■690 ▼a0571
■71020▼aUniversity of California, Los Angeles▼bNeuroscience 004F.
■7730 ▼tDissertations Abstracts International▼g86-12B.
■790 ▼a0031
■791 ▼aPh.D.
■792 ▼a2025
■793 ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358321▼nKERIS▼z이 자료의 원문은 한국교육학술정보원에서 제공합니다.


