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Model Informed Clinical Care in Surgical and Critically Ill Patients
Model Informed Clinical Care in Surgical and Critically Ill Patients
Model Informed Clinical Care in Surgical and Critically Ill Patients

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자료유형  
 학위논문 서양
최종처리일시  
20260202104714
ISBN  
9798291583173
DDC  
615
저자명  
Reeder, Joshua.
서명/저자  
Model Informed Clinical Care in Surgical and Critically Ill Patients
발행사항  
[Sl] : The University of Iowa, 2025
발행사항  
Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2025
형태사항  
250 p
주기사항  
Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 87-02, Section: B.
주기사항  
Advisor: Donovan, Maureen.
학위논문주기  
Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Iowa, 2025.
초록/해제  
요약Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, particularly among those undergoing surgery or admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Surgical site infections (SSIs) and infections in critically ill patients-including hospital-acquired pneumonia, intra-abdominal infections, and bloodstream infections-require effective antibiotic strategies to reduce risk and improve outcomes. Despite widespread use of antibiotics such as cefazolin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and piperacillin-tazobactam, optimal dosing and redosing strategies remain inadequately defined. All three agents are β-lactam antibiotics characterized by short half-lives (~1-2 hours) and predominant renal clearance. These features necessitate precise redosing to maintain effective drug levels, yet current guidelines often fail to account for individual patient variability. This project utilizes pharmacometric modeling to address these gaps and develop optimized, evidence-based dosing strategies for surgical and critically ill populations.The primary goal of this study is to use population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling and probability of target attainment (PTA) simulations to characterize antibiotic disposition and refine redosing strategies. This approach supports model-informed clinical care (MICC), where predictive modeling guides individualized treatment. MICC enhances precision, reduces risks of under- or overdosing, and supports antimicrobial stewardship.In surgical patients, prophylactic antibiotics are administered to prevent SSIs, with cefazolin and ampicillin-sulbactam commonly used. Cefazolin is dosed every 4 hours and ampicillin-sulbactam every 2 hours during surgery, according to ASHP guidelines. However, compliance with these redosing intervals is poor, particularly for ampicillin-sulbactam, where up to 75% of cases involving multiple redoses fall short of guideline adherence. This is often due to uncertainty about the clinical need for frequent redosing and concerns over renal toxicity. Moreover, the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin-sulbactam remain understudied compared to cefazolin.This study addresses these issues by first developing validated LC-MS/MS assays to quantify total and free plasma concentrations of cefazolin, ampicillin, and sulbactam. Separate PopPK models were then developed for each drug, incorporating renal function and other patient-specific covariates. Cefazolin's nonlinear protein binding-where the unbound fraction increases with total concentration-was explicitly modeled to assess its impact on free drug levels. Simulations were conducted across a range of surgery durations, renal function categories, and redosing intervals to evaluate PTA. The PK/PD targets for optimal prophylaxis were set at 65% fTMIC for cefazolin and 50% fTMIC for ampicillin. PTA heatmaps were used to visualize the likelihood of achieving these targets across dosing strategies, supporting patient-specific redosing recommendations.In critically ill patients, piperacillin-tazobactam is widely used for empiric therapy. However, pathophysiological changes in this population-such as augmented renal clearance (ARC), capillary leakage, fluid resuscitation, and multisystem organ failure (MSOF)-significantly alter drug disposition. Standard dosing (4.5 g every 6 hours via 30-minute infusion) may not provide adequate exposure, particularly in patients with ARC or those undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).To evaluate and optimize empiric dosing in this group, a prospective pharmacokinetic study was conducted using opportunistic sampling. PopPK models were developed for both piperacillin and tazobactam, incorporating renal function (including CRRT status) and weight. PTA simulations were conducted for both standard and alternative dosing regimens (e.g., extended or continuous infusion) to assess achievement of 50% and 100% fTMIC. Heatmaps stratified by renal function highlighted dosing strategies that consistently met pharmacodynamic targets. The goal was to establish an empiric dosing strategy that could be initiated upon ICU admission and refined once pathogen identification and susceptibility data become available.The project's significance lies in its rigorous evaluation of how short drug half-life and renal clearance impact dosing requirements in two vulnerable populations. Without redosing, drug concentrations fall below therapeutic thresholds, increasing the risk of infection, resistance, and poor outcomes. These risks are amplified in settings of fluctuating renal function and altered volume of distribution. By modeling total and free drug concentrations and assessing PTA, this study provides a data-driven framework for dosing that accounts for patient variability.Additionally, this work offers clinical utility through the integration of model-informed precision dosing into routine care. MICC frameworks developed here allow clinicians to stratify patients by renal function or procedure duration and apply simulations to guide redosing frequency. In surgical patients, this addresses a key question: Are current ASHP guidelines sufficient across all patient scenarios? For ICU patients, the study answers whether a universal empiric regimen can reliably cover patients with varying clearance patterns until individualized therapy can be initiated.In conclusion, this project demonstrates that PopPK modeling, combined with PTA simulations and visualization tools such as heatmaps, enables robust, individualized dosing strategies for surgical and critically ill patients. It validates the role of MICC in improving antibiotic therapy by tailoring regimens to patient-specific characteristics and clinical settings. These findings support future refinement of clinical practice guidelines and inform the development of precision-based dosing strategies for other time-dependent antibiotics.
일반주제명  
Pharmaceutical sciences
일반주제명  
Pharmacology
키워드  
Healthcare-associated infections
키워드  
Intensive care unit
키워드  
Surgical site infections
키워드  
Model-informed clinical care
기타저자  
The University of Iowa Pharmacology
기본자료저록  
Dissertations Abstracts International. 87-02B.
전자적 위치 및 접속  
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MARC

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■1001  ▼aReeder,  Joshua.
■24510▼aModel  Informed  Clinical  Care  in  Surgical  and  Critically  Ill  Patients
■260    ▼a[Sl]▼bThe  University  of  Iowa▼c2025
■260  1▼aAnn  Arbor▼bProQuest  Dissertations  &  Theses▼c2025
■300    ▼a250  p
■500    ▼aSource:  Dissertations  Abstracts  International,  Volume:  87-02,  Section:  B.
■500    ▼aAdvisor:  Donovan,  Maureen.
■5021  ▼aThesis  (Ph.D.)--The  University  of  Iowa,  2025.
■520    ▼aHealthcare-associated  infections  (HAIs)  remain  a  major  cause  of  morbidity  and  mortality  in  hospitalized  patients,  particularly  among  those  undergoing  surgery  or  admitted  to  the  intensive  care  unit  (ICU).  Surgical  site  infections  (SSIs)  and  infections  in  critically  ill  patients-including  hospital-acquired  pneumonia,  intra-abdominal  infections,  and  bloodstream  infections-require  effective  antibiotic  strategies  to  reduce  risk  and  improve  outcomes.  Despite  widespread  use  of  antibiotics  such  as  cefazolin,  ampicillin-sulbactam,  and  piperacillin-tazobactam,  optimal  dosing  and  redosing  strategies  remain  inadequately  defined.  All  three  agents  are  β-lactam  antibiotics  characterized  by  short  half-lives  (~1-2  hours)  and  predominant  renal  clearance.  These  features  necessitate  precise  redosing  to  maintain  effective  drug  levels,  yet  current  guidelines  often  fail  to  account  for  individual  patient  variability.  This  project  utilizes  pharmacometric  modeling  to  address  these  gaps  and  develop  optimized,  evidence-based  dosing  strategies  for  surgical  and  critically  ill  populations.The  primary  goal  of  this  study  is  to  use  population  pharmacokinetic  (PopPK)  modeling  and  probability  of  target  attainment  (PTA)  simulations  to  characterize  antibiotic  disposition  and  refine  redosing  strategies.  This  approach  supports  model-informed  clinical  care  (MICC),  where  predictive  modeling  guides  individualized  treatment.  MICC  enhances  precision,  reduces  risks  of  under-  or  overdosing,  and  supports  antimicrobial  stewardship.In  surgical  patients,  prophylactic  antibiotics  are  administered  to  prevent  SSIs,  with  cefazolin  and  ampicillin-sulbactam  commonly  used.  Cefazolin  is  dosed  every  4  hours  and  ampicillin-sulbactam  every  2  hours  during  surgery,  according  to  ASHP  guidelines.  However,  compliance  with  these  redosing  intervals  is  poor,  particularly  for  ampicillin-sulbactam,  where  up  to  75%  of  cases  involving  multiple  redoses  fall  short  of  guideline  adherence.  This  is  often  due  to  uncertainty  about  the  clinical  need  for  frequent  redosing  and  concerns  over  renal  toxicity.  Moreover,  the  pharmacokinetics  of  ampicillin-sulbactam  remain  understudied  compared  to  cefazolin.This  study  addresses  these  issues  by  first  developing  validated  LC-MS/MS  assays  to  quantify  total  and  free  plasma  concentrations  of  cefazolin,  ampicillin,  and  sulbactam.  Separate  PopPK  models  were  then  developed  for  each  drug,  incorporating  renal  function  and  other  patient-specific  covariates.  Cefazolin's  nonlinear  protein  binding-where  the  unbound  fraction  increases  with  total  concentration-was  explicitly  modeled  to  assess  its  impact  on  free  drug  levels.  Simulations  were  conducted  across  a  range  of  surgery  durations,  renal  function  categories,  and  redosing  intervals  to  evaluate  PTA.  The  PK/PD  targets  for  optimal  prophylaxis  were  set  at  65%  fTMIC  for  cefazolin  and  50%  fTMIC  for  ampicillin.  PTA  heatmaps  were  used  to  visualize  the  likelihood  of  achieving  these  targets  across  dosing  strategies,  supporting  patient-specific  redosing  recommendations.In  critically  ill  patients,  piperacillin-tazobactam  is  widely  used  for  empiric  therapy.  However,  pathophysiological  changes  in  this  population-such  as  augmented  renal  clearance  (ARC),  capillary  leakage,  fluid  resuscitation,  and  multisystem  organ  failure  (MSOF)-significantly  alter  drug  disposition.  Standard  dosing  (4.5  g  every  6  hours  via  30-minute  infusion)  may  not  provide  adequate  exposure,  particularly  in  patients  with  ARC  or  those  undergoing  continuous  renal  replacement  therapy  (CRRT).To  evaluate  and  optimize  empiric  dosing  in  this  group,  a  prospective  pharmacokinetic  study  was  conducted  using  opportunistic  sampling.  PopPK  models  were  developed  for  both  piperacillin  and  tazobactam,  incorporating  renal  function  (including  CRRT  status)  and  weight.  PTA  simulations  were  conducted  for  both  standard  and  alternative  dosing  regimens  (e.g.,  extended  or  continuous  infusion)  to  assess  achievement  of  50%  and  100%  fTMIC.  Heatmaps  stratified  by  renal  function  highlighted  dosing  strategies  that  consistently  met  pharmacodynamic  targets.  The  goal  was  to  establish  an  empiric  dosing  strategy  that  could  be  initiated  upon  ICU  admission  and  refined  once  pathogen  identification  and  susceptibility  data  become  available.The  project's  significance  lies  in  its  rigorous  evaluation  of  how  short  drug  half-life  and  renal  clearance  impact  dosing  requirements  in  two  vulnerable  populations.  Without  redosing,  drug  concentrations  fall  below  therapeutic  thresholds,  increasing  the  risk  of  infection,  resistance,  and  poor  outcomes.  These  risks  are  amplified  in  settings  of  fluctuating  renal  function  and  altered  volume  of  distribution.  By  modeling  total  and  free  drug  concentrations  and  assessing  PTA,  this  study  provides  a  data-driven  framework  for  dosing  that  accounts  for  patient  variability.Additionally,  this  work  offers  clinical  utility  through  the  integration  of  model-informed  precision  dosing  into  routine  care.  MICC  frameworks  developed  here  allow  clinicians  to  stratify  patients  by  renal  function  or  procedure  duration  and  apply  simulations  to  guide  redosing  frequency.  In  surgical  patients,  this  addresses  a  key  question:  Are  current  ASHP  guidelines  sufficient  across  all  patient  scenarios?  For  ICU  patients,  the  study  answers  whether  a  universal  empiric  regimen  can  reliably  cover  patients  with  varying  clearance  patterns  until  individualized  therapy  can  be  initiated.In  conclusion,  this  project  demonstrates  that  PopPK  modeling,  combined  with  PTA  simulations  and  visualization  tools  such  as  heatmaps,  enables  robust,  individualized  dosing  strategies  for  surgical  and  critically  ill  patients.  It  validates  the  role  of  MICC  in  improving  antibiotic  therapy  by  tailoring  regimens  to  patient-specific  characteristics  and  clinical  settings.  These  findings  support  future  refinement  of  clinical  practice  guidelines  and  inform  the  development  of  precision-based  dosing  strategies  for  other  time-dependent  antibiotics.
■590    ▼aSchool  code:  0096.
■650  4▼aPharmaceutical  sciences
■650  4▼aPharmacology
■653    ▼aHealthcare-associated  infections
■653    ▼aIntensive  care  unit
■653    ▼aSurgical  site  infections
■653    ▼aModel-informed  clinical  care
■690    ▼a0572
■690    ▼a0419
■690    ▼a0769
■71020▼aThe  University  of  Iowa▼bPharmacology.
■7730  ▼tDissertations  Abstracts  International▼g87-02B.
■790    ▼a0096
■791    ▼aPh.D.
■792    ▼a2025
■793    ▼aEnglish
■85640▼uhttp://www.riss.kr/pdu/ddodLink.do?id=T17358520▼nKERIS▼z이  자료의  원문은  한국교육학술정보원에서  제공합니다.

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